Bridging Multiple Worlds: How African American and Latino Youth in Academic Outreach Programs Navigate Math Pathways to College

Universities have launched outreach programs to enhance their ethnic diversity, yet little developmental research examines students' pathways to college. This study compares capital models (highlighting family background) with challenge models (highlighting students' challenges and resources) in predicting pathways to college. The Bridging Multiple Worlds Model frames this longitudinal study of 120 African American and Latino youth in outreach programs. We examined students' family backgrounds; challenges and resources across family, school, peer, and community worlds; and high school math pathways as predictors of college eligibility and enrollment. African American students more typically had U. S. born, college-educated parents, and Latino students, immigrant parents with high school education or less. Second, students saw parents as greater resources than teachers, siblings, and themselves; peers and teachers were their greatest challenges. Youth distinguished resources and challenges more by their source than form. Third, high school math and English grades rose and fell together, with early math grades predicting college eligibility. Five math pathways emerged: steady, slowly declining, rapidly declining, increasing, and "back on track" toward college, but pathways did not always predict college choices. Fourth, although family background predicted few outcomes, parents' and teachers' help and siblings' challenges predicted grades, eligibility, and admission to prestigious colleges. Findings highlight both capital and challenge models for science, policy, and programs involving diversity and equity.     

El Nuevo Mundo: The Landscape of Latino Los Angeles

El Nuevo Mundo: The Landscape of Latino Los Angeles. Photographs by Camilo José Vergara. National Building Museum, Washington, D.C., December 3, 1998-March 19, 1999; Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York City, June 25-September 5, 1999; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, January 29–July 16, 2000 (review venue); Graham Foundation, Chicago, November 15,2000–January 25,2001.
ElNuevo Mundo: The Landscape of Latino Los Angeles. Photographs by Camilo José Vergara. Gustavo Leclerc. Michael J. Dear. and J. Dallas Dishman. eds. Los Angeles: Southern California Studies Center, 2000.48 pp.     

The yeast flora of cocoa bean fermentation in the Ivory Coast

Summary The yeast flora involved in the traditional fermentation process of cocoa during four harvest seasons in the Ivory Coast was studied. Twenty-nine species belonging to 11 genera were identified. The following species were the most frequently isolated:Saccharomyces chevalieri,Pichia membranaefaciens, Candida krusei, Torulopsis holmii, Torulopsis Candida. This flora is similar to that found in other parts of the world.

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Resumen Levaduras en la fermentación del cacao en la Costa de Marfil Se estudiaron las levaduras envueltas en la tradicional fermentación del cacao durante cuatro cosechas consecutivas en la Costa de Marfíl. Las especies aisladas con mayor frecuencia fueron las siguientes:Saccharomyces chevalieri, Pichia membranaefaciens, Candida krusei,Torulopsis holmii, Torulopsis candida. Flora que es similar a la hallada en otras partes del mundo.

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Résumé La flore de levures dans la fermentation des fèves de cacao en Côte d'Ivoire La flore des levures intervenant dans la fermentation traditionnelle du cacao a été étudiée en Côte d'Ivoire au cours de quatre saisons de récolte. Vingt-neuf espèces appartenant à 11 genres ont été identifiées. Les espèces les plus fréquemment isolées sont:Saccharomyces chevalieri, Pichia membranaefaciens, Candida krusei, Torulopsis holmii, Torulopsis Candida. Cette flore est similaire à celles trouvées dans d'autres parties du monde.

     

Medicalizing Ethnicity: The Construction of Latino Identity in a Psychiatric Setting.

Medicalizing Ethnicity: The Construction of Latino Identity in. Psychiatric Setting. Vilma Santiago-Irizarry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.178 pp.     

The disregarded West: diet and behavioural ecology of olive baboons in the Ivory Coast

Despite living under environmental conditions considerably distinct from those of savannah baboons (Papio spp.) in East and southern Africa, very little is known about western Papio populations. We monitored the abundance and group sizes of olive baboons (P. anubis) in the savannah-forest mosaic of the Comoé National Park, northern Ivory Coast, and observed 2 habituated groups of different sizes. Against expectations for the kind of habitat, the individual density was low, yielding only 1.2 baboons/km(2). The groups were small, comprising on average 15 individuals, and the proportion of 1-male groups (50-63%) was remarkably high. One-male groups were more female biased than multi-male groups. The baboons were highly frugivorous, spending about 50% of their feeding time on fruits and seeds of at least 79 woody plant species. The 2 habituated groups had comparatively large home ranges and used forests more often than expected by random. We argue that regular subgrouping of the larger focal group and different habitat quality countervailed inter-group variations. Differences from other study sites, however, are not completely explained by current models of baboon (socio)ecology. It appears that the social organization of olive baboons is more flexible than assumed from data on East African populations.     

Review: life cycle assessments in Nigeria,Ghana, and Ivory Coast

Purpose

Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are considered common quantitative environmental techniques to analyze the environmental impact of products and/or services throughout their entire life cycle. A few LCA studies have been conducted in West Africa. This study aimed to discuss the availability of LCA (and similar) studies in Nigeria, Ghana, and Ivory Coast.

Methods

An online literature review of reports published between 2000 and 2016 was conducted using the following keywords: “life cycle assessment,” “carbon footprinting,” “water footprinting,” “environmental impact,” “Nigeria,” “Ghana” and “Ivory Coast.”

Results and discussion

A total of 31 LCA and environmental studies in Nigeria, Ghana, and Ivory Coast were found; all but one were conducted after 2008. These were mainly academic and most were publicly available. The industries studied included energy sector, waste management, real estate, food sector, and others such as timber and gold. The minimal number of studies on LCAs and environmental impacts in these West African states could be because companies are failing to promote quantitative environmental studies or studies are kept internally for the use of other assessment techniques. Furthermore, it could be that academic research institutions lack cutting-edge research resources for LCA, environmental impact, carbon, and water footprinting studies.

Conclusions

Further quantitative environmental studies should be conducted in Nigeria, Ghana, and Ivory Coast to increase the understanding of environmental impacts. In these countries, the existence of LCA studies (and by association the localized life cycle inventory (LCI) datasets) is crucial as more companies request this information to feed into background processes.

     

The American Isolates: Assimilation, Separation, and Out-Migration in an American Indian Group

The alternative strategies of assimilation, separation, or out-migration which face most rural minority populations are discussed in light of the Mississippi Choctaw experience. Existing in a local society dichotomized between White and Black, the Choctaw response has been similar to that of mestizo groups described by Berry. A combination of employment opportunity, White attitudes, and community size seem to determine which strategy will predominate in a given Choctaw community.     

Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis

Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis. Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin L. Fowler. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000. 366 pp.     

American Medicine: The Quest for Competence

American Medicine: The Quest for Competence. Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995. xiii. 265.     

Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry

Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. T. M. Luhrmann. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.337 pp.