基于ITS与 trn L-F序列探讨槭树科的系统发育

报道了槭树科41种(其中槭属39种)植物的 trn L-F和ITS序列(其中部分种的ITS序列为重新测定),以期通过分子手段对槭树科内部尤其是复杂的槭属的系统发育关系进行重建.以无患子科和七叶树科为外类群,基于对57个种单独的ITS序列(包括从GenBank下载的16种的序列)、41种 trn L-F序列及41种两者序列的联合数据,分别采用最大简约法(Maximum Parsimony Method)和邻接法(Neighbor-Joining Method)对槭树科的系统发育进行了分析.结果显示,整个槭树科为一单系类群;金钱槭位于槭树科的基部;但由于云南金钱槭( Dipteronia dyerana )聚在了槭属内部,认为金钱槭属和槭属均可能是非单系类群;槭属内组间关系的支持率普遍较低,但多数组的组内关系得到了较好的支持.将两个片段结合比单独的ITS或 trn L-F分析能更好地解决槭属内部的系统关系,其中sect.Palmata 和sect.Microcarpa ,sect.Platanoidea 、sect.Lithocarpa 和sect.Macrophylla ,sect.Integrifolia 、sect.Trifoliata 和sect.Pentaphylla ,以及sect.Acer 、sect.Goniocarpa 和sect.Saccharina (sensu Ogata)的组间亲缘关系得到了一定的支持,但对其中部分组的划分可能应做进一步调整.重新评价了徐廷志系统中对sect.Rubra 和sect.Saccharodendron 的处理.     

色木槭的变异式样及其分类学

色木槭(Aeer mono Maxim.)是分布于亚洲东部的一个变异极大的种。本文报道了7个亚种:色木槭(原亚种)(subsp.mono);海岛色木槭(亚种)(subsp.marmoraturn(Nichols.)T.Z.Hsu);毛萼色木槭(亚种)(subsp.glabrum(Levl.et Vant.)T.Z.Hsu);里光色木槭(亚种)(subsp.trichobasis(Nakai)T.Z.Hsu);金沙色木槭(亚种)(subsp.tricuspis(Rehd.)T.Z.Hsu);弯翅色木槭(亚种)(subsp.incurvaturn(Fang et P.L.Chiu)T.Z.Hsu);粉绿色木槭(亚种)(subsp.glaucum(Koidz.)T.Z.Hsu),讨论了其变异式样和地理分布。     

镉对茶条槭和五角槭光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以北方阔叶树种茶条槭(Acer ginnala)和五角槭(Acer mono)2年生苗木为材料,采用土壤和风化砂混合物作为盆栽基质,设置0(CK)、10、50、100、200 mg·kg-1 5种土壤镉浓度,研究了土壤镉胁迫对苗木叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:随着土壤镉胁迫浓度增加,茶条槭净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)先升后降,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)则先降后升,且均在10 mg·kg-1 Cd2+时达到峰值或谷值;同时五角槭的Pn逐渐降低,Ci持续升高,Gs和Tr则先升后降且均在10 mg·kg-1 Cd2+时达到峰值.随土壤镉处理浓度的增加,茶条槭和五角槭的Fv/Fm、Fv/F0和qN均呈先升后降趋势,ΦPSⅡ则均持续下降;qP在茶条槭表现为先升后降,而在五角槭则逐渐下降.所有指标(除Ci外)在随镉浓度的变化过程中,其上升幅度均为茶条槭大于五角槭,而下降幅度则为五角槭大于茶条槭.研究发现,重金属镉通过破坏或抑制光合作用过程来影响茶条槭和五角槭的生长,高浓度镉导致的Pn下降是由非气孔限制因素所致;茶条槭对土壤镉的耐性大于五角槭,100和50 mg·kg-1 Cd2+可能分别是茶条槭和五角槭对土壤镉污染的耐受极限.     

基于ITS与trnL—F序列探讨槭树科的系统发育

报道了槭树科41种（其中槭属39种0植物的trnL-F和ITS序列（其中部分种的ITS序列为重新测定），以期通过分子手段对槭树科内部尤其是复杂的槭属的系统发育关系进行重建。以无患子科和七叶树科为外类群，基于对57个种单独的ITS序列（包括从GenBank下载的16种的序列），41种trnL-F序列及41种两序列的联合数据，分析采用最大简约法（Maximum Parsimony Method)和邻接法（Neighbor-Joining Method)对槭树科的系统发育进行了分析。结果显示，整个槭树科为一单系类群；金钱槭位于槭树科的基部；但由于云南金钱槭（Dipteronia dyerana)聚在槭属内部，认为金钱槭属和槭属均可能是非单系类群；槭属内组间关系的支持率普遍较低，但多数组的组内关系得到了较好的支持。将两个片段结合比单独的ITS或trnL-F分析能更好地解决槭属内部的系统关系，其中sect,Palmata和sect.Micrcarpa,sect,Platanoidea,sect,Lithocarpa和sect.Macrophylla,sect,Integrifolia.Trifoliata和sect Pentaphylla,以及sect.Acer,sect.Goniocarpa和sect.Saccharina(sensu Ogata）的组间亲缘关系得到了一定的支持，但对其中部分组的划分可能应做进一步调整。重新评价了徐廷志系统中对sect.Rubra和sect.Saccharodendron的处理。     

三角枫的生物学特性及培育技术

三角枫(Acer buergerianum Miq.)为槭树科槭树属植物,是我国自然分布的优良乡土槭树之一.主要介绍了其生物学特性以及栽培技术,以期为该种植物的合理开发利用提供资料.     

槭树科花粉形态及其系统学意义

报道了槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属21组33种和金钱槭属2种植物的花粉形态。本科花粉近球形至长球形,极面观为三裂圆形。从花粉萌发孔类型看,金钱槭属Dipteronia具三孔沟,槭属（Acer)除4组具三孔沟外,其余均为三沟。从花粉外壁纹饰看,金钱槭属2个种和槭属的大多数种为条纹状,罕为细条纹－拟网状和皱波状。通过花粉形态分析,并结合其它方向的证据,我们认为：（1）Sect.Palmata,Sect.Spicata和Sect.Microcarpa可能是槭属中与金钱槭属关系最密切的类群;（2）A.distalum和A.nipponicum代表了近缘的两个单种组;（3）A.pseudoplatanus不同于Sect.Acer的其它4个种而与A.saccharum可能存在更为密切的关系;（4）Sect.Carpinifolia(细条纹－拟网状外壁纹饰）和Sect.Negundo(皱波状外壁纹饰）则可能代表了槭属中最特化的类群;（5）按槭树科花粉三孔沟到三沟的演化规律,Dipteronia较Acer原始。     

陕西槭属一新变种

本文发表了槭属一新变种, 即光果庙台槭Acer miaotaiense P.C.Tsoog var.glabrum M.C.Wang.     

中国特有金钱槭属植物物种分化研究

金钱槭属(Dipteronia Oliv.)隶属于槭树科(Aceraceae),是北温带植物区系中古老、残遗的木本属之一,为中国特有属,属下仅包括金钱槭(D.sinensis Oliv.)和云南金钱槭(D.dyerana Henry)2个物种。本实验从形态学、分子遗传学及基因序列分析等方面对金钱槭(D.sinensis Oliv.)和云南金钱槭(D.dyerana Henry)进行对比研究,探讨其物种间分化程度。结果表明:(1)形态学研究显示两物种形态性状存在显著差异,表明其在形态上发生了显著分化;(2)基因组DNA的AFLP标记分析表明,两物种间存在极显著遗传分化(ΦST=0.390 4),在物种水平及群体水平,两物种遗传多样性及遗传变异水平皆有明显差异(金钱槭云南金钱槭);(3)从GenBank数据库中选出2物种已知的叶绿体基因(psbM-trnD、trnD-trnT、trnL、trnL-trnF、rpl16)和核基因ITS(ITS1、5.8SRNA、ITS2)进行序列进化比对分析,t-test检验表明,2物种叶绿体基因序列间有极显著差异。研究结果表明:金钱槭和云南金钱槭两物种间产生了极显著的分化,推测可能由于长期的地理隔离所致。     

四种北方阔叶树种苗木对土壤镉胁迫的生长反应与抗性比较

采用盆栽方法,研究了4种北方阔叶树种茶条槭、山梨、五角槭和山荆子一年生苗木对土壤镉胁迫的生长反应和抗性.采用土壤和风化砂混合物作为栽培基质,设计5种土壤镉浓度梯度处理(对照、10、50、100、200mg·kg^-1).结果表明,低浓度处理(≤50mg·kg^-1)刺激各树种苗木的地径、树高生长,其中茶条槭在10mg·kg^-1处理下地径和苗高增加幅度最大,分别为对照的135.8%和146.0%;随着镉处理浓度的增加,地上部生长量下降,茶条槭在最高浓度处理下,生长量降低最大,地径和苗高仅分别为对照的241%和280%.叶片和新枝生物量变化存在较大种间差异,茶条槭和山梨在低浓度处理时总体上表现增加;山荆子新枝生物量增加,叶生物量减少;五角槭表现一致减少.最高浓度处理时,叶和新枝生物量受影响最大的是茶条槭,分别为对照的4.6%和7.3%;其次为五角槭,分别为对照的5.7%和7.9%;山梨和山荆子受影响的幅度相对较小.新根生物量除山梨外,其它3个树种苗木的生物量表现一致下降,其中下降幅度以茶条槭最大,最高浓度处理仅为对照的2.3%.山梨在低浓度处理下,新根生物量有所增加,分别为对照的125.5%和117.1%.     

细裂槭与其近缘种的比较形态学及分类学研究

通过对细裂槭与其近缘种大叶细裂槭、疏毛槭的表型性状及叶片微形态进行比较研究,探讨细裂槭在植物分类学上的地位。结果表明:(1)不同产地细裂槭表型性状变异主要来源于居群内。(2)同一产地细裂槭与其近缘种的一些表型性状存在较大的差异。(3)反映叶片大小和翅果形状指标的平均变异系数相对较大,不能准确反映种间关系,故不支持《中国植物志》、Flora of China以及各类地方植物志中以叶片大小和双翅连接角度作为细裂槭、大叶细裂槭和疏毛槭的主要分类依据。(4)疏毛槭叶上表皮和下表皮均具表皮毛,且生活周期内不脱落,与《中国植物志》和Flora of China对疏毛槭的记载略有不同。依据许炳强提出的植物叶脉序演化关系,细裂槭与大叶细裂槭的叶脉序特征基本一致,而疏毛槭较细裂槭和大叶细裂槭原始,该研究结果支持Flora of China对细裂槭和大叶细裂槭的合并处理,并将细裂槭作为疏毛槭的变种处理。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.