管窥新中国旧石器考古学的重大发展

本文对近５０年来中国旧石器考古学的主要成果作了简要的记述。依若干早更新世人类化石和旧石器文化地点发现的先后, 论述了人类在中国境内的历史悠久性, 随着不断的新发现而加深对这个问题的认识。在文中对中国旧石器工业的基本框架进行了探讨,提出北、南方主工业二元结构与多种区域性工业类型并存的看法,从中可以看到中国旧石器工业类型的多样性。此外,还讨论了如诸工业类型彼此关系和历史发展不平衡等问题, 同时对今后工作也提出了一点拙见     

中国的原手斧及其传统

中国的原手斧包括双面器、单面器和三稜器三类,分布于华北、华中和华南的几十处地点,以华中的发现最为丰富。它们属于旧石器初期的遗存,旧石器中期以后已大体绝迹。
中国的原手斧与砍砸器、石球等共存,不同于阿舍利文化传统的手斧。中国旧石器初期至少有两个文化传统,即以原手斧为代表的砾石工业和以周口店文化为代表的石片工业,但华北的原手斧传统后来已被石片工业所完全代替。     

辽东半岛的旧石器文化

辽东半岛旧石器研究可追溯至20世纪30年代, 但较大的进展则在70年代以后所取得。迄今为止, 包括以庙后山石器工业和营口金牛山人类化石为代表的旧石器早期、以海城小孤山下层石器工业为代表的旧石器中期和以海城小孤山中层石器工业、骨角制品和前阳人类化石为代表的旧石器晚期组成的辽东旧石器文化发展序列已经初步建立起来。从古生态环境和石器技术、类型学而言, 辽东半岛旧石器文化和华北同期文化存在密切的联系。     

中国的手斧

越来越多的考古发现表明:中国不缺少手斧,东亚、南亚其他地区也不缺少手斧;手斧在这里某些旧石器初期工业中扮演着一个不容忽视的角色;这类工业的工具组合和欧非手斧文化有许多相似之处。上述发现逐步填平东西方文化上的“鸿沟”,表明两大地区的文化交流早在旧石器初期可能已经存在。     

秦岭汉江流域新发现旧石器遗址的地层与释光年代

汉江流域旧石器时代文化遗存丰富,南方砾石石器工业和北方小石片石器工业类型的遗存并存,对研究中国南北旧石器文化交流和发展演化具有重要的意义。2016-2018年夏天,我们在汉江流域进行野外调查,新发现十个含更新世晚期旧石器遗存的地点,利用热转移光释光（TT-OSL）方法对各遗址的地层进行了测年。测年结果表明,这几处旧石器地点的古人类活动主要发生在距今20-5万年之间,涵盖了L₂、S₁和L₁三个阶段,与之前汉江流域第二级阶地发现的旧石器遗址年代基本一致。新发现的十个旧石器地点丰富了汉水流域旧石器遗存,为进一步研究该区域古人类旧石器遗址年代学和石器技术提供了新的材料。     

张森水先生与他的《旧石器考古论文集》

张森水先生是著名考古学家,我国旧石器时代考古学领域第2代的杰出代表。他从1956年开始从事旧石器考古研究,近半个世纪来脚步未停,笔耕不辍;主持过一系列重大考古项目,在野外考察和材料发现方面成就斐然;发文著书成果丰硕,提出中国北方旧石器时代文化“区域渐进说”和中国旧石器时代存在“南北主工业二元结构,区域内若干文化变体”等理论,在阐释中国旧石器文化传统和人类技术与行为方面建立了自己的理论体系;在研究方法方面他最早将“区系类型”等概念引入我国旧石器考古学,倡导并力行实验考古学,推动石器使用痕迹分析,将统计分析方法较系统地应用到旧石器考古研究,促进了我国旧石器考古从定性到定量的转变和方法的成熟。     

宁夏海原县南华山旧石器考古调查

2020年4-6月,宁夏文物考古研究所与海原县文管所组队对海原县南华山地区进行史前时期遗存专项考古调查。此次调查共发现旧石器地点27处,其中明确地层的有14处。从地层上看可大致分为18000 BP以后的马兰黄土堆积和24000-18000 BP马兰黄土下部河漫滩相堆积两期,分别以石叶-细石叶工业和小石片石器工业为代表。油坊院遗址第1地点和刘湾遗址断面上发现较厚的灰烬堆积,前者还发现有1处明显的火塘遗迹;测年数据显示,两者年代分别为22000 BP cal和11000 BP cal。此次海原县南华山地区旧石器的发现,为研究中国西北地区旧石器晚期文化提供了新的材料,为进一步探讨LGM阶段中国北方旧石器晚期的环境、文化与人群交流等问题提供了新的线索。     

中国旧石器文化序列的地层学基础

本文首先讨论旧石器考古年代学的一般原则、中国旧石器文化序列的地层学基础和文化分布区。其次 ,着重讨论中国一些主要旧石器遗址的年代问题。文章最后提出一个供讨论的中国旧石器文化序列方案。     

辽宁海城小孤山遗址发掘简报

从小孤山晚更新世洞穴遗址出土了38种哺乳动物化石、上万件石制品以及一批制作精美的骨角制品和装饰品。石器工业在技术与类型上和华北旧石器关系密切。大致相同的骨针和穿孔兽牙于三十年代曾在周口店山顶洞遗址发现过,但是与欧洲马格德林鱼叉相似的角制鱼叉在中国旧石器文化中是头一次发现。     

中西方旧石器文化中的技术模式的比较

对中西方旧石器文化中技术模式的比较表明,两者间存在很大的差别,充分显示了中国旧石器文化发展的特殊性以及中西方整个旧石器文化属于不同的传统。     

Large cutting tool variation west and east of the Movius Line

Norton et al. (2006) compared "handaxes" from Korea and two basins with Acheulean assemblages (Olorgesailie, Kenya and Hunsgi-Baichbal, India). The authors found significant morphological variance between Eastern and Western handaxes, leading them to conclude that East Asian tool forms were not morphologically similar to typical Acheulean implements. We test this finding using a larger array of localities, and find some metrical overlaps between handaxes and cleavers in the West and East. We indicate the role of convergence in lithic assemblage formation, but we also raise the possibility that handaxes and cleavers in the Luonan Basin (China) may represent evidence for Acheulean stone tool manufacturing methods.     

丹江口库区的薄刃斧

目前,具有阿舍利技术因素的工具组合已发现于包括百色盆地和洛南盆地在内的多个地区,其不同于奥杜威文化所代表的石核-石片技术体系,反映出中更新世以来中国境内古人类技术演化存在的多样性和复杂性。薄刃斧作为阿舍利技术体系中富有特征性的工具类型,为我们研究遗址的文化属性提供了重要依据。本文对丹江口库区调查发现的薄刃斧标本进行了分析,结果表明,在技术、形态以及所占石制品比例等方面,丹江口库区薄刃斧既表现出与旧大陆西部典型薄刃斧的一致性,同时也具有一定程度的变异性,这种变异性可能主要受到原料、生态环境、遗址性质和人群规模等因素的影响。     

Stratégie de débitage et mode de façonnage des industries du Paléolithique inférieur en Chine et en Europe entre 1 Ma et 400 000 ans: Ressemblances et différences de la culture de l’homme de Yunxian et Acheuléen européen

These stone tools from Yunxian with other Lower Paleolithic sites in South China, for example, the site Lantian (Shanxi, China) and the site Bose (Guangxi, China), indicates that there are many common characteristics among these industries. There are choppers, chopping-tools, picks, hand-axes, cleavers and scrapers. Long ago we thought that there are not hand-axes in China. In fact, there are lots of hand-axes in China and these hand-axes existed more earlier than those in Europe. The hand-axe appeared in China before 800,000 years old and it barely arrived in Europe before 600,000 years old. The quaternary deposits of the site of Yunxian Hominid (Hubei, China) are at least dated to 800,000 years old. A large quantity of lower Paleolithic material was discovered. The types of the tools are choppers, picks, scrapers, hand-axes and cleavers. The pebbles tools make up the majority of the implements. Small flake tools are relatively rare. The lithic industries comparison of the two regions has help us to know the cultural evolution in China and Europe.     

Effect of Epidemiological Factors on the Impact of the Fungus Plectosporium tabacinum on False Cleavers ( Galium spurium )

The fungus Plectosporium tabacinum has been evaluated as a bioherbicide for control of false cleavers ( Galium spurium ), but the limiting factors and optimal conditions for successful control using this pathogen are not known. False cleavers mortality and dry weight reductions caused by P. tabacinum were assessed under single or combined factors, including pathogen inoculum concentration, plant growth stage, dew period (duration, frequency, and timing), and dew period temperature. The minimum inoculum concentration required to kill false cleavers seedlings was 1 ×10 7 conidia mL -1 at an application rate of 150 mL m -2 . False cleavers seedlings in the cotyledon or 1-whorl growth stage were the most susceptible. Increasing inoculum concentration increased weed control efficacy on older false cleavers seedlings. When an adequate dew period was provided, 100% mortality and dry weight reduction occurred. The minimum dew period to achieve 100% mortality was 16 h. Delaying the initiation of the dew period by 24 h significantly reduced disease development. Short, repetitive dew periods only improved false cleavers control to a limited extend and the length of initial dew is a critical factor influencing false cleavers mortality due to P. tabacinum . The optimal dew period temperature for disease development was above 15°C.     

1994年丹江口库区调查发现的石制品研究

本文报道了1994年在南水北调中线工程丹江口库区多处地点采集的624件石制品。石制品类型有石核、石片和石器;石器占44%以上, 类型丰富, 包括手斧、手镐、薄刃斧、砍砸器、石球、尖状器、刮削器和石锤; 石器素材主要为砾石, 大多数个体粗大。这一石器组合与中国南方的砾石石器工业有较多的相似之处; 手斧工具的出现表明,这些石制品在探讨东、西方的旧石器文化交流方面也是非常重要的材料。     

辽宁庙后山遗址研究的新进展

本文简要介绍了中国东北已知最早的古人类遗址——辽宁省本溪市庙后山遗址的研究成果, 同时对新出土的少量石制品及哺乳动物化石进行了描述。庙后山石制品在技术和类型上与北京人石器工业十分接近。观察分析表明, 庙后山动物群由北京周口店动物群的基本成员组成, 时代为中更新世, 可追溯到距今50万年。     

Infection Process of Plectosporium tabacinum on False Cleavers (Galium spurium)

A native fungus, Plectosporium tabacinum (van Beyma) M. E. Palm, W. Gams et Nirenberg, has potential as a bioherbicide for the control of both herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible false cleavers. Limited information is available on the infection process of P. tabacinum. P. tabacinum spore distribution pattern, germination, penetration, and colonization on false cleavers leaves were examined using confocal, light, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that conidia were distributed over the entire surface of leaves and cotyledons. More than 90% of the conidia germinated on the leaf surface 6-8 h after inoculation. Penetration of the leaf epidermis by conidia started 8-10 h after inoculation. Histological observation showed that no appressoria were formed by P. tabacinum, but its hyphae produced appressed club-like structures that penetrated the cuticle and epidermal layers. No stomata or other natural openings were observed on the upper leaf surface of false cleavers seedlings. Penetration occurs directly on epidermal cells with more frequent intercellular penetrations. Hyphal penetration was visualized at a depth of 30 and 40 üm after 8 and 16 h of incubation, respectively. Secondary hyphae colonized mesophyll cells 16 h after inoculation. Even spore distribution, short spore germination time, club-like infection structure formation, direct penetration, quick colonization, and mucous secretion on false cleavers leaves may contribute to the kill of false cleavers by P. tabacinum. Slow spore germination and germ tube growth, low spore germination numbers, and no infection structure formation on Brassica napus leaves may be factors affecting the host selectivity of P. tabacinum.     

丹江口库区红石坎Ⅰ旧石器地点发掘简报

红石坎Ⅰ旧石器遗址是丹江口库区一处重要遗址,埋藏于汉江右岸第3级阶地。2008年发掘并揭露525m2,出土石制品136件,采集22件。石制品类型包括备料、人工石块、石锤、石核、石片、刮削器、砍砸器、手镐、凹缺刮器、碎片等,具有南、北方石器工业过渡的文化特征,时代应属于旧石器时代早期。     

The occurrence of Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn.) on weed hosts, including new host records in fields of oats affected by 'tulip-root'

The examination of eighteen weeds in three fields of oats affected with 'tulip-root' is described. Cleavers, common chickweed, mouse-ear chickweed and sandwort, were found to be hosts of A. dipsaci , the last two weeds being new host records. Successful transferences of A. dipsaci have been made from chickweed to oats and from oats back to chickweed. Transference of A. dipsaci has also been made from cleavers and sandwort to oats.     

中国旧石器时代早、中期石器技术多样性研究的新进展

关于中国石器技术发展轨迹和特点,其中一种观点认为,在更新世大部分时间内,中国石器技术以第1模式为主。本文结合近年的考古发现和研究成果,对中更新世早期至距今约4万年的中国石器技术面貌进行了简要总结。这段时间内的中国石器技术呈现出明显的多样性和复杂性,尤其自晚更新世以来,多种石器技术体系并存,其中包括以手斧、手镐和薄刃斧等大型工具为特色的阿舍利技术体系、以盘状石核和各类小型工具为特征的小型石片石器技术体系、以勒瓦娄哇石核和尖状器为特点的莫斯特技术体系、以及以基纳型刮削器为主的莫斯特技术体系,后两者具有明显的旧石器时代中期技术特点。多种石器技术体系共存,这一现象反映了技术发展的区域性和该阶段人群构成的多样性,这为探讨古人类环境适应行为以及区域间人群扩散交流提供了重要信息。