磁场处理番茄种子对其生理生化影响的研究

磁场处理番茄种子观察种子的发芽率,幼苗的过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的变化,以及对过氧化物酶同工酶的影响。实验结果表明,磁场强度在１０００￣２０００ＧＳ范围内,种子发芽率最高,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性最高,过氧化物酶同工酶活性亦最高,磁场强度高于３０００ＧＳ时,种子发芽率及其酶活性随之降低。     

磁处理对番茄幼苗抗寒性的影响

经磁处理的番茄于子叶期进行低温胁迫,发现ＳＯＤ同工酶酶带中,对低温敏感的Ａ带占Ａ,Ｂ（Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ）,Ｃ（Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ）带活性的比例均高于对照组。由于低温胁迫而引起的ＳＯＤ比活性下降及电导变增高的幅度均因磁处理而小于对照。幼苗的外观寒害症状的也较轻。因此可以认为磁处理在一定程度上可提高番茄幼苗的抗寒性。     

干旱胁迫对红松幼苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响

随着土壤的逐渐干旱,红松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔ．Ｚｕｃｃ）幼苗叶中膜质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和膜相对透性均在干旱处理后第３天迅速上升;组织自动氧化速率先是增加,在干旱处理第３天后恢复到处理前水平。保护酶ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ的活性明显提高,只有ＡＳＰ的活性下降。用ＰＥＧ模拟干旱胁迫与土壤自然干旱胁迫结果略有不同,－１．０ＭＰａ ＰＥＧ溶液对红松幼苗具有较为明显的     

磁场处理蕃茄种子对幼苗CAT、POD酶活性影响

磁场处理蕃茄种子,观察种子的发芽率幼苗的过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的变化,结果,磁场强度在１０００～２０００ＧＳ范围内,种子发芽率最高,幼苗的过氧化氢酶的过氧化物酶的活性也最高,磁场强度高于３０００ＧＳ以上时,种子发芽率和幼苗酶活性随之降低。     

盐浓度对3种单子叶盐生植物渗透调节剂及其在渗透调节中贡献的影响

单子叶盐生植物星星草（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉｆｌｏｒａ（Ｇｒｉｓｅｂ）．Ｓｃｒｉｂｎ．ｅｔ．Ｍｅｒｒ．）碱草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ（Ｔｒｉｎｓ．）Ｋｉｔａｇ）和獐茅（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｄｅｂｅａｕｘ）Ｔｚｖｅｌ）的种子萌发后长至３ｃｍ高,用０,５０,１００,２００和４００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ处理２周后,测定３种植物幼苗的生长,无机和有机渗透调节剂,     

细胞松驰素B促微丝解聚对DNA合成的作用

利用微丝（ｍｉｃｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ,ＭＦ）解聚药物细胞松驰素Ｂ（ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎＢ,ＣＢ）处理Ｇ_０期小鼠Ｃ_３Ｈ_（１０）Ｔ_（１／２）成纤维细胞,对Ｇ_０至Ｓ期ＤＮＡ合成,胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶（ｔｈｙｍｉｄｉｎｅｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＴＫ）活性、ＴＫ基因表达、钙调素（ｃａｌｍｏｄｕｌｉｎ,ＣａＭ）水平和一些细胞周期早期基因的表达进行了观察,Ｇ_０期细胞经３ｍｇ／ＬＣＢ处理２ｈ,促ＭＦ解聚增强了血清对Ｓ期细胞ＴＫ活性、ＴＫ基因表达和ＤＮＡ合成的刺激作用,并促进细胞提前进入Ｓ期．血清刺激Ｇ_０期细胞进入晚Ｇ_１期和Ｓ期时,ＣａＭ水平明显升高,而ＣＢ预处理则使ＣａＭ含量进一步增加,特别是ＣＢ处理促使Ｓ期ＣａＭ增加向核内转移．ＣＢ处理明显增强血清对ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达的刺激作用,而ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｈ_７则抑制ＣＢ处理对这些基因转录的刺激作用,说明ＣＢ使Ｇ_０期细胞ＭＦ解聚刺激ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ的转录活性与ＰＫＣ的作用有关．结果表明Ｇ_０至Ｓ期早期ＭＦ的重组可促进细胞进入Ｓ期,增强ＤＮＡ合成．     

冷锻炼对水稻和黄瓜幼苗SOD,GR活性及GSH,AsA含量的影响

水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）和黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍ ｉｓｍ ｅｌｏ Ｌ．）幼苗在昼夜温度为１５ ℃／１０ ℃、白天光照１２ ｈ,光强为２５０ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １的条件下锻炼３ ｄ,明显地提高幼苗叶片中膜保护酶——超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（ＧＲ）活性和内源抗氧化剂——还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）、抗坏血酸（ＡｓＡ）的含量。经冷锻炼和未锻炼的幼苗移置４ ℃、光强为２５０ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １下胁迫处理２ ｄ,未锻炼苗叶片中ＳＯＤ、ＧＲ 活性和ＧＳＨ、ＡｓＡ 含量明显下降,而经冷锻炼的苗则相对比较稳定。从脂质过氧化产物——丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量及幼苗的存活率亦看出：冷锻炼苗具有较低的脂质过氧化水平和较高的幼苗存活率。由此认为：冷锻炼能提高水稻和黄瓜幼苗细胞膜的稳定性,从而增强了耐低温光胁迫的能力     

水稻幼苗冷锻炼过程中钙的效应

冷锻炼处理提高了水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）幼苗叶片中抗氧化剂（还原型谷胱甘肽,ＧＳＨ;抗坏血酸,ＡｓＡ）含量和膜保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶,ＳＯＤ）的活性,同时也提高了可溶性蛋白质中热稳定蛋白的含量。ＣａＣｌ２ 浸种处理对上述冷锻炼的作用有加强的效果,且明显地提高了过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）的活性。有无ＣａＣｌ２ 处理的冷锻炼处理均减轻冷胁迫引起的ＧＳＨ 及ＡｓＡ 含量、ＳＯＤ 活性及热稳定蛋白质含量的下降程度,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中ＧＳＨ、ＡｓＡ、ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ及热稳定蛋白质水平迅速回升。结合ＣａＣｌ２ 处理的冷锻炼苗在冷胁迫恢复生长时增长迅速,且苗健壮浓绿,说明ＣａＣｌ２浸种对冷锻炼处理提高水稻幼苗的抗冷力有明显的促进作用,这与ＣａＣｌ２ 浸种结合冷锻炼能更有效的提高细胞膜保护能力有关     

钙对水稻幼苗抗冷性的影响

ＣａＣｌ２浸种提高水稻幼苗叶片中结合态钙、内源抗氧化剂（ＧＳＨ、ＡｓＡ）含量和膜保护酶（ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ）活性,也增加可溶性蛋白质中煮沸稳定蛋白质（ｂｏｉｌｉｎｇ－ｓｔａｂｌｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ）的含量。冷胁迫期间,ＣａＣｌ２并能减少因冷胁迫引起的ＧＳＨ、ＡｓＡ含量,ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性以及煮沸稳定蛋白质下降的程度。在恢复期间,经ＣａＣｌ２处理的幼苗其ＧＳＨ、ＡＳＡ、ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ以及煮沸稳定蛋白质水平均有回升。     

三唑酮对绿豆幼苗叶片衰老的延缓作用

三唑酮处理可提高离体绿豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｒａｄｉａｔｕｓＬ．）幼苗叶片叶绿素和蛋白质含量。叶片衰老过程中超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡｓＡＰＯＤ）活性及抗坏血酸（ＡｓＡ）和还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量降低。２０ｍｇ／Ｌ三唑酮可提高ＰＯＤ、ＡｓＡＰＯＤ活性和ＡｓＡ、ＧＳＨ含量,对ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性无影响。丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量在叶片衰老过程中提高,并与ＰＯＤ、ＡｓＡＰＯＤ活性和ＡｓＡ、ＧＳＨ含量呈显著负相关,三唑酮可降低ＭＤＡ含量。表明三唑酮有提高植物对膜脂过氧化作用的保护能力,延缓叶片的衰老作用。     

Herbivory, serotiny and seedling defence in Western Australian Proteaceae

We examined how acceptability characteristics displayed by 28-day-old seedlings of 12 species of Western Australian Proteaceae affect the likelihood of seedling herbivory in the field. The seedling attributes quantified were cotyledon phenolic, cyanide and nitrogen concentrations, and cotyledon area, thickness and specific leaf area. Only phenolic content was significantly correlated (negatively) with field rates of herbivore attack. This finding shows that the phenomenon of selective herbivore attack on seedlings may be influenced by a specific plant life-history trait, (in this case cotyledon phenolic concentration). In addition, we also studied the interaction between fire, serotiny and herbivory in matched burned and unburned plots. Although herbivore activity was greater in unburned plots, weakly serotinous species were as prone to defoliation as congeneric, strongly serotinous species, even though their seedlings recruit successfully in the absence of fire. This result suggests that seedlings of species able to establish between fires are not better defended against the higher levels of herbivory normally associated with unburned vegetation.     

The Novel Approach to Enhance Seed Security: Dual Anti-Counterfeiting Methods Applied on Tobacco Pelleted Seeds

Seed security is of prime importance for agriculture. To protect true seeds from being faked, more secure dual anti-counterfeiting technologies for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) pelleted seed were developed in this paper. Fluorescein (FR), rhodamine B (RB), and magnetic powder (MP) were used as anti-counterfeiting labels. According to their different properties and the special seed pelleting process, four dual-labeling treatments were conducted for two tobacco varieties, MS Yunyan85 (MSYY85) and Honghua Dajinyuan (HHDJY). Then the seed germination and seedling growth status were investigated, and the fluorescence in cracked pellets and developing seedlings was observed under different excitation lights. The results showed that FR, RB, and MP had no negative effects on the germination, seedling growth, and MDA content of the pelleted seeds, and even some treatments significantly enhanced seedling dry weight, vigor index, and shoot height in MS YY85, and increased SOD activity and chlorophyll content in HHDJY as compared to the control. In addition, the cotyledon tip of seedlings treated with FR and MP together represented bright green fluorescence under illumination of blue light (478 nm). And the seedling cotyledon vein treated with RB and MP together showed red fluorescence under green light (546 nm). All seeds pelleted with magnetic powder of proper concentration could be attracted by a magnet. Thus, it indicated that those new dual-labeling methods that fluorescent compound and magnetic powder simultaneously applied in the same seed pellets definitely improved anti-counterfeiting technology and enhanced the seed security. This technology will ensure that high quality seed will be used in the crop production.     

Effects of a 60 Hz magnetic field on photosynthetic CO2 uptake and early growth of radish seedlings

Photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate and early growth parameters of radish Raphanus sativus L. seedlings exposed to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) were investigated. Radish seedlings were exposed to a 60 Hz, 50 microT(rms) (root mean square) sinusoidal magnetic field (MF) and a parallel 48 microT static MF for 6 or 15 d immediately after germination. Control seedlings were exposed to the ambient MF but not the ELF MF. The CO2 uptake rate of ELF MF exposed seedlings on day 5 and later was lower than that of the control seedlings. The dry weight and the cotyledon area of ELF MF exposed seedlings on day 6 and the fresh weight, the dry weight and the leaf area of ELF MF exposed seedlings on day 15 were significantly lower than those of the control seedlings, respectively. In another experiment, radish seedlings were grown without ELF MF exposure for 14 d immediately after germination, and then exposed to the ELF MF for about 2 h, and the photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate was measured during the short-term ELF MF exposure. The CO2 uptake rate of the same seedlings was subsequently measured in the ambient MF (control) without the ELF MF. There was no difference in the CO2 uptake rate of seedlings exposed to the ELF MF or the ambient MF. These results indicate that continuous exposure to 60 Hz, 50 microT(rms) sinusoidal MF with a parallel 48 microT static MF affects the early growth of radish seedlings, but the effect is not so severe that modification of photosynthetic CO2 uptake can observed during short-term MF exposure.     

辽东栎幼苗生长对种子大小和子叶去除处理的响应

该文在温室内盆播条件下,设置不去除子叶(对照)、去除1/4子叶(轻度子叶去除)、1/2子叶(中度子叶去除)和3/4子叶(重度子叶去除) 4个处理,研究了种子大小和子叶去除处理对辽东栎幼苗生长及其形态学可塑性的影响。结果表明:(1)大种子幼苗株高、基茎、叶片数、单株叶面积、总干质量和根冠比在所有处理均大于小种子幼苗,除株高外,上述其他参数在轻度子叶去除处理的不同大小种子幼苗间均差异显著(P0.05),前者总干质量在中度子叶去除处理与后者差异也显著(P0.05)。大种子幼苗比叶面积和比根长在各处理均大于小种子幼苗,比枝长则相反。(2)随着子叶去除强度增大,大、小种子幼苗株高、基茎、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干质量等均呈减小趋势,株高、基径、叶片数和单株叶面积在重度子叶去除处理均显著小于对照和轻度子叶去除处理;小种子幼苗对子叶损失反应更为敏感,其株高、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干质量在中度子叶去除处理也显著小于对照(P0.05);小种子幼苗根冠比随子叶去除强度增大而增大,在中度和重度子叶去除处理显著大于对照和轻度子叶去除处理(P0.05)。(3)随着子叶去除强度增大,大小种子幼苗的比叶面积和比根长均逐渐增大,但大种子幼苗比枝长持续减小,轻度子叶去除处理的小种子幼苗比枝长最大。     

Seedling tolerance to cotyledon removal varies with seed size: A case of five legume species

It is generally accepted that seedlings from large seeds are more tolerant to defoliation than those from small seeds due to the additional metabolic reserves present in the large seeds. However, information on the effects of amount of seed reserves (cotyledon removal) from seedlings resulting from large vs. small seeds on seedling growth and long‐term survival in the field is limited. Five legume species with different sizes of seeds were sown in the field and none, one, or both cotyledons removed 7 days after seedling emergence. Seedling biomass, relative growth rate (RGR) and survival were determined at different time. Cotyledon removal, species, and their interaction had significant effects on seedling growth and survival. During the period between 33 and 70 days, seedlings from large seeds had a significantly lower RGR than those from small seeds. Biomass, RGR, and survival of seedlings from large seeds were significantly reduced by removal one or both cotyledons, whereas those of seedlings from small seeds were not affected. Seed energy reserves are more important for the early growth of seedlings from large seeds than for those from small seeds. The overall effect of cotyledon removal on growth and survival varies with seed size (i.e., energy reserves) with seedlings from small seeds being less sensitive than those from large seeds under field conditions.     

The effect of exogenous gibberellin and auxin on the dominance between the axillary buds of pea (Pisutn sativum L.) cotyledons

The interaction of GA and IAA in apical dominance was investigated in an experiment in which first of all an IAA paste was applied to the cut areas formed by the decapitation of epicotyl apices of pea seedlings, followed after one week by the application of a 0.25 % GA paste. The latter treatment was able to overcome the growth inhibition of cotylary buds induced by a 0.03 % IAA paste, but not that caused by 0.06 and 0.12 % IAA pastes. The correlative function of a root in the renewal of the apical dominance can, to some extent, be directly simulated by exogenous gibberellin, as has been demonstrated in the experiment with decapitated pea seedlings deprived of one cotyledon, on which the growing axillary of the amputated cotyledon was decapitated. In this case the axillary of the remaining cotyledon grows in the plants where the root has been left, but in those deprived of the root, there appears a serial of the amputated cotyledon (Dostál, Biol. Plant. 9 : 330, 1967). When GA was supplied to the plants treated in this way, the coty lary of the remaining cotyledon grew even in the plants deprived of the root.     

Effect of alternating magnetic field on the composition and level of lipids in radish seedlings

The effects of alternating magnetic field (AMF) with the frequency of 50 Hz on the dynamics of unfolding of cotyledon leaves, the composition and level of polar and neutral lipids and their component fatty acids (FA) were studied in 5-day-old radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula D.L., cv. Rozovo-krasnyi s belym konchikom) grown in the light and in the dark. AMF weakened the inhibitory effect of light on unfolding of cotyledon leaves. In the light, the total content of lipids, as well as the level of polar and neutral lipids, in the seedlings in AMF was greater than in control material. In polar lipids, the total amount of glyco-and phospholipids increased; in neutral lipids, the level of triacylglycerols rose. The ratio between phospholipids and sterols (PhL/S) increased. In the dark, the total content of lipids and the level of neutral lipids in the seedlings in AMF were lower than in control material, and the ratio PhL/S decreased. In control material, there were no differences in the relative total content of unsaturated FA in the light and in the dark, whereas the level of linolenic acid was higher in the light than in the dark. AMF induced a decrease in the content of linolenic acid in the light and a rise in the dark; the level of erucic acid in the light decreased. The ratio between unsaturated and saturated FA decreased both in the light and in the dark. It was concluded that AMF with the frequency of 50 Hz was an adjusting agent considerably changing the content of lipids in the radish seedlings in the light and in the dark.     

Ultrastructural Localization of Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Cotyledon Cells of Tomato and Its Changes during Chilling Stress

The ultrastructural localization of adenosine tripkosphatase (ATPase) activity in cotyledon cells of tomato was carried out by use of the cytochemical method of lead phosphate precipitation, and the changes in ATPase activity during chilling stress of the tomato seedlings were studied. The following experimental results have been obtained: 1. The ATPase activity in the cotyledon cells of tomato seedlings germinated and grown at 28 ℃. was located at plasmolemma, plasmodesmata, nucleoli and nuclear chromatin chloroplast lamellae, many sites of cell wall, and the surface of cell wall bordering the intercellular spaces and their inclusions. 2. When the tomato seedlings were subjected to chilling treatment for 4 h. at 5 ℃., the ATPase activity in cotyledon cells was indifferent from that of non-chilling treated seedlings. After chilling treatment for 12 h. at 5 ℃., the reaction of ATPase activity at plasmolemma, and in cell wall and intercellular spaces was markedly reduced. though the high activity reaction of ATPase in nuclei and at chloroplast lamellae was still maintained. When the tomato seedlings were subjected to chilling stress for 24 h. at 5℃., the ATPase activity at plasmolemma and in cell wall was almost inactivated, while the ATPase activity in nuclei and at chloroplast lamellae was only slightly lowered. These results indicated that the chilling injury may influence firstly on the ATPase activity of cell surface (plasmolemma and cell wall). 3. The role of intercellular spaces used as the passage of materials and the process and mechanism of chilling injury are discussed.     

Growth promotion and a decrease of oxidative stress in maize seedlings by a combination of geomagnetic and weak electromagnetic fields

In the present study, we hypothesized that an appropriate combination of a geomagnetic field (as a static field) and an alternative magnetic field may result in the promotion of maize seedling growth by an alleviation of an excess production of reactive oxygen species. First, we determined the applicable range of frequencies by theoretical calculations, and a combined magnetic field was designed. The seeds were germinated in the magnetic field for 4 days, and the seedlings were allowed to grow in a nutrient solution for another 4 days. The magnetic field-treated maize seeds produced seedlings with a faster growth rate than the control seeds. The activity of superoxide dismutase in the magnetic field-treated seedlings was lower, while the total antioxidant capacity of these seedlings was higher than that of the control group. The maintenance of membrane integrity and a decrease of iron content in the magnetic field-treated seedlings suggest that a combination of both static and alternative magnetic fields promotes the growth of the plants by lowering iron absorption, a reduction in the Fenton chemistry, and lowering the risk of oxidative burst.     

CELL CYCLE KINETICS OF ENDOREDUPLICATION IN GAMMA-IRRADIATED ROOT MERISTEMS OF PISUM SATIVUM

Label and mitotic indices and microspectrophotometry of unlabeled interphase cells were used to measure the proportion of root meristem cells of Pisum sativum in each cell cycle stage after exposure to protracted gamma irradiation. Three seedling types were investigated: 1) intact seedlings, 2) seedlings with cotyledons detached and treated with lanolin paste applied to the area of cotyledon excision, and 3) seedlings with detached cotyledons and treated with a G2 Factor applied to the area of cotyledon excision in lanolin paste. In intact seedling meristems, predominant cell arrest occurred with a 4C amount of DNA while 0.30 of the cells underwent endoreduplication to arrest with an 8C amount of DNA. Only 0.07 cells arrested with a 2C amount of DNA. Polyploid cells were produced several days after the start of irradiation and were derived from a diploid cell population. In seedlings exposed to lanolin only, without cotyledons, most cells arrested with a 2C amount of DNA with no polyploid cells. In seedlings exposed to a G2 Factor in lanolin after cotyledon excision, most cells arrested with a 4C amount of DNA but no cells underwent endoreduplication. These experimental results suggest that the G2 Factor derived from cotyledons of Pisum sativum was necessary for predominant cell arrest in G2 but alone was not sufficient for the polyploidization step.