Avermectin类农药对美洲斑潜蝇的生物活性

Avermectin类农药对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyzasattvae Blanchard生物活性的室内研究结果表明： 揭阳霉素对美洲斑潜蝇1、2、3龄幼虫的LC₅₀分别是1.54×10^-4 g/L、3.73×10^-4 g/L、1.99×10^-3g/L;害极灭对上述幼虫的LC₅₀分别是1.48×10^-4g/L、3.68x10^-4 g/L和1.97×10^-3 g/L。美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对Avermectln类农药以1龄最敏感,其中揭阳霉素对3龄幼虫的LC₅₀是1龄的12.9倍。揭阳霉素对雌成虫24 h、48 h的LC₅₀分别是3.12×10^-3 g/L和2.08×10^-3 g/L,其对美 洲斑潜蝇取食、产卵拒避持效期分别是4-8天和10天。使用浓度0.005 g/L揭阳霉素处理6天、8天和10天后接虫,幼虫的存活率分别是0、16.13%和28.07%。田间使用浓度0.005 g/L的揭 阳霉素和0.0045 g/L几的害极灭分别处理,6天后的校正虫口减退率分别为91.0%和90.9%,两者差异不显著,而使用浓度0.0067 g/L揭阳霉素处理,6天后校正虫口减退率为93.6%。     

美洲斑潜蝇室内饲养研究

筛选了室内饲养美洲斑潜蝇的适宜寄主植物,进行了饲养密度及成虫补充营养糖的浓度试验。结果表明：初生菜豆PhaseolusvulgarisL.苗是室内饲养的适宜寄主植物,用该种植物饲养,幼虫饲养密度低于1头／cm2,则幼虫成活率大于90％,饲养密度提高,则幼虫成活率降低,每平方厘米初生叶饲养1头幼虫是适宜的饲养密度,成虫补充营养糖或蜜糖的浓度以8％为宜。     

几种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果

测定了拟除虫菊酯类农药功夫、灭扫利、速灭杀丁和兴棉宝对美洲斑潜蝇各龄幼虫、雌成虫的毒力以及对成虫取食、产卵的影响,并进行了田间小区试验。结果表明：美洲斑潜蝇一、二、三龄幼虫和雌成虫对功夫最敏感,一、二、三龄幼虫对功夫的 ＬＣ５０分别是 ０．００７５、０．００９３、０．０１１２ ｇ（ａ．ｉ．）／Ｌ,雌成虫对功夫的 ２４小时、４８小时的 ＬＣ５０分别是０．００２７、０．００２５ ｇ（ａ．ｉ．）／Ｌ。功夫对美洲斑潜蝇的取食、产卵拒避持效期分别是 ４天和 ６天,用浓度 ０．０２５ ｇ（ａ．ｉ．）／Ｌ的功夫药液处理 ０、２、４、６天后接虫,幼虫存活率分别是０、６．３％、６．８％和 ６１．６％,田间用浓度 ０．０２５、０．０１６７ ｇ（ａ．ｉ．）／Ｌ功夫分别处理,６天的校正虫口减退率分别是９１．９６％和８３．６０％。     

三种寄主植物叶片提取物对美洲斑潜蝇雌成虫嗅觉记忆的影响

先提供气味刺激,再提供含不同寄主植物叶片提取物的蜜糖刺激,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了3种寄主植物（丝瓜、番茄和菜豆）叶片表面非挥发性次生化合物刺激对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae雌成虫嗅觉记忆的影响。结果表明：菜豆叶片沸水提取物能促进雌成虫对芳樟醇的嗅觉记忆,而丝瓜和番茄叶片沸水提取物则能提高雌成虫对正己烷的记忆能力。因此,不同寄主植物叶片提取物影响了美洲斑潜蝇雌成虫对不同气味的嗅觉记忆。     

Role of plant volatiles in host plant location of the leafminer, Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Abstract The role of plant volatiles in host plant location of the leafminer Liriomyza sativae Blanchard was studied. Four types of antennal sensilla were identified on the funiculus by scanning electron microscopy: trichoid, basiconic, clavate and grooved sensilla. An olfactory pit, containing groups of sensilla, was present on the ventral side of the funiculus. No sexual difference was detected in sensilla diversity and distribution. In behavioural assays, both males and females were attracted by the odour of the bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. They had distinct EAG responses to the bean odour. No significant sexual difference was found in behaviour or EAG responses.
Electroantennograms were recorded from female L. sativae to 14 plant volatile compounds. The most distinct EAG responses were obtained for: (1) the general green leaf volatiles 1-hexanol (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol and its isomers, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, the acetate (E)-3-hexenylacetate and the aldehyde hexanal; and (2) limonene, a compound associated with tomato, which is a key host plant of this insect. Other volatile compounds associated with host plants, such as α-pinene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene, and eugenol did not elicit responses. The ability of this insect to locate a host plant appears to be augmented by the perception of a combination of host-specific and general green leaf volatiles. A modification of the EAG recording method of Dipteran species was provided.     

美洲斑潜蝇发生的物候学模型

对美洲斑潜蝇各虫态发育与温度的关系的系统了解是利用寄生蜂防治斑潜蝇的关键。以花斑芸豆(Phaseolusvulgaris L.)为寄主 ,在 1 3、1 6、1 9、2 2、2 5、2 8、31、34℃ ,± 0 .5℃等温度下确定了美洲斑潜蝇的发育起点温度和有效积温。以 9.5℃为起点温度 ,建立了描述各虫态进程的物候学随机模型。结果表明 :各虫态占 50 %的种群数量时的有效积温量分别为 ,卵 46.97日度 ,幼虫 1 0 6.97日度 ,蛹 2 53.58日度。幼虫高峰期的积温为 75日度左右。化蛹积温在 90～ 1 2 0日度之间。成虫在 2 0 0日度开始羽化 ,30 0日度时全部个体基本羽化完成。蛹期的积温量与卵和幼虫的积温量之和相近。该模型能够很好地描述温室中变温条件下的美洲斑潜蝇种群动态过程 ,更有利于开展寄生蜂与美洲斑潜蝇之间关系的研究。     

Comparative demography of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard （Diptera： Agromyzidae） on cucumber at seven constant temperatures

Reproduction and population parameters of vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard were measured on cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） at seven constant temperatures （10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40℃）. No eggs were found at 10℃ and flies died after exposure to 40℃. The significantly highest intrinsic rate of natural increase （rm）, net reproductive rate （R0） and finite rate of increase （λ） ofL. sativae were obtained at 25℃ as 0.196, 52.452, and 1.216, respectively. The above-mentioned parameters decreased at 15℃ and 135℃ and this reduction at 35℃ was strong. Doubling time （DT） varied significantly with temperature. The shortest doubling time was obtained at 25℃. Mean generation time （T） decreased significantly with increasing temperature between 15℃ and 35℃. Percentage of immature ages in the stable age distribution was more than 95% at all temperatures. Female longevity was greater than male at all temperatures. Liriomyza sativae lived for a long time at 15℃, whereas at 35℃ had lower survival rates. The effect of temperature on reproduction, especially the intrinsic rate of increase of L. sativae would be useful for predicting its longterm population fluctuation over several generations.     

Host range and genetic strains of leafminer flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in eastern Brazil reveal a new divergent clade of Liriomyza sativae

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甲氰菊酯与阿维菌素的混剂防治美洲斑潜蝇田间试验

田间试验表明 ,1 9%甲氰·阿维EC 9 5g (a .i.) 667m2 对美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard的校正防效药后 3～ 1 1d为 87 2 2 %～ 91 3 2 % ;7 1 2 5g (a.i.) 667m2 药后 3～ 1 1d为 81 2 9%～ 85 1 0 % ;9 5g (a .i.) 667m2 药后 3～ 1 1d防效显著优于单剂甲氰菊酯 ,药后 3～ 7d显著优于单剂阿维菌素 ,药后11d防效与阿维菌素无显著区别。 1 5 %甲氰·阿维EC 7 5g (a .i.) 667m2 对美洲斑潜蝇的校正防效药后3～ 1 1d为 85 5 9%～ 89 0 9% ;5 62 5g (a .i.) 667m2 药后 3～ 1 1d为 77 1 5 %～ 85 95 %。 1 0 %甲氰·阿维EC 7 5g (a .i.) 667m2 对美洲斑潜蝇的校正防效药后 3～ 1 1d为 85 5 9%～ 89 0 9% ;5 62 5g (a .i.) 667m2 药后 3～ 1 1d为 77 1 5 %～ 85 95 %。混剂的药效基本随有效成分含量的提高而提高。     

温度对美洲斑潜蝇及南美斑潜蝇种群增长的影响

在恒温条件下观察了美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇实验种群的发育、存活及繁殖情况,拟合了两种斑潜蝇发育速率与温度之间的关系模型,求出了各发育阶段的发育起点温度及有效积温,组建了不同温度下两种斑潜蝇实验种群的生殖力表,计算了主要的生命表参数.结果表明,温度对两种斑潜蝇的发育、存活、繁殖均有显著的影响,且两种斑潜蝇对温度的适应特性有着明显差异.美洲斑潜蝇适应的温度范围较广,相对较高的温度有利于种群的发育、生存及繁殖;而南美斑潜蝇适应的温度范围相对较窄,且适温范围明显偏低,高温不利于种群的增长;在各自的适温条件下,两种斑潜蝇都有很强的种群增殖能力.     

寄生性天敌对美洲斑潜蝇种群控制作用评价

组建了美洲斑潜蝇自然种群生命表,在此基础上应用排除控制指数分析方法,分析了寄生性天敌对美洲斑潜蝇自然种群的控制作用。结果表明,美洲斑潜蝇在秋季花前期菜豆上种群趋势指数为５．６１;寄生性天敌的寄生是影响美洲斑潜蝇自然种群数量增长的重要因子;若排除寄生性天敌的作用,其种群密度将增长为原来的２．４７６倍。     

六种植物叶片中葫芦素B对美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的影响

在网室条件下 ,测定了美洲斑潜蝇对豇豆、苦瓜、黄瓜、白瓜、节瓜和丝瓜的寄主选择性。结果表明 ,美洲斑潜蝇在 6种不同植物叶片上的幼虫数、虫道数和为害程度具有明显的差异。从幼虫数和为害程度综合分析 ,美洲斑潜蝇在豇豆和丝瓜上的幼虫数、为害程度最高 ,分别是 0 .183头 / cm2 ,13.4 7%和 0 .0 99头 / cm2 ,2 3.4 2 % ,表明该虫对豇豆和丝瓜的选择性最强。在苦瓜上没有美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫寄生及取食虫道。该虫对其它 3种植物的选择性依次为节瓜、白瓜和黄瓜。在此基础上 ,进一步研究了不同植物叶片甲醇提取物中葫芦素 B的含量与美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的关系。经高效液相色谱 (HPL C)测定 ,苦瓜中的葫芦素 B含量最高 (2 3.8μg/ ml) ,其次是黄瓜 (9.6 μg/ ml)、白瓜 (4 .3μg/ ml)、豇豆 (2 .7μg/ ml)和节瓜 (2 .5 μg/ m l) ,丝瓜中含量最少 ,仅为1.3μg/ ml。分析结果证实不同植物叶中的葫芦素 B含量与其幼虫数呈负相关 (r1 =- 0 .82 0 6 ,r0 .0 5=0 .811) ;将不同植物叶中的葫芦素 B含量和美洲斑潜蝇的为害程度分别转换成对数后进行相关性分析 ,二者之间的相关性呈极显著的负相关(r2 =- 0 .980 4 ,r0 .0 1 =0 .917)。说明随着寄主植物叶片中葫芦素 B含量的增加 ,美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫数及为害程度明显     

Pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) uses vibrational duets for efficient sexual communication

The pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a notorious pest of vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide. Despite a large number of studies on its biology and ecology, the courtship behavior and sexual communication of this species remain unclear. Here, we studied vibrational communication in the sexual interaction of the pea leafminer. On host plant leaves, females and males behaviorally displayed the bobbing-quivering alternation, which finally led to copulation. Moreover, records of laser vibrometry revealed threesignal duets underlying the behavioral alternation. Sexually mature males spontaneously emitted calls (MCs) to initiate the duets. The females rapidly responded to MCs by emitting replies (FRs) that are longer in duration. The FRs further triggered male replies (MRs) in their search for potential partners. Leafminer-produced vibrational signals convey efficient information to partners and generate pair formation on stretched substrates, such as plant leaves and nylon mesh, but cannot elicit responses on dense substrates, such as glass and plastic. Vibrational playbacks of both MCs and FRs can elicit replies in females and males, respectively. This study completely characterizes substrate-borne vibrational duets in a dipteran insect. The discovery of vibrational sex signals in the pea leafminer provides new insights for the development of novel approaches to control the pest and its relative species.     

不同地理种群美洲斑潜蝇及近缘种的rDNA-ITS1序列分析和比较

【目的】通过对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard 不同地理种群及近缘种间的核糖体DNA第一内转录间隔区（rDNA-ITS1）进行比较,分析美洲斑潜蝇不同地理种群间的遗传分化情况,并为美洲斑潜蝇与近缘种间提供分子鉴别标记。【方法】用PCR产物直接测序法及克隆测序法对我国美洲斑潜蝇8个地理种群的rDNA-ITS1序列进行测序,并调用GenBank中3个近缘种的rDNA-ITS序列,运用软件MEGA3.1对美洲斑潜蝇不同地理种群及近缘种间的rDNA-ITS1序列进行分析。【结果】美洲斑潜蝇8个地理种群间的分化程度较低,只有8个变异位点,遗传距离都在0.02以下,但4个近缘种间的碱基差异显著,遗传距离为0.149～0.390,有126个变异位点,12个美洲斑潜蝇特异性识别位点。【结论】虽然基于rDNA-ITS1序列所显示的美洲斑潜蝇各地理种群之间的遗传分化很小,但是其分化趋势与地理分布基本相吻合;得到的12个特异性识别位点不仅可以作为美洲斑潜蝇与其近缘种间鉴别的分子标记,而且可为今后设计鉴别性PCR引物提供重要的参考依据。     

50%灭·杀单WP的安全性及其对美洲斑潜蝇控制作用

50%灭.杀单WP对大鼠经口急性毒性分别为雄鼠LD501000 mg.kg-1和雌鼠562 mg.kg-1;对大鼠的经皮急性毒性,雄鼠和雌鼠的LD50均大于2000 mg.kg-1;50%灭.杀单WP对大鼠急性经口、经皮均为低毒级,对皮肤和眼睛刺激强度均属无刺激性。室内和田间测定结果表明,50%灭.杀单WP对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的防治效果好于成虫,对低龄幼虫的防治效果好于高龄幼虫;50%灭.杀单WP 500、333.33、250 mg.L-13种浓度处理的防治效果均好于单剂50%灭蝇胺WP 125mg.L-1处理;50%灭.杀单WP 500 mg.L-1处理的防治效果好于单剂90%杀虫单600 mg.L-1处理;50%灭.杀单WP对美洲斑潜蝇具有较好的速效性和持效性,500 mg.L-1处理在药后14 d仍有效控制美洲斑潜蝇的为害。     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫空间分布型和田间抽样技术

通过田间调查和计算,明确了美洲斑潜蝇幼虫呈聚集分布,且以负二项分布为主,理论抽样数当t＝1．00,D＝0．2时,n＝26．08／X＋16．12,如果防治指标定为10头／株,则最大抽样数为19株,序贯抽样的累积幼虫数量界限为．田间随机取样以平行线和Z字形为最佳。     

Substrate-borne vibrational signals and stridulatory organs for sexual communication in leafminer,Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae [Burgess]) is a highly polyphagous pest that threatens vegetables and horticultural plants. Although sexual communication is a key component of the animal behavioral repertoire, the mechanism underlying sexual communication in L. sativae remains to be elucidated. Here, we used laser vibrometry to characterize the vibrational signals emitted by L. sativae during pair formation. By emitting trains of vibrational pulses (male calling) the male initiated communication on the host plant. The female then became immobile and responded to the male calling by emitting replies (female replies), which in turn triggered male replies consisting of a rapid series of chirps and trills. If the female replied, a continuous exchange of male and female replies ensued, representing a duet. In playback trials, a playback signal caused responses from the opposite sex. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed vibration-producing stridulatory organs in both male and female individuals. The files in males were more developed than those in females, and older male specimens had more signs of abrasion. The results provide new insight into the mating biology of L. sativae.     

Effects of Melia azedarach, (Meliaceae) fruit extracts on the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis, (Diptera, Agromyzidae): Assessment in laboratory and field experiments

Control of the widely distributed pest Liriomyza huidobrensis, is complicated due to the protected habit of the leafmining larvae, and their resistance to insecticides. The effects of Melia azedarach, (Meliaceae) fruit extracts against adults and larvae of L. huidobrensis, were investigated. In the laboratory, leaves of Cucurbita, sp. infested with first and third instar larvae were treated with different extract solutions. Larval and pupal survival, as well as wing‐spread of adults, were ssessed. Female adult behaviour towards the extract was also analysed in terms of number of feeding punctures and number of offspring left on treated/untreated leaves. In the field, an infested Vicia faba, crop was sprayed four times at weekly intervals with plant extract, water, and a blank solution. The number of adult leafminers and parasitoids emerging from sampled leaves from each treatment were compared. The laboratory tests showed translaminar action of the extracts, which negatively affected leafminer pupal survival, while body size was not affected. The extracts also deterred feeding by adult females and may also have caused reduction in oviposition rates. All solutions and concentrations tested had similar effects. In the field, extract effects were consistent with those from laboratory trials, number of pupae and pupal survival being lower on treated plants. Percentage parasitism was not affected by plant extract treatment, suggesting a selective activity.     

Functional response of a parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis （Hymenoptera： Eucoilidae） on the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii （Diptera： Agromyzidae）

Functional response of a solitary, larval-pupal endoparasitoid of Liriomyza leafminers, Ganaspidium utilis Beardsley, was estimated on Liriomyza trifolii Burgess at three temperatures （17℃, 25℃, 29℃ ） and host densities. A type Ⅱ random parasitoid equation （RPE） was used to estimate instantaneous search rate and handling time. The instantaneous search rate increased as temperature increased. All of the RPE regressions obtained for functional response of G. utilis at different temperatures were significant （P〈0.01）. The slope of RPE regression lines was lower across the temperatures. At 29±2℃, the maximum number of larvae parasitized was 7.8 per day. It decreased to 7.2 larvae parasitized at 25±2℃. At 17±2℃, no significant increment of parasitization was observed due to the host density increments. The estimated handling time was lowest at 17±2℃ and highest at 25 ± 2℃, respectively. The ability of G. utilis to find and parasitize L. trifolii over a wide range of temperatures makes them a good candidate for biological control of Liriomyza leafminers.     

福建省发现加藤斑潜蝇（双翅目：潜蝇科Diptera：Agromyzidae）

1995年在调查潜叶蝇种类时，在菊花上发现加藤斑潜蝇，属中国大陆首次报道，本文对其形态特征进行描述。