阿拉善荒漠驼蹄瓣属7种植物的花粉形态研究

用扫描电镜对阿拉善荒漠驼蹄瓣属(ZygophyllumL.)7种植物的花粉形态特征进行了观察分析.结果表明,在扫描电镜下,每种植物花粉粒的表面纹饰、萌发孔类型等性状符合驼蹄瓣属的主要特征;而花粉粒的大小、P/E值等细微特征存在明显差异.     

Contribution of microwave accelerated distillation in the extraction of the essential oil of Zygophyllum album L.

Introduction – The aerial parts of Zygophyllum album L. are used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic agent and as a drug active against several pathologies. In this work we present the chemical composition of Algerian essential oils obtained by microwave accelerated distillation (MAD) extraction, a solventless method assisted by microwave. Objective – Under the same analytical conditions and using GC‐FID and GC‐MS, the chemical composition of the essential oil of Zygophyllum album L. extracted by MAD was compared with that achieved using hydrodistillation (HD). Methodology – The extracted compounds were hydrosoluble, and they were removed from the aqueous solution by a liquid extraction with an organic solvent. Results – Employing MAD (100°C, 30 min), the essential oil contained mainly oxygenated monoterpenes with major constituents: carvone and α‐terpineol. However, most of the compounds present in the hydrodistilled volatile fraction were not terpene species, with β‐damascenone as a major constituent. Conclusion – The MAD method appears to be more efficient than HD: after 30 min extraction time, the obtained yields (i.e. 0.002%) were comparable to those provided by HD after 3 h extraction. MAD seems to be more convenient since the volatile fraction is richer in oxygenated monoterpenes, species that are recognised for their olfactory value and their contribution to the fragrance of the essential oil. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immunocytochemical localization of allergenic proteins from mature to activated Zygophyllum fabago L. (Zygophyllaceae) pollen grains

Zygophyllum fabago L. (Zygophyllaceae) can be found in the Middle East, in North Africa and in the arid zones of the Mediterranean region. It easily establishes itself in new regions, and is considered an invasive plant. They undergo ambophilous pollination, as there is a relationship between this type of pollination and its allergenic incidence. A combination of transmission electron microscopy with immunocytochemical methods was used to localize allergenic proteins during hydration and activation processes. Germination was induced in vitro for 1,2,4,6, and 30 min. The activated proteins reacting with antibodies present in human sera from allergenic patients are found in the cytoplasm, intine, exine and exudates from the pollen grains. The activation time plays an important role on the labelling intensity. Labelling of allergenic proteins was abundant at 1 and 2 min of activation, and decreased at 4 and 6 min. The rapid activation and release of the allergenic proteins appears to be the main cause of allergenic activity of Z. fabago pollen grains.     

霸王种子萌发的生理条件

霸王种子在25℃恒温和15～25℃变温条件下萌发状况好,种子活力高;光照或暗对种子萌发没有明显差异,霸王种子萌发时的需水量为种子重的8～9倍.其吸水速率一般为0.6～0.7g·h-1种子,6～8h吸胀达到饱和;种子发芽用纸床较好.     

Cambial Activity in Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss

Cambial activity in Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.—a dominantdesert shrub in Israel—was investigated. Cambial activityin young plants seems to be greatly affected by water supply,while cambial activity in old specimens was found to be moreendogenously controlled. A late-summer cambial dormancy wasobserved under field conditions even in plants that were irrigated.     

Syrian Bean-Caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.) Improves Organic Matter and Other Properties of Mine Wastes Deposits

The omni-presence of Zygophyllum fabago L. (Syrian bean-caper) natural colonies in post mining areas prompted us to investigate its contributions to reclamation of mine wastes deposits′ in southeast Spain. Select plant-related (edaphic) characteristics and bio- and water soluble-Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in rhizosphere of Z. fabagowere compared to deposits one year since application of pig slurry and marble waste. Total N in rhizosphere increased up to a factor of 20X (339 vs 17 mg N kg^?1) in El Gorguel and 27X (85 vs 3.1 mg N kg^?1) in El Lirio sites. Organic matter accumulation in rhizosphere from litter and roots of Z. fabagoincreased organic C from 6.6 to 19.5 g kg^?1in El Gorguel and from 2.1 to 5.7 g kg^?1 in El Lirio in one year. Dissolution of inorganic C takes place due to organic acids from root exudates of Z. fabago. Reduction in bio-available Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in rhizosphere of Z. fabagoat El Lirio is attributed to increase in pH from 5.3 to 7.7 through marble waste addition, although increased cation exchange capacity may also have played a role. Addition of marble waste to encourage colonization by Z. fabagoin acidic mine wastes deposits was recommended.     

Differential cadmium and zinc distribution in relation to their physiological impact in the leaves of the accumulating Zygophyllum fabago L.

Cadmium and zinc share many similar physiochemical properties, but their compartmentation, complexation and impact on other mineral element distribution in plant tissues may drastically differ. In this study, we address the impact of 10 μm Cd or 50 μm Zn treatments on ion distribution in leaves of a metallicolous population of the non‐hyperaccumulating species Zygophyllum fabago at tissue and cell level, and the consequences on the plant response through a combined physiological, proteomic and metabolite approach. Micro‐proton‐induced X‐ray emission and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry analyses indicated hot spots of Cd concentrations in the vicinity of vascular bundles in response to Cd treatment, essentially bound to S‐containing compounds as revealed by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and non‐protein thiol compounds analyses. A preferential accumulation of Zn occurred in vascular bundle and spongy mesophyll in response to Zn treatment, and was mainly bound to O/N‐ligands. Leaf proteomics and physiological status evidenced a protection of photosynthetically active tissues and the maintenance of cell turgor through specific distribution and complexation of toxic ions, reallocation of some essential elements, synthesis of proteins involved in photosynthetic apparatus or C‐metabolism, and metabolite synthesis with some specificities regarding the considered heavy metal treatment.     

霸王的原生质体培养的研究

目的：为利用原生质体融合技术转移霸王抗旱基因。方法：采用酶解法分离霸王原生质体,比较了霸王子叶和愈伤组织游离原生质体的产量和活力,不同渗透压和起始密度对原生质体分裂频率的影响。结果：愈伤组织游离的原生质体产量和活力均高于子叶,原生质体产率可达2.4×106个/g.FW,活力达89%。采用液体浅层培养,在附加2,4-D（2mg/L）、6-BA（1.0mg/L）、2%蔗糖和甘露醇（0.4mol/L）的DPD培养基中,原生质体分裂频率最高,达68.6%。转移到附加2-iP（3mg/L）、KT（1.0mg/L）、6-BA（1.0mg/L）的分化培养基上,获得2个再生苗。结论：采用酶解法游离霸王愈伤组织,可获得高活力和高分裂频率的霸王原生质体。     

草木樨状黄芪和木本霸王的科间体细胞杂交

在成功培养原生质体的基础上, 用改进的PEG-高pH高钙法诱导草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)和木本霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)原生质体融合, 得到了科间体细胞杂种融合细胞。采用罗丹明-6G预处理草木樨状黄芪原生质体以及UV-B辐照霸王原生质体, 使双亲原生质体及其同源融合产物均不能持续分裂而死亡, 融合后的杂种细胞由于生理互补可恢复持续分裂能力而被筛选出来。融合产物经培养分裂获得了2个杂种细胞系, 其中1个分化出芽。染色体计数和分子鉴定证明了杂种的真实性。初步比较了杂种细胞系及亲本对盐分和水分胁迫的耐受性, 结果表明杂种细胞系对盐分和水分胁迫的耐受性介于两个亲本之间。     

Pollinosis related to Zygophyllum fabago in a Mediterranean area

Zygophyllum fabago is a herbaceous plant withairborne pollen found widely in the MurciaRegion, in the Southeast of Spain. Although itsallergenicity has been recently reported,little is known of its involvement inpollinosis. Aerobiological study andsensitization in pollinotics weremeasured using a Hirst volumetric trap. Wehave measured the atmospheric concentrationsof this pollen and other allergenicpollen types in our region, between March 1993 andMarch 1997. Z. fabago pollen wascollected for a morphometric study of thepollen grain, and a lyophilized extract wasprepared for skin prick tests. We haveconducted skin tests with different pollen typesfrom our region and with Z. fabago in1736 patients with symptomssuggesting pollinosis. The size of the pollengrain averages 15.17 × 17.35 µm. Thepollination period extends from May to August,with a mean accumulated concentration of 448grains/m³. Out of 1736 pollinotics,263 (15.15%) showed a positive skin test forZ. fabago, 6 were monosensitized and 257were sensitized to other common pollen types fromour Region. Specific IgE to Z. fabago wasequal or higher than 0.35 ku/l in 86.56% ofsensitized patients. Chenopodiaceae pollinateduring spring and autumn and sensitize a largernumber of patients; Urticaceae reach thehighest pollen concentrations for a longerperiod but are not the primary cause ofpollinosis. This study shows that Z. fabagopollen becomes airborne, elicits an IgEresponse and, like other pollens, contributestowards triggering allergic symptoms.It should therefore be considered arelevant allergen and accordingly beincluded in skin test procedures.     

喀什霸王的结实和种子萌发特性

喀什霸王(Zygophyllum kaschgaricum)是生长于中国新疆南部荒漠环境的稀有种及二级保护植物。当前, 该物种在自然种群中呈分散式及片段化分布, 且种群密度低, 种群老龄化较严重。因此, 为了了解该物种种子萌发特性及其对荒漠环境的响应, 该文采用室内控制实验方法, 对该物种的自然坐果率、结籽率、种子吸水特性、种子休眠和萌发特性及对干旱胁迫的响应进行了比较研究。结果表明: 喀什霸王在自然种群中的坐果率及结籽率较低, 且种子的败育率较高。不同干藏时间种子的吸水速率间存在显著差异; 随着干藏时间的延长, 种子的吸水率逐步增强。刚成熟的种子在不同温度及光周期下均可萌发; 其中高温(10/20 ℃, 20/30 ℃)及黑暗条件下的萌发率比低温(10/5 ℃, 5/2 ℃)及光照条件下的萌发率高。不同干藏时间的种子在不同浓度赤霉素(GA₃)下的萌发率均较高; 但低温储藏时间对该物种种子的打破休眠及萌发率没有促进作用。以上结果说明该物种存在非深度生理休眠; 而干藏时间、高温且黑暗及高浓度(50 mmoloL ^-1) GA₃是打破休眠及促进种子萌发的最合适条件。高温条件下的干旱胁迫对喀什霸王种子萌发具有抑制作用; 春季和秋季降水量决定种子的萌发率。总之, 喀什霸王种子在物候上表现出的春秋季萌动及非深度生理休眠以提高幼苗存活力及保障种群稳定性, 是一种对新疆南部干旱及高温胁迫荒漠环境的适应策略。     

草木樨状黄芪和木本霸王的科间体细胞杂交

在成功培养原生质体的基础上,用改进的PEG-高pH高钙法诱导草木樨状黄（Astragalus melilotoides）和木本霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）原生质体融合,得到了科间体细胞杂种融合细胞。采用罗丹明-6G预处理草木樨状黄芪原生质体以及UV-B辐照霸王原生质体,使双亲原生质体及其同源融合产物均不能持续分裂而死亡,融合后的杂种细胞由于生理互补可恢复持续分裂能力而被筛选出来。融合产物经培养分裂获得了2个杂种细胞系,其中1个分化出芽。染色体计数和分子鉴定证明了杂种的真实性。初步比较了杂种细胞系及亲本对盐分和水分胁迫的耐受性,结果表明杂种细胞系对盐分和水分胁迫的耐受性介于两个亲本之间。     

Isolation of four new pterocarpans from Zygophyllum eurypterum (Syn. Z. atriplicoides) with enzyme-inhibition properties

Four new pterocarpans, atricarpan A (=(-)-1,2-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan; 1), atricarpan B (=(-)-2,3-ethylenedioxy)-1,4-dihydroxy-9-methoxypterocarpan; 2), atricarpan C (=(-)-1,9-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-carboxylic acid; 3), and atricarpan D (=(-)-2,9-dimethoxy-4-(5-oxohexyl)pterocarpan; 4) were isolated from the BuOH extract of the whole plant of Zygophyllum eurypterum. The structure elucidations of those compounds were based primarily on 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis, including COSY, HMBC, and HMQC correlations. Compounds 1-4 also inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values between 12.5-65.0 microM. Similarly, compounds 1 and 4 inhibited lipoxygenase (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) enzymes with IC50 values of 13.5 and 20.5 muM, respectively.     

Genetic diversity among Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) populations based on RAPD analysis

Zygophyllum species are succulent plants that are drought resistant and/or salt tolerant, growing under severe, dry climatic conditions. Despite their importance and abundance in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions, there is little information concerning molecular variations among species of this genus. Genetic diversity was assessed, using RAPD primers, of 12 populations of Z. coccineum, Z. album and Z. aegyptium collected from various locations in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Yong leaves were used for DNA extraction. Genetic distances were calculated using Nei's method. A dendrogram was constructed based on the similarity data matrix by unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages cluster analysis. Analysis with RAPD markers revealed genetic variation between and within populations of Zygophyllum. Zygophyllum coccineum showed higher levels of genetic variation and more unique alleles than the other species.     

UeberLathyrus latifolius L. undL. silvestris L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

果翅对霸王种子田间萌发的影响

于2007年10月将具有果翅(具翅)和剥去果翅(去翅)的霸王种子埋于阿拉善左旗不同深度(0 cm、2 cm、5 cm)土壤中,1年内每2月取样1次,调查其萌发情况.结果表明:置于地表具翅种子田间无萌发,而去翅种子在次年6月开始萌发;2 cm埋深具翅种子在次年6月开始萌发,而去翅种子次年2月即能萌发,且其萌发均显著高于同期具翅种子(除10月外);与2 cm埋深相比,5 cm埋深种子萌发较早,其他则表现相似.随埋深的增加和埋藏时间延长,去翅种子田间萌发呈增长趋势,室内萌发率则逐渐减小,而具翅种子除6～10月外田间和室内萌发均逐渐增加.埋藏1年后,去翅种子死亡率显著高于具翅种子,去翅种子为23.0%,而具翅种子为10.0%.可见,果翅可显著抑制霸王种子在田间萌发,有利于种子的田间保存,从而避开不利环境在适宜条件下萌发以获得最佳建植率.