甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因在昆虫细胞中的截短表达

目的:利用Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System表达重组HA蛋白,Western blot及IFA方法鉴定其表达。方法:采用PCR方法扩增A/California/04/2009(H1N1)HA基因,将其克隆到pFastBacHT A载体上,重组质粒pFastBacHT-HA经双酶切及测序鉴定正确后,转化阳性重组载体进入E.coli DH10Bac感受态细胞中,通过Bluo-gal蓝白斑筛选、PCR鉴定获得重组转座子rBacmid-HA。从重组转座子中提取rBacmid-HA质粒DNA转染sf 9昆虫细胞,制备重组杆状病毒。重组杆状病毒感染sf 9细胞表达重组蛋白,Western blot及IFA鉴定重组蛋白表达情况。结论:成功构建了甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因的昆虫杆状病毒表达载体,该表达载体转染昆虫细胞后制备的重组杆状病毒病毒滴度较高,重组杆状病毒表达的重组蛋白经Western blot 及IFA 鉴定后具有良好的免疫反应原性。     

利用靶定基质蛋白基因m的小干扰RNA抑制2009甲型H1N1流感病毒的复制

目的:设计、构建并筛选针对流感病毒基质蛋白基因m的小干扰RNA(siRNA),检测其对2009甲型H1N1流感病毒复制的抑制效果。方法:设计3条针对流感病毒m基因的siRNA,并克隆到短发夹型(shRNA)siRNA表达载体pSilencer2.1-U6-hygro上;经测序证明构建成功后,将表达3种siRNA的质粒和阴性对照质粒psiRNA-control分别转染MDCK细胞,用潮霉素筛选稳定表达细胞株,用H1N1流感病毒感染细胞,通过Real-time PCR和Western印迹检测干扰效果。结果:构建了3个针对流感病毒m基因的siRNA表达质粒,3种siRNA均使m基因的mRNA水平降低,其中M1-306的抑制效率达60%;3种siRNA均使流感病毒NA蛋白的表达量降低,M2-25、M1-105的抑制效率明显,M1-306略低。结论:针对m基因的siRNA可以有效抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制。     

Primary study on the lesions and specific proteins in BEAS-2B cells induced with the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus

In order to investigate the lesions and proteins with differential expression in cells infected with the 2009 A (H1N1) virus and to determine the specific proteins involved in cell damage, the present study has been performed. BEAS-2B cells were infected with the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus or the seasonal H1N1 influenza virus for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed with flow cytometry. Total cellular proteins were extracted and underwent two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The differentially expressed proteins underwent mass spectrometry for identification. The results showed that after 12 h, cells infected with the virus strain sourced from severe cases had the highest apoptosis rate (P?P?P?Galectin-1 was specifically observed in BEAS-2B infected with 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses, and cofilin-1 was specifically observed in BEAS-2B cells in the late stage of 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus infection. In conclusion, differential effects of the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus and seasonal H1N1 influenza virus were identified on the cell cycle and apoptosis, and galectin-1 may play a role in cell apoptosis induced by 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus.     

Avian influenza virus A/HK/483/97(H5N1) NS1 protein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells

Avian H5N1 influenza virus causes a remarkably severe disease in humans, with an overall case fatality rate of greater than 50%. Human influenza A viruses induce apoptosis in infected cells, which can lead to organ dysfunction. To verify the role of H5N1-encoded NS1 in inducing apoptosis, the NS1 gene was cloned and expressed in human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292 cells). The apoptotic events posttransfection were examined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end-labeling assay, flow cytometric measurement of propidium iodide, annexin V staining, and Western blot analyses with antibodies specific for proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. We demonstrated that the expression of H5N1 NS1 protein in NCI-H292 cells was sufficient to induce apoptotic cell death. Western blot analyses also showed that there was prominent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-8 during the NS1-induced apoptosis. The results of caspase inhibitor assays further confirmed the involvement of caspase-dependent pathways in the NS1-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the ability of H5N1 NS1 protein to induce apoptosis was much enhanced in cells pretreated with Fas ligand (the time posttransfection required to reach >30% apoptosis was reduced from 24 to 6 h). Furthermore, 24 h posttransfection, an increase in Fas ligand mRNA expression of about 5.6-fold was detected in cells transfected with H5N1 NS1. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the NS1 protein encoded by avian influenza A virus H5N1 induced apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells, mainly via the caspase-dependent pathway, which encourages further investigation into the potential for the NS1 protein to be a novel therapeutic target.     

Analysis of cellular proteome alterations in porcine alveolar macrophage cells infected with 2009 (H1N1) and classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses

The H1N1/2009 influenza virus has the potential to cause a human pandemic, and sporadic cases of human-to-pig transmission have been reported. In this study, two influenza viruses were isolated from pigs. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the A/swine/NanChang/F9/2010(H1N1) (F9/10) strain shared a high degree of homology with the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus, and A/swine/GuangDong/34/2006 (H1N1) (34/06) strains was a classical swine influenza virus. A proteomic analysis was performed to investigate possible alterations of protein expression in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells infected by the F9/10 and 34/06 viruses over different time courses. Using 2-DE in association with MALDI-TOF MS/MS, we identified 13 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated protein spots, including cytoskeleton proteins, cellular signal transduction proteins, molecular biosynthesis proteins and heat shock proteins. The most significant changes in the infected cells were associated with molecular biosynthesis proteins and heat shock proteins. We analysed the biological characteristics of the F9/10 and 34/06 viruses in vivo and in vitro. The F9/10 virus showed greater pathogenicity than the 34/06 virus in PAM cells and mice. This study provides insights into the biologic characteristics, potential virulence alteration and cross-species transmission mechanisms of the pandemic H1N1/2009.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

将H5N1亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）NS1基因插入到杆状病毒转移载体pFastBac1中,获得重组转移载体pFastBac1- NS1。将pFastBac1- NS1转化到DH10Bac感受态细胞中,筛选到重组转座子rBacmid-NS1。在脂质体转染试剂介导下将rBacmid-NS1转染对数生长期的Sf9昆虫细胞获得重组杆状病毒rBV-NS1。rBV-NS1感染Sf9细胞后,通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和ELISA分析表明：获得了分子量为26ku的特异性NS1蛋白;并且该蛋白可与H5N1 AIV攻毒鸭的血清发生特异性免疫反应,而不能与H5N1AIV灭活疫苗免疫鸭的血清发生反应。试验结果表明：NS1在Sf9昆虫细胞中获得了高效表达,具有与天然蛋白相似的免疫活性,并可以作为区分免疫及自然感染个体的鉴别诊断抗原。本实验为建立禽流感病毒自然感染家禽与禽流感灭活苗免疫家禽的鉴别诊断方法奠定基础。     

Expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1) in H. pylori-associated gastritis, gastric adenoma, and gastric cancer

Background and Aim: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease‐1 (APE‐1) is a key enzyme in DNA base excision repair (BER), linked to cancer chemosensitivity. However, little is known about the localization of APE‐1 in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosa or its role in the development of gastric cancer. To investigate the role of APE‐1 in the development of gastric cancer, we examined APE‐1 expression and localization in cultured cells and gastric biopsies from patients with H. pylori‐infected gastritis or gastric adenoma, and from surgically resected gastric cancer. Methods: APE‐1 mRNA and protein expression were determined in H. pylori (CagA+) water‐extract protein (HPWEP)‐stimulated MKN‐28 cells, gastric adenocarcinoma cell‐line (AGS) cells, and human peripheral macrophages by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. APE‐1 expression and 8‐OHdG as a measure of oxidative DNA damage were evaluated by immunostaining. Localization of APE‐1 and IκBα phosphorylation in gastric adenoma and gastric cancer tissues were evaluated by single‐ and double‐label immunohistochemistry. Results: In studies in vitro, HPWEP‐stimulation significantly increased APE‐1 mRNA expression levels in both MKN‐28 cells and human peripheral macrophages. Hypo/reoxygenation treatment significantly increased APE‐1 protein expression in HPWEP‐stimulated MKN‐28 cells. HPWEP stimulation significantly increased both APE‐1 expression and IκBα phosphorylation levels in MKN‐28 and AGS cells. In human tissues, APE‐1 expression in H. pylori‐infected gastritis without goblet cell metaplasia was significantly increased as compared to that in tissues from uninfected subjects. Eradication therapy significantly reduced both APE‐1 and 8‐OHdG expression levels in the gastric mucosa. APE‐1 expression was mainly localized in epithelial cells within gastric adenoma and in mesenchymal cells of gastric cancer tissues. APE‐1 expression in gastric cancer tissues was significantly reduced compared to that in H. pylori‐infected gastric adenoma, while 8‐OHdG index and IκBα phosphorylation levels did not differ between these two neoplastic tissue types. Co‐localization of APE‐1 and IκBα phosphorylation was observed not in gastric cancer cells but in gastric adenoma cells. Conclusion: H. pylori infection is associated with increased APE‐1 expression in human cell lines and in gastric tissues from subjects with gastritis and gastric adenomas. The observed distinct expression patterns of APE‐1 and 8‐OHdG in gastric adenoma and gastric cancer tissues may provide insight into the progression of these conditions and warrants further investigation.     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒非结构蛋白1(NS1)基因序列分析及2013上海分离株NS1的原核表达

目的:对2013年3月发生的感染人的新型H7N9亚型禽流感病毒的非结构蛋白1(NS1)基因序列进行同源性分析,构建NS1重组质粒并表达。方法:从GenBank获得2006~2013年不同来源的H7N9亚型病毒NS1序列,并进行同源性比较;利用PCR方法从H7N9亚型禽流感病毒株A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9)基因组cDNA中扩增得到全长NS1基因,并将该片段定向克隆到原核表达载体pET28a上,构建重组质粒pET28a-NS1,经酶切鉴定,将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞后,IPTG诱导表达,且进行Western印迹分析。结果:经序列分析,2013年暴发的H7N9型禽流感病毒的NS1基因核苷酸序列同源性为95%~100%,与之前暴发的H7N9型流感病毒NS1基因序列的同源性为86.4%~90.7%,表明2次暴发的该型流感分离株属于不同的进化分支;PCR扩增得到约680 bp的NS1基因序列,所克隆的NS1基因在原核细胞中的表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明重组蛋白相对分子质量为25×103,Western印迹分析证实表达产物为H7N9禽流感病毒NS1蛋白。结论:为进一步研究H7N9亚型流感病毒NS1蛋白功能及基于NS1蛋白的抗病毒药物奠定了基础。     

Protein changes in gastric epithelial cells RGM-1 in response to Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation significantly increases the risk of gastric cancer. To investigate the role of H. pylori infection in gastric epithelial cell carcinogenesis, flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells infected by H. pylori. Next, LTQ MS mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to identify protein changes in gastric epithelial cells infected with H. pylori, and then bioinformatics was adopted to analyze the cellular localization and biological function of differential proteins. LTQ MS/MS successfully identified identified 22 differential proteins successfully, including 20 host-cell proteins and two H. pylori bacterial proteins. Also, human proteins were located in all areas of cells and involved in various cell biological functions. The oncogene proteins p53, p16, and C-erbB-2 proteins in H. pylori-infected RGM-1 cells were remarkably increased from the analysis by Western blot analysis. H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells leads to changes in various protein components in the cell, and enhances the expression of oncogene proteins, thereby increasing the possibility of possibility of carcinogenesis of H. pylori infection.     

Prokaryotic expression and characterization of avian influenza A virus <Emphasis Type="Italic">M2</Emphasis> gene as a candidate for universal recombinant vaccine against influenza A subtypes; specially H5N1 and H9N2

The conserved M2 protein of influenza A virus is considered as a promising candidate target for a broad-spectrum, recombinant influenza A vaccine. In the present study, the open reading frame (ORF) of avian influenza A/chicken/Iran/101/1998 (H9N2) M2 gene was amplified then cloned in pAED4, prokaryotic expression vector. M2 protein was produced through the expression of this recombinant expression vector (pAED4-M2) in E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain. The expressed M2 protein was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Western blot assay was used to examine the immunoreaction of the expressed protein using commercial polyclonal anti-M2 antibody. The antigenicity and biological activity of the recombinant protein was also qualitatively detected on infected MDCK cells surface by immunofluorescence assay using rabbit’s immunized antiserum. So, according to the sequence alignment based on the mentioned isolate and the result of immunoassay reaction, it seems recombinant vaccine based on A/chicken/Iran/101/1998(H9N2) M2 protein isolate might cover majority of influenza A virus strains specially H5 and H9 circulating in Iran and neighbor regions significantly.     

The highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus down‐regulated several cellular MicroRNAs which target viral genome

Higher and prolonged viral replication is critical for the increased pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype of H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) over the lowly pathogenic H1N1 IAV strain. Recent studies highlighted the considerable roles of cellular miRNAs in host defence against viral infection. In this report, using a 3′UTR reporter system, we identified several putative miRNA target sites buried in the H5N1 virus genome. We found two miRNAs, miR‐584‐5p and miR‐1249, that matched with the PB2 binding sequence. Moreover, we showed that these miRNAs dramatically down‐regulated PB2 expression, and inhibited replication of H5N1 and H1N1 IAVs in A549 cells. Intriguingly, these miRNAs expression was differently regulated in A549 cells infected with the H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. Furthermore, transfection of miR‐1249 inhibitor enhanced the PB2 expression and promoted the replication of H5N1 and H1N1 IAVs. These results suggest that H5N1 virus may have evolved a mechanism to escape host‐mediated inhibition of viral replication through down‐regulation of cellular miRNAs, which target its viral genome.     

转谷氨酰胺酶2抑制H1亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的增殖

组织转谷酰胺酶(transglutaminase 2,TGM2)是一种普遍存在的多功能蛋白,与不同细胞的粘附和肿瘤形成有关.有证据表明,TGM2参与了宿主细胞与病毒间的相互作用,但是对于流感病毒在细胞内增殖的影响还未有报道.为了探究MDCK细胞中TGM2对H1N1亚型流感病毒增殖的影响,本研究构建了TGM2过表达和敲除...     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及其诱导肺腺癌细胞A549凋亡的研究

通过RT-PCR的方法克隆H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因,并构建了真核表达载体pCMV-Myc/NS1。将此真核表达质粒转染肺腺癌细胞A549,48 h后,经Western印迹检测,NS1基因能在细胞中正确表达。经荧光显微镜、透射电镜观察和流式细胞仪检测,发现该株流感病毒的NS1蛋白可诱导肺腺癌细胞A549凋亡。     

密码子优化的人H5N1流感病毒HA基因在哺乳动物细胞中获得高效表达

为了提高人禽流感病毒血凝素HA的表达量,应对流感大流行疫苗的需求,按照人的偏爱密码子将H5N1(A/Anhui/1/2005)流感病毒的HA基因进行优化改造,经全基因合成后插人到真核表达载体pDC315中,构建了真核表达质粒pDC315-Mod.HA;将此质粒和含野生HA基因的真核表达质粒pDC315-Wt.HA分别转染293T细胞,比较HA蛋白的表达量.结果表明:经间接免疫荧光实验及Western blot实验比较和鉴定,密码子优化后,HA蛋白在293T细胞中的表达水平显著提高,为流感大流行疫苗的研究打下了基础.     

Production of Polyclonal Antibodies to the Recombinant Potato virus M (PVM) Non‐structural Triple Gene Block Protein 1 and Coat Protein

The genes encoding the coat protein (CP) and triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) of Potato virus M (PVM) were cloned into expression vector pET‐45b(+) (N‐terminal 6xHis tag) and expressed in E. coli Rosetta gami‐2(DE3). The purified recombinant antigens were used for raising polyclonal antibodies. The antibodies against recombinant CP were successfully used in Western blot analysis, plate‐trapped ELISA and DAS‐ELISA as a coating for PVM detection in infected potato leaf samples. The antibodies against recombinant non‐structural protein detected the TGBp1 only in Western blot analysis. This is the first report of the production of polyclonal antibodies against recombinant coat protein and TGBp1 of PVM and their use for detecting the virus.     

Cytokine and chemokine responses in pediatric patients with severe pneumonia associated with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus

Severe pneumonia and leukocytosis are characteristic, frequently observed, clinical findings in pediatric patients with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of cytokines and chemokines in complicating pneumonia and leukocytosis in patients with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection. Forty‐seven patients with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection were enrolled in this study. Expression of interleukin (IL)‐10 (P = 0.027) and IL‐5 (P = 0.014) was significantly greater in patients with pneumonia than in those without pneumonia. Additionally, serum concentrations of interferon‐γ (P = 0.009), tumor necrosis factor‐α (P = 0.01), IL‐4 (P = 0.024), and IL‐2 (P = 0.012) were significantly lower in pneumonia patients with neutrophilic leukocytosis than in those without neutrophilic leukocytosis. Of the five serum chemokine concentrations assessed, only IL‐8 was significantly lower in pneumonia patients with neutrophilic leukocytosis than in those without leukocytosis (P = 0.001). These cytokines and chemokines may play important roles in the pathogenesis of childhood pneumonia associated with A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection.     

Identification of potential virulence determinants associated H9N2 avian influenza virus PB2 E627K mutation by comparative proteomics

Some highly pathogenic H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8 isolated from China carried six internal genes from H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) and the key amino acids at 627 in PB2 of these viruses had mutated to K. To investigate the mechanism of increased pathogenicity for H9N2 AIV PB2 627K, we analyzed the difference in mouse lung proteins expression response to PB2 K627E. By iTRAQ method, we found that the mutated K627E contributed to a set of differentially expressed lung proteins, including five upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins at 12 h postinfection; ten upregulated proteins and 25 downregulated proteins at 72 h postinfection. These proteins were chiefly involved within the cytoskeleton and motor proteins, antiviral proteins, regulation of glucocorticoids signal‐associated proteins, pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory proteins. Alteration of moesin, FKBP4, Hsp70, ezrin, and pulmonary surfactant protein A (sp‐A) may play important roles in increasing virulence and decreasing lungs antiviral response. Further, three upregulated proteins (moesin, ezrin, and sp‐A) caused by PB2 K627E were also confirmed in A549 cells. Moreover, overexpression of sp‐A in A549 inhibited virus replication and downregulation promoted virus replication. In this study, sp‐A as a potential virulence determinant associated H9N2 AIV PB2 E627K mutation was identified using comparative proteomics.     

Novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection modulates apoptotic pathways that impact its replication in A549 cells

It is not well-known whether apoptosis signaling affects influenza virus infection and reproduction in human lung epithelial cells. Using A549 cell line, we studied the relationship of some apoptosis-associated molecules with novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus, A/California/04/2009. Infected cells displayed upregulated Fas ligand, activated FADD and caspase-8, and downregulated FLIP in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. p53 expression increased and Bcl-X_L expression decreased in the intrinsic pathway. Expression of pre-apoptotic molecules (FasL, FADD, and p53) increased virus replication, while inhibition of activity of FADD, caspase-8 and caspase-3, and expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (FLIP and Bcl-X_L) decreased virus replication. p38, ERK and JNK from MAPK pathways were activated in infected cells, and inhibition with their inhibitors diminished virus replication. In the p38 superfamily, p38α expression increased viral RNA production, while expression of p38β and p38γ decreased. These data indicated that influenza virus induces apoptotic signaling pathways, which benefit virus replication.