大豆蚜的生物学防治技术

大豆蚜AphisglycinesMatsumura是亚洲大豆种植区的一种主要农业害虫。近年来,大豆蚜又先后侵入北美洲和大洋州等地,对当地的大豆生产构成了潜在威胁,正成为一种世界性的农业害虫。文章对大豆蚜的分布、危害、生物学特征、天敌和防治技术等方面的研究现状进行了详细论述。     

鲜食大豆蚜虫种群增长规律与防治指标

大豆蚜Aphis glycinesMatsmura种群增长随时间而变化,符合Logistic增长模型,得出回归方程N=58.5330/(1+e4.8704-0.2274t),当t≈21时,可作为防治大豆蚜的关键时期,此时正值田间大豆苗期的营养生长盛期。大豆苗期随着蚜量上升,危害损失增加。根据田间蚜虫密度与危害损失率之间的相互关系,大豆蚜的防治指标可确定为平均每穴蚜量24头或800头/百株。     

The interaction of soybean aphids and soybean cyst nematodes on selected resistant and susceptible soybean lines

Soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura, and soybean cyst nematodes, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, are economic pests of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in the north‐central United States. Combined, these pests may account for 20–50% of yield reductions in a soybean crop. Only limited information is available concerning the interaction of these two pests on soybean production. During the summers of 2006 and 2007, we conducted a field‐experiment near Urbana, IL, to evaluate the effect of resistant and susceptible soybean lines on the development and reproduction of both pests in combination with each other. We also examined how each pest, as well as their interaction, affected the yield of susceptible and resistant soybean lines. Soybean plants grown within caged plots were infested with soybean aphids and soybean cyst nematodes; cumulative aphid days and soybean cyst nematode egg densities were determined at the end of each growing season. Soybean aphids were able to survive on all four soybean lines in both years of this study; however, aphid‐resistant lines generally had fewer cumulative aphid days than aphid‐susceptible lines. Likewise, nematode‐resistant lines typically had fewer eggs than nematode‐susceptible lines. During both years, we failed to observe a significant interaction between these two pests on the reproduction of one another. Yield data from 2006 was inconclusive; however, results from 2007 suggest that yield‐loss when soybean aphids and soybean cyst nematodes occur jointly is not significantly greater than when these two pests occur independently. The relationship between these two pests, and our inability to observe an interaction, are discussed.     

Field‐level effects of preventative management tactics on soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) and their predators

A 2‐year field experiment was conducted in northern Illinois to evaluate the effects of host plant resistance and an insecticidal seed treatment (thiamethoxam) on soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura and their predators. Densities of soybean aphids varied between the 2 years of the experiment. During both years, resistant plants experienced fewer cumulative aphid days than susceptible plants. Populations of soybean aphids on resistant plants rarely exceeded the economic injury level of 250 soybean aphids per plant. The use of thiamethoxam reduced cumulative aphid days in 2007, but not in 2008. Although soybean aphids reached densities that were sufficient to cause yield‐loss for untreated and susceptible plants, no yield‐benefit was associated with using the two management tactics in either year. This latter finding suggests that densities of soybean aphids need to be greater and sustained for a longer period of time than what we observed if the two management tactics are expected to provide a yield‐benefit. Monitoring natural enemies revealed that densities of key aphidophagous predators were relatively unaffected by host plant resistance or thiamethoxam; the effect of these management tactics on densities of predators, as well as the effectiveness of the method used to sample predators, is discussed.     

气候变暖对寒地大豆作物两种害虫发生的影响

【目的】研究温度上升对中国寒地大豆作物上植食性害虫种群发生及种间关系的影响,有利于做好田间多种害虫发生的长期预测预报。【方法】本研究在人工气候箱内模拟气候变暖,调查了低温和高温对大豆蚜Aphis glycines(Matsumura)及朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)种群在大豆植株上的发生及二者种间关系的影响;并用\"叶子圆片法\"测试了两种害虫在不同大豆品种上共同发生时的相互作用影响。【结果】低温有利于大豆蚜种群发展,高温有利于朱砂叶螨的种群发生;在高温下,两种害虫的种间竞争系数下降,即环境容纳量会增大。另外,在现有的气温条件下,两种害虫在大豆上的发生关系是\"偏利共存\",易于共同发生的,特别是大豆蚜更易于成灾,尤其是一些感虫性比较高的当地主栽大豆品种,即不同大豆品种的抗虫性有显著差异。【结论】这些情况表明:当前寒地大豆作物上不甚严重的几种害虫在未来有较高的成灾风险,需要准备一些防控预案,譬如,选育一些抗虫性较高而又适宜本地栽种的大豆品种。     

大豆蚜触角嗅觉感器结构及其功能

采用扫描电镜观察大豆蚜Aphis giycines各型触角上嗅觉感器的细微结构,结合触角电位记录,发现大豆蚜有翅孤雌生殖蚜对萜烯衍生物的感受部位在第6节原生感器上,而萜烯烃类则在第5节原生感器上,两原生感器都对绿叶气味和芳香类起嗅觉反应。末端2节上还有其它化学感器对植物气味起反应。因此,各型对植物气味的感觉部位在末端2节上。各型对报警信息素的作用部位主要在第6节原生感器上,无翅型第5节原生感器和有翅型第3节次生感器也有一定的感觉能力。     

A morphological study on autumnal morphs of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most important pests of soybean. The complex life cycle of A. glycines is characterized as heteroecious and holocyclic, and has seasonal polymorphisms occurring during its life cycle. In the autumn, A. glycines occur as winged and wingless virginoparae in soybeans, as gynoparae and males that migrate from soybeans to Rhamnus spp. and as gynoparae, males and oviparae on Rhamnus spp. In this study, wingless virginoparae, gynoparae, males and oviparae of A. glycines were successfully induced in the laboratory and morphological parameters of these morphs were selected for quantitation. To aid in identification of these A. glycines autumnal morphs, these aphids were imaged by microscope and significant differences in morphological characteristics were found: distal parts of hind leg femurs of gynoparae were grayish black, which were darker than those of winged virginoparae; the 4th instars of gynoparae, males and winged virginoparae differ greatly in dorsal abdomen coloration and covering. Our results provide an important guide for distinguishing adults of gynoparae and winged virginoparae, and for identifying nymphs of gynoparae, males and winged virginoparae.     

播期对大豆蚜及其天敌种群动态的影响

【目的】研究大豆播期对大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura及其天敌的影响。【方法】试验在2012年、2013年进行,设置了3个大豆播期处理。每周调查播期处理田大豆蚜种群及天敌种类和数量,分析大豆蚜种群数量、种群增长率的时序动态、大豆蚜和天敌的关联度。【结果】不同播期条件下大豆蚜有翅蚜及无翅蚜的种群动态趋势基本一致,有翅蚜蚜量高峰期要早于无翅蚜1周。处理间的大豆蚜田间始见期与终见期随着播期推后而延迟,大豆蚜在田间扩散和消退的时期也随着大豆播期延后。晚播的两个处理高峰期蚜量多于或等于正常播期处理的蚜量。大豆蚜与天敌关联度随着播期的推后而变高。在调查的7种天敌中大豆蚜与异色瓢虫的关联度最高,草蛉、小花蝽和蚜茧蜂也表现较高的关联度。【结论】播期会显著影响大豆蚜的田间始见期和终见期,随着播期的推迟大豆蚜种群高峰期蚜量以及大豆蚜与天敌的关联度都会提高。     

Demographic parameters of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover （Homoptera： Aphididae） on five cotton cultivars

Life table parameters of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were estimated on five cotton cultivars （‘ Sealand＇ ,‘Siokra＇ ,＇ Vararnin＇ ,‘ Bakhtegan＇ and ‘ Sahel＇ ）. Demographic parameters of the cotton aphid were assessed at 27.5 ± 1 ℃, 65% ＋ 10% RH and a photoperiod of 14：10 （L： D）h. The shortest developmental time for the nymphal stages was 5.5 days on ‘Siokra＇ and the longest was 6.1 days on‘ Sealand＇. The highest offspring per female was 29.6 on ‘Sahel＇ and the lowest was 15.3 on ‘Sealand＇. The rm values varied from 0.272 on ‘Sealand＇ to 0.382 （day^-1） on ‘Varamin＇. Jackknife estimates of the A. gossypii parameters on these cultivars indicated the greatest developmental rate and fecundity on ‘ Varamin＇ and the poorest on ‘ Sealand＇ cultivar.     

有味耳霉的分离、培养和鉴定

在吉林市郊大豆蚜(Aphis glycines Matsumura)流行“黑死病”,经作者调查并采集标本进行分离培养,鉴定为有味耳霉(Conidiobolus osmodes Drechsler)。在虫尸上有菌丝段、接合孢子和少量的分生孢子,未见囊状体和假根。易于人工培养,在培养基上,初生分生孢子球形至倒卵形,乳突明显。次生分生孢子与初生分生孢子同形,直径23．4—41．6×23．4一39μm,易发芽,有六六六粉味。     

球孢白僵菌对大豆蚜毒力的室内生物学测定

对来源于吉林省不同地区的15株球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana(Bals.)Vuill.菌种对大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura毒力进行了室内生物学测定。所有供试菌株对大豆蚜虫均有一定的致病性,杀虫效率差异明显,杀虫效率与孢子浓度和作用时间均呈正相关。通过对大豆蚜毒力室内生物学测定结果的综合分析,菌株S14-X-1为毒力较高菌株,具有进一步研究应用价值。     

黑龙江省哈尔滨地区吸虫塔有翅蚜种群动态

【目的】明确吸虫塔对作物蚜虫防控的指导意义,明确中国黑龙江省哈尔滨地区有翅蚜(和大豆蚜)的种群动态,为大豆蚜虫防控提供预警信息。【方法】2009至2012年通过吸虫塔监测哈尔滨地区有翅蚜及有翅大豆蚜动态结合当年田间大豆蚜动态调查。【结果】哈尔滨吸虫塔全年收集有翅蚜量为0.6~1.7万头不等。具1~3个高峰(不同年份有翅蚜发生高峰数量不同),高峰期时间1个月左右,位于7月中旬至10月中旬之间。周有翅蚜量达200头时预示着有翅蚜高峰期的到来,高峰期有翅蚜量可占年有翅蚜量的90%以上。同一地区不同年份有翅蚜高峰期时间不同。吸虫塔有翅大豆蚜亦具1~3个高峰期,时间位于当年有翅蚜的高峰期时间内,为短短的1周或几周,高峰期蚜量占全年采集有翅大豆蚜量的80%~95%。田间大豆蚜只存在一个高峰,2009、2010、2012年田间大豆蚜高峰期均与吸虫塔收集的大豆蚜高峰期相重叠,且峰值日期一致。【结论】吸虫塔可以很好地反应当年田间大豆蚜的种群动态,表现在高峰期及高峰点的预测,可为大豆蚜的预测预报提供预警信息。