生态保护项目对大熊猫栖息地的影响

由于森林砍伐、道路建设、农地扩展等人类活动的干扰,我国特有濒危物种大熊猫的栖息地受到了严重威胁,特别是保护区范围之外的大熊猫栖息地。以平武县木皮藏族乡为例,综合利用遥感图像解析、GIS空间分析以及地面调查的方法,研究了1999 2009年期间大熊猫栖息地的变化情况。Landsat TM卫星图像的解译结果表明,2009年的针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林的面积分别比1999年增加了10.87%、4.40%和40.24%,灌木林和草地/耕地的面积则下降了10.74%和33.24%。植被转化矩阵表明这一时期各个植被类型间的变化趋势是农田/草地→灌木林→阔叶林→针阔混交林→针叶林。随着天然林保护和退耕还林工程的实施,当地商业采伐活动全部停止,伐区运输木材的公路减少了12.7km(74.71%),退耕还林对当地剩余劳动力产生的挤出作用使得高山居民点的居民向山下转移。基于社区的保护项目帮助农户装备了沼气池等节柴设施,薪柴消耗量由1999年的5675kg/户减少到2009年的2736kg/户,但高山居民点的节柴设施的装备率与沟谷居民点相比差异显著。随着各个干扰因子的强度和范围下降,当地植被向着有利于大熊猫利用的方向演替,大熊猫栖息地面积和质量均发生了改善。表征栖息地质量的栖息地指数HSI由0.74上升到0.80,增长了7.88%。"最适宜"栖息地面积由1999年的4671.63hm²上升到2009年的6020.28hm²,增加了28.87%。栖息地景观多样性指数由1999年的1.29下降为2009年的1.18,景观破碎化程度降低。但是不同适宜度栖息地的变化情况有所不同,"最适宜"栖息地的斑块数量减少,平均斑块面积增大,其他适宜性较低的栖息地斑块增加、平均斑块面积减小,10a间木皮乡的大熊猫栖息地中的低质量部分向高质量转化。研究结果表明大熊猫栖息地的恢复是消除或减少各种干扰的过程。天保工程消除了大规模商业砍伐这一对大熊猫栖息地威胁最大的干扰,而退耕还林工程则通过减少高山居民点的人口来减少人类对森林的压力,间接促进了大熊猫栖息地的恢复。未来应该开展不同土地利用情景下的大熊猫栖息地的变化情况,为大熊猫栖息地保护提供科学依据。     

岷山地区大熊猫生境评价与保护对策研究

综合运用大熊猫生物学与行为生态学研究成果、遥感数据分析与地理信息系统技术 ,在系统研究岷山地区大熊猫生境分布、生境质量与空间格局的基础上 ,明确岷山地区保护大熊猫的关键区域 ,分析岷山地区大熊猫保护与自然保护区建设的对策 ,以期为岷山地区大熊猫保护及其与岷山地区资源开发与发展的协调提供依据。遥感数据分析结果表明 ,岷山地区以森林为主 ,各类森林面积 1 91 790 3.4 4 hm2 ,占 5 5 .4 2 % ,将与大熊猫生境密切相关的森林植被分为常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林等 ,其中亚高山针叶林面积 5 380 4 9.6 4 hm2 ,占全部森林的占 2 8.0 5 % ,落叶阔叶林面积 4 6 1 35 5 .6 7hm2 ,占2 4 .0 6 % ,针阔混交林面积 4 0 30 36 .2 6 hm2 ,占 2 1 .0 1 %。结果表明岷山地区有大熊猫潜在生境 1 32 3789.1 5 hm2 ,由于森林资源利用、交通、农业活动影响、居民薪柴砍伐 ,以及生境破碎化与生境隔离等导致的生境丧失 5 5 341 3.4 5 hm2 ,目前尚存的大熊猫适宜生境 770 375 .7hm2 ,由于交通等隔离而成为至少 5个相互分隔的生境单元 ,大熊猫种群交流受到严重阻碍。为了有效地保护岷山大熊猫 ,首先应充分注意到各种人类活动 ,尤其交通的建设对大熊猫生境的影响 ;其次要扩大自然保护区范围 ,     

新疆塔里木马鹿沙雅种群的生境变化分析

塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)沙雅种群主要分布在新疆维吾尔自治区沙雅县和库车县境内。为了评估该马鹿种群的生境现状、变化趋势和变化原因,通过野外实地考察,利用GIS和RS技术,分别解译了当地过去4个年份(1972～2006年)夏季的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,得到了塔里木马鹿生境变化数据:①2006年的农田面积为27082.24hm2,高盖度植被面积22616.25hm2,中盖度植被面积66703.62hm2,低盖度植被面积64470.62hm2,水体面积39735.89hm2,荒漠面积63497.26hm2,沙漠面积40308.45hm2;②过去的34年间农田面积增加了89.2%(12768hm2),高盖度植被面积减少60.1%(34125hm2),中盖度植被面积增加了17.2%(9791hm2),低盖度植被面积增加了37.3%(17520hm2),水体面积减少26.6%(14429hm2),荒漠面积增加6.9%(4123hm2),沙漠面积增加12.6%(4523hm2);③高盖度植被的斑块数量增加了20.9%,平均斑块面积下降了48.3%,最大斑块指数下降了33.3%;景观丰富度并没有变化,但Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数分别增加了2.5%;④高盖度植被面积变化分别与当地的人口数量和畜牧存栏数呈显著负相关(r=-1.000),而农田、沙漠和荒漠面积分别与当地人口数量及畜牧存栏数呈显著正相关(r=0.800,r=1.000,r=0.800)。表明塔里木马鹿沙雅种群生境的丧失及破碎化程度较为严重;生境丧失及破碎化是人类活动和自然环境变化共同作用的结果。     

我国东北天然林保护工程区森林植被的碳储量

以东北天然林保护工程区森林生态系统为对象,通过对其主要森林类型进行调查,探讨天保工程经营区划对森林植被固碳现状的影响,并结合已有的东北林区生物量与蓄积量数据库,建立了东北林区主要树种组的生物量-蓄积量回归模型,然后以第7次森林资源清查为基础,对东北天保工程区森林植被碳储量进行估算,以期为全国森林生物量的估算和天保工程的评估提供参考。结果表明,不同经营区之间(重点公益林、一般公益林和商品林)森林植被碳密度的差异并不显著,这可能与天然林保护工程实施初期经营区划的标准、样地的选择以及天保工程实施过程中粗放的管理方式有关。东北天保工程区森林植被碳储量为1045 Tg C,占东北、内蒙古三省森林植被总碳储量的68%;工程区以天然林为主,占工程区总植被碳储量的97%。工程区森林植被平均碳密度为41 Mg/hm2,较东北、内蒙古三省平均植被碳密度高14%;工程区植被碳密度随林龄的增加逐渐增大,由幼龄林的13 Mg/hm2到过熟林的63 Mg/hm2。因此,继续加强天然林保护工程的实施,提高其林分质量,这对未来我国森林碳汇潜力的增加和森林的可持续发展都具有重要的意义。     

甘肃省森林碳储量现状与固碳速率北大核心CSCD

针对森林碳平衡再评估的重要性和区域尺度森林生态系统碳库量化分配的不确定性,该研究依据全国森林资源连续清查结果中甘肃省各森林类型分布的面积与蓄积比重以及林龄和起源等要素,在甘肃省布设212个样地,经野外调查与采样、室内分析,并对典型样地信息按照面积权重进行尺度扩展,估算了甘肃省森林生态系统碳储量及其分布特征。结果表明:甘肃省森林生态系统总碳储量为612.43 TgC,其中植被生物量碳为179.04 TgC,土壤碳为433.39 TgC。天然林是甘肃省碳储量的主要贡献者,其值为501.42 TgC,是人工林的4.52倍。天然林和人工林的植被碳密度均表现为随林龄的增加而增加的趋势,同一龄组天然林植被碳密度高于人工林。天然林土壤碳密度从幼龄林到过熟林逐渐增加,但人工林土壤碳密度最大值主要为近熟林。全省森林植被碳密度均值为72.43 Mg C·hm–2,天然林和人工林分别为90.52和33.79 Mg C·hm–2。基于森林清查资料和标准样地实测数据,估算出全省天然林和人工林在1996年的植被碳储量为132.47和12.81 TgC,2011年分别为152.41和26.63 TgC,平均固碳速率分别为1.33和0.92 TgC·a–1。甘肃省幼、中龄林面积比重较大,占全省的62.28%,根据碳密度随林龄的动态变化特征,预测这些低龄林将发挥巨大的碳汇潜力。     

中国森林生态资产价值评估

森林资源是支撑人类社会发展的重要生态资产,探索森林生态资产价值的评估方法,对合理利用和有效保护森林资源具有重要意义。运用净现值法计算了中国森林生态资产总价值为698.5万亿元,其中直接价值为7.5万亿元,包括林木价值4.5万亿元和林下产品价值3.0万亿元;间接价值为691万亿元,其中,气候调节价值量最高,占间接价值的48%;水源涵养价值量次之,占间接价值的27%。从森林生态资产总价值的分布来看,广西省、广东省和云南省位于全国前列,分别占森林生态资产总价值的10%、9%和9%。单位面积森林生态资产价值表现为海南省、浙江省和广东省较高,分别为954万元/hm2,915万元/hm2和888万元/hm2。森林生态资产价值研究为我国编制自然资源资产负债表提供理论依据,因此全面的估算中国森林生态资产价值很有意义。     

森林演替在南亚热带森林生态系统碳吸存中的作用

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带森林同一演替系列中3个不同演替阶段(马尾松针叶林、马尾松荷木混交林和季风常绿阔叶林)生态系统碳贮量和分配格局特征,并探讨了该地区森林演替过程中生态系统碳吸存潜力和速度。结果表明:(1)针叶林各组分碳素含量高于阔叶林对应组分的碳素含量(后者是前者的72.0%～94.5%)。两个森林植物碳素含量,不同层次比较,均为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,不同器官比较,以根或干最高。(2)乔木层生物量随森林演替进展而增加。针叶林、混交林和阔叶林乔木层生物量分别为:143.5t/hm2、270.1t/hm2和407.8t/hm2,其中大部分由干和皮组成(各器官占乔木层生物量的比例平均为:叶2.8%、枝19.3%、干和皮混合57.0%、根20.9%)。林下层生物量为4.23～14.10t/hm2,是乔木层的1.0%～9.8%,随森林演替进展而减少。(3)土壤容重随深度增加而增加,但随森林演替进展而减少。与土壤容重相反,土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而明显减少,但随森林演替进展而增加。(4)3种类型森林生态系统碳总贮量分别为135.8t/hm2、215.1t/hm2和259.7t/hm2。生态系统碳贮量在各组分的格局十分相似,植被、土壤和凋落物层所占比例均分别约为67.6%、30.2%和2.2%。与其它地带森林比较,鼎湖山保护区森林植被与土壤碳贮量之比和表层(0～20cm)的土壤碳占整个     

1999—2003年陕西省森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能价值评估

基于陕西省森林生态系统的长期、连续定位观测,采用陕西省第6次森林资源清查数据,根据陕西省南北部气候差异显著的情况,采用森林在陕西南、北不同气候带下的实际生产力计算了森林生态系统固碳释氧的实物量。并采用市场价值法、费用代替法、替代工程法、Volume-derived biomass等方法估算森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能的经济价值。结果表明:19992003年间,(1)陕西省北部森林生态系统年固碳量524.6×104t,年释氧量1404.6×104t,单位面积年固碳量1.364t/(hm.2a),单位面积年释氧量3.652t/(hm.2a)。(2)南部森林生态系统年固碳量1797×104t,年释氧量5918.9×104t,单位面积年固碳量3.459t/(hm.2a);南部单位面积年释氧量9.260t/(hm.2a)。陕西省南部森林生态功能明显优于北部森林。(3)从森林类型来看,林分单位面积生态功能最强,经济价值最大,疏林地的功能和价值则最小。(4)陕西省森林生态系统年固碳经济价值是328.27×108元,年释氧经济价值为732.35×108元,总价值1060.62×108元。(5)文中对陕西省优势树种固碳释氧功能的计算由于未能按照不同林龄分别计算,存在一定误差,需要进行更为深入、细致的研究。     

六盘山森林植被碳密度空间分布特征及其成因

深入了解干旱缺水地区森林植被碳密度的空间分布特征是定量评价森林固碳能力、合理协调林水矛盾的重要基础。然而,目前有关干旱缺水地区的植被碳密度的研究仅限于典型样地上的碳储量、碳密度的比较,对区域尺度上森林植被碳密度的空间分布特征了解较少。为此,利用宁夏六盘山自然保护区2005年森林资源一类清查数据,计算了森林植被碳密度,并分析了其与林分结构特征和环境因子的关系。结果表明,六盘山的森林植被碳密度(t/hm2)平均为26.17(0.67—120.63),其中天然次生林为30.2(7.6—120.6),显著高于人工林的15.7(0.67—66.7)。森林植被碳密度随林龄增加而线性增大,天然林和人工林的平均增速分别为1.11和2.48 t hm-2a-1,而且,部分未成熟林的林分植被碳密度已接近甚至超过全国同类森林类型成熟林的植被碳密度平均值。随林分密度增加,森林植被碳密度增大,但在林分密度1000株/hm2后,森林植被碳密度不再增大,达到其最大值,其中,天然林为75.4 t/hm2,人工林为34.6 t/hm2;林冠郁闭度对森林植被碳密度的影响与林分密度相似,森林植被碳密度增长的郁闭度拐点为0.5。水分条件是影响六盘山森林植被碳密度的重要因素,森林植被碳密度(t/hm2)由700 mm以上地点的32.5(7.6—120.6)下降至年降水量500—600 mm地点的10.9(0.67—42.9),而且随年降水量减少,最大森林植被碳密度所对应的海拔高度呈增加趋势,如在年降水量为700、600—700和600 mm的地区,最大碳密度所在海拔高度分别为1900—2100、2100—2300和2300—2500 m。综上所述,研究区森林植被还有较大的固碳潜力,从提高森林固碳功能角度来看,林分郁闭度不宜超过0.5。     

四川省森林植被固碳经济价值动态

<正>确估算森林植被固碳经济价值可为森林生态系统的生态效益评价提供基础数据。利用1997年和2014年两期四川省森林资源清查数据,依据不同森林类型的生物量与蓄积量回归方程和支付意愿法,估算了四川省两个时期森林植被的固碳经济价值。结果表明,从1997年到2014年,四川省森林植被固碳经济价值由703.17亿元增长到865.75亿元,净增长162.58亿元,年均增长9.56亿元,年均增长率为1.36%;在两个时期,云冷杉林的固碳经济价值比重最大,分别占总固碳经济价值的54.82%和46.62%,表明云冷杉森林植被类型在全省森林植被固碳经济价值中占有重要的地位;四川省天然林和人工林植被的固碳经济价值均呈增加趋势,并且人工林植被固碳经济价值年均增长速率(7.42%)明显高于天然林(1.03%);四川省森林植被固碳经济价值总体上随林龄的增加而增加。研究结果说明,实施包括天然林保护工程在内的森林保护和经营管理措施对提高森林植被的固碳经济价值具有重要的作用。     

Quantitative estimation of vegetation changes by comparing two vegetation maps

The main goal of our work was to estimate how large the errors are associated with repeated vegetation mapping. We compared two vegetation maps (both 1:10 000) of the Pieniny National Park—ca 2300 ha (southern Poland), the first made in 1966 and the second in 2001. We superimposed—using the ARC-INFO software—a dense grid of points (50 × 50 m) upon each map, and we determined the identity of vegetation unit in each point for the year 1966 and for the year 2001. That procedure was repeated 100 times, each time changing the position of the grid by a random vector. To estimate the size of mapping errors, we compared the patches of communities which should not change their location during 35 years: vegetation of rocky outcrops and local wet depressions, and fertile beech forest, considered a climax community for the Pieniny Mountains. Overlapping small vegetation patches (average patch size below 0.5 ha) yielded highly erroneous results, while the reliability of overlapping the communities with large patches is much higher, exceeding 80% for average patch size of 5 ha. Taking into consideration the communities of average patch size of 1 ha, we can estimate that the vegetation has undergone profound changes: some communities expanded, while others shrunk. The area of meadows remained about the same, but majority of meadows in 2001 was located in former arable fields and previous meadow areas become forested. Among beech forests, we recorded an increase of area covered by floristically rich variants at the expense of floristically poor variants. We conclude that some information about vegetation changes may be obtained only by comparing sequential vegetation maps, but the reliability of the results strongly depends on the size of vegetation patches.     

Lichen diversity on stumps in relation to wood decay in subalpine forests of Northern Italy

Although several studies demonstrated the importance of dead wood for lichen conservation in N-Europe and N-America, the lichen biota on dead wood was poorly studied in the Alps, where stumps represent one of the main available dead wood type. This work aims at evaluating species richness and composition of lichens in relation to the decay of stumps in subalpine forests of the Italian Alps. Differences in species richness between three decay stages were tested using a one-way ANOVA, while the pattern of species composition was evaluated with non-metric multidimensional scaling and an Indicator Species Analysis. Overall, 69 species were found and wood decay proved to be an important factor influencing lichen communities on stumps in our subalpine forests. Despite the fact that the mean number of species per stump did not differ between the three decay stages and lichen communities broadly overlapped, a main pattern of species turnover was identified across wood decay process as well as some indicator species for each decay stage. During the decay process, lichen communities change functional and ecological composition as an adaptive response to the continuous change of substrate. Since stumps host several nationally rare species, which are related to different stages of decay, they could have a relevant role in lichen conservation in managed forests where other types of dead wood are normally absent.     

我国西南山地喀斯特植被的根系生物量初探

在贵州茂兰喀斯特森林国家自然保护区内,选取2种立地条件上(岩石和土壤分别占优势)的5个植被恢复阶段(草本群落、灌草群落、灌木群落、次顶极常绿落叶阔叶林和顶极常绿落叶阔叶林)共10个样地,利用平均标准木机械布点法对根系进行采集,分析了其生物量总量、不同根系径级的分配格局和地下空间的分布规律。结果表明:1)喀斯特植物群落的正向植被恢复进程极显著地增加了地下生物量(p0.001),从草本群落的2.63Mg·hm–2增加到顶极森林群落的58.15Mg·hm-2;同一恢复阶段的石生和土壤立地上根系生物量的差异不显著(p0.05),在顶极和次顶极常绿落叶阔叶林阶段,石生立地的根系生物量高于土壤立地,而灌木、灌草和草本群落阶段则相反。2)同一恢复阶段的石生立地的粗根生物量均高于土壤立地,但差异不显著(p0.05),而细根和小根生物量则从石生到土壤立地显著增加(p0.05);随着喀斯特植被的恢复,石生和土壤立地上粗根占总根系生物量的比例均逐渐增加。3)石生立地根系的分布以水平扩散和穿梭为主,无垂直层次分布;而土壤立地各恢复阶段的根系生物量主要集中在地面到地下10cm的垂直空间内;在不同的土层深度,粗根占所有根径级生物量的80%,且随土层加深,其比例降低。该研究不仅填补了喀斯特植被根系生物量观测的空白,为估算我国西南喀斯特地区植被的总生物量和生产力提供了本底数据,也为进一步研究喀斯特森林稳定性维持机制和喀斯特石漠化防治与植被适应性修复奠定了基础。     

生态补偿对大熊猫栖息地周边农户生态足迹的影响

大熊猫栖息地正面临破碎化和人类活动干扰的威胁,如何减少这些威胁成为保护大熊猫这一生态旗舰物种的关键.通过实施生态补偿项目,充分考虑当地弱势群体生存和发展的权利,帮助其进行生计替代和能源替代,以减小生态系统所承受的压力.以120个项目农户作为研究对象,利用生态足迹方法,探讨了生态补偿项目对生活在关键生态区域内农村人口的影响.结果表明,在各种生态生产性土地中,农户对林地和草地生态占用最大,能源替代可以大幅降低农户的薪柴消耗水平,从而降低农户对林地的生态占用.通过调整农户的牲畜养殖模式,减小了放牧对草地资源的压力和对草地的生态占用.农户人均生态足迹由2005年的2.7346hm2减小至2007年的1.6325 hm2,对周边环境的压力降低,有利于保护和恢复珍稀野生动植物栖息地.     

Plant communities preferences of terrestrial crustaceans (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in a protected coastal area of southeastern Sicily (Italy)

We studied the plant communities preferences of oniscidean isopods in a protected coastal area in southeastern Sicily that is characterized by ponds, dunes and rocky coast. In total, five sites were sampled between March 2003 and February 2004 using pitfall traps. A total of 7,326 specimens were found, belonging to 23 species. The vegetation analysis, using the phytosociological method, recognized a total of 11 types of plant communities, with specific ecological features. Measuring the species richness, diversity and annual activity density (aAD) values of the terrestrial isopod communities from each sampling site revealed differences among the various plant communities. PCA analysis confirmed the correlation between isopods species and specific plant communities. Moreover our results show that the high species richness is associated with a high vegetation cover and number of plants.     

Eradication of feral goats,not population control,as a strategy to conserve plant communities on Mediterranean islets

The introduction of mammalian herbivores negatively affects insular vegetation, especially plant species with narrow distributions that are vulnerable to herbivory or that evolved in the absence of native mammal herbivores. Eradication programs have been performed on many islands worldwide, though assessment of the responses of vegetation is crucial to guarantee the success of these programs. In this study, we aimed to evaluate vegetation recovery after a reduction in the feral goat population on Es Vedrà, an islet in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Basin). We monitored nine permanent plots in three different habitats (rocky areas, grasslands, shrublands) to evaluate the variation in plant coverage, functional traits and diversity indexes over time. We obtained data for each plot by annual field sampling in mid-May of 2016–2019. We observed a significant recovery of the predominant species in each plant community and an increase in many functional traits. We found significant variation in taxonomic diversity in rocky areas and grasslands, but not in shrublands, and functional diversity only varied in rocky areas. Therefore, plant diversity benefited from the reduction in the goat population and functional redundancy increased in rocky areas, improving the capacity to respond against disturbances. However, the reduction in the goat population was not sufficient to preserve plant communities and negative effects reappeared in 2019, coinciding with the increase in the goat population. Therefore, absolute eradication of introduced herbivores represents a unique, efficient strategy to guarantee the ecological restoration of affected habitats in microinsular ecosystems.     

Cost-Effectiveness of Thrombolysis within 4.5 Hours of Acute Ischemic Stroke in China

Background

Previous economic studies conducted in developed countries showed intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is cost-effective for acute ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of tPA treatment in China, the largest developing country.

Methods

A combination of decision tree and Markov model was developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of tPA treatment versus non-tPA treatment within 4.5 hours after stroke onset. Outcomes and costs data were derived from the database of Thrombolysis Implementation and Monitor of acute ischemic Stroke in China (TIMS-China) study. Efficacy data were derived from a pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were compared in both short term (2 years) and long term (30 years). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the results.

Results

Comparing to non-tPA treatment, tPA treatment within 4.5 hours led to a short-term gain of 0.101 QALYs at an additional cost of CNY 9,520 (US$ 1,460), yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of CNY 94,300 (US$ 14,500) per QALY gained in 2 years; and to a long-term gain of 0.422 QALYs at an additional cost of CNY 6,530 (US$ 1,000), yielding an ICER of CNY 15,500 (US$ 2,380) per QALY gained in 30 years. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that tPA treatment is cost-effective in 98.7% of the simulations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of CNY 105,000 (US$ 16,200) per QALY.

Conclusions

Intravenous tPA treatment within 4.5 hours is highly cost-effective for acute ischemic strokes in China.     

强度石漠化区不同植被修复模式下土壤螨类群落差异

石漠化治理区不同植被修复模式下的土壤螨类群落差异反映了生态系统的恢复状况,可籍以反映石漠化治理的生态效果。2014年1月、4月、8月和10月,对贵州花江喀斯特峡谷区顶坛小流域强度石漠化区域的"花椒"、"金银花"、"花椒+金银花"3种植被修复生境的土壤螨类进行了调查,共捕获土壤螨类1372头,隶属3目55科89属。采用类群(属)数、个体数量、个体密度、多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(SR)、均匀性指数(J)、相似性指数(CN)、捕食性螨类成熟度指数(MI)和甲螨MGP类群等参数对土壤螨类群落差异进行了表征。结果显示,花椒林拥有较丰富的螨类属,金银花林拥有较高的的个体数量和个体密度。不同模式下的科、属类群组成呈现差异;属数、个体数量存在一定的季节差异,花椒林的螨类属数、金银花林的螨类个体数量和个体密度呈现一定的表聚性;群落多样性大多存在季节差异;捕食性革螨以r选择型为主,甲螨主要为O型和M型。研究表明,强度石漠化在不同植被修复模式下,土壤螨类生物生态类群存在差异,土壤生态系统仍处于修复之中,其中螨类优势属、具有典型生物学与生态学特性差异的螨类类群对石漠化治理的生态效果具有重要的指示作用。     

基于地学信息图谱的重庆岩溶石漠化植被恢复演替研究

重庆岩溶石漠化区的植被恢复演替动态变化研究对于该地区的石漠化治理和生态恢复具有十分重要的指导意义。而多时相的遥感数据和地学图谱分析法为植被恢复的研究提供了一种动态性和综合性的研究方法。以重庆市中梁山的典型植被恢复区为例,在基于1996、2001、2007和2013年4期遥感影像解译分类的基础上,采用"空间代替时间"的生态学植被演替研究方法,建立重庆市中梁山区退耕还林前后的植被恢复演替图谱,并结合地学图谱的相关分析方法,得到该区的植被恢复演替动态格局演变规律,体现了空间信息科学技术、生态学方法和地学信息图谱分析法在植被恢复演替研究中的有效结合。结果表明:(1)运用BP神经网络和BP算法进行分类,分类精度达到87.42%,比传统监督分类提高了5.57%。(2)自2002年全国范围内的"退耕还林(草)"工程全面启动后,该区域植被恢复演变特征明显,耕地面积明显减少而植被面积明显增加。(3)从2001—2013年,植被演替在该时期内依然存在着进展演替和逆向演替两个方向。虽然逆向演替比例仅占到18.63%,但它却使该区的演替研究变得复杂。(4)质心反映了各植被类型在恢复演替过程中的聚散与迁移,1996—2013年,马尾松群落和落叶阔叶林群落的质心变化较小,其他植被群落的质心都有很明显的变化。     

Production and nutrient dynamics of plant communities on a sub-Antarctic Island

Summary Studies of plant standing crop and nutrient concentrations have enabled an assessment of the seasonal changes in nutrient standing stocks (the mass of nutrients per m²) in a fjaeldmark and two fernbrake communities on Marion Island (46°54S, 37°45E). These communities are an important component of the island's vegetation on rocky plateaux and slopes. For most species the aboveground accumulations of N, P and K early in the season were more rapid than increases in the aerial biomass. Rates of Ca, Mg or Na accrual were either similar to, or lower than, rates of aboveground growth. Nutrient (N+P+K+Ca+Mg+Na) standing stocks at the three communities were high; 71 g m^-2 at fjaeldmark, 116 g m^-2 at open fernbrake and 154 g m^-2 at closed fernbrake. The aboveground component accounted for 47% to 65% of these values. N was the most abundant element in the vegetation, followed by K (closed fernbrake) or Ca (open fernbrake and fjaeldmark). Nutrient standing stocks at the two fernbrakes were mostly higher than for most sub-Arctic and alpine dwarf-shrub tundras. Nutrient pool sizes (i.e. the total quantities of nutrients contained in the soil/plant system to a depth of 25 cm) were lower than those reported for arctic tundra meadows but were similar to, and often greater than, those found at heath communities, sub-Arctic dry meadows and dwarf-shrub tundras and some boreal forests. Annual net primary productions of the fernbrake vegetations were high and substantial quantities of nutrients are aquired annually from the soils by the vegetations. Depending on plant species, either N or K was the element taken up in the largest quantity, whereas P was mostly taken up in the lowest amount. A large proportion (mostly all) of the Ca and Mg and a substantial proportion of the N taken up aboveground was lost in the litterfall but little of K taken up was lost in this way.