缺氧诱导因子-1α和葡萄糖转运蛋白-1在不同月龄大鼠椎间盘中的表达

目的检测缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)和葡萄糖转运蛋白-1(glucose transporter-1,GLUT-1)在不同月龄大鼠椎间盘纤维环组织中的表达及其相关性,探讨HIF-1α及GLUT-1在椎间盘退变过程中的作用。方法取Wistar大鼠50只,分别以1,3,6,12,18个月龄分为5组。采用免疫组化法及Western blot法检测各组椎间盘中HIF-1α和GLUT-1表达情况。结果随着大鼠月龄的增长,其椎间盘纤维环组织中HIF-1α和GLUT-1的表达也发生变化,由低月龄组(1-3月龄)至成年组(6-12月龄)HIF-1α和GLUT-1表达逐渐减少,而老年组(18月龄)二者表达显著增加。且这种变化有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。纤维环中HIF-1α和GLUT-1的蛋白表达呈正相关。结论HIF-1α、GLUT-1表达水平的变化与椎间盘退变的发生关系密切相关,HIF-1α可以通过上调GLUT-1等相关因子并延缓椎间盘退变,可能作为椎间盘退变治疗研究的切入点。     

葡萄糖转运蛋白-1在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与细胞增殖和凋亡的相关性研究

目的探讨胰腺癌组织中葡萄糖转运蛋白-1(Glut-1)的表达及其与细胞增殖、凋亡的关系。方法采用免疫组化链霉抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连接法(SP法)检测15例正常胰腺组织和49例胰腺癌组织中Glut-1、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白的表达,并计算增殖指数(PI)。采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测胰腺癌凋亡细胞,计算凋亡指数(AI)。结果Glut-1在正常胰腺组织中不表达,而在胰腺癌组织中阳性表达率为73.47%(36/49),胰腺癌组织中Glut-1的阳性表达率明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.01)。正常胰腺组织及癌组织中的AI分别为0.41%±0.13%和5.93%±4.18%,两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。而两组中的增殖指数分别为6.25%±2.59%和32.54%±14.69%,胰腺癌组织的细胞增殖程度明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.05)。随胰腺癌细胞Glut-1蛋白表达水平升高,肿瘤细胞增殖活性相应增加,而凋亡则相应减少。Glut-1表达与胰腺癌细胞增殖呈正相关性(r=0.726,P<0.01),与凋亡程度无相关性(r=-0.102,P>0.05)。结论Glut-1在胰腺癌组织中表达增高,Glut-1与细胞的增殖密切相关,可能在胰腺癌的发生发展中起重要作用。     

食管癌组织中HIF-1α、Survivin、CyclinD 1蛋白的表达及其意义

目的：探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）、生存蛋白（survivin）、细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclinD 1）在食管癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化技术检测50例食管癌组织和10例手术切除的远端正常食管组织中HIF-1α、Survivin、CyclinD 1蛋白的表达。结果：食管癌组织中HIF-1α、Survivin、CyclinD 1蛋白阳性表达率均与肿瘤浸润深度以及淋巴结转移相关（P〈0.05）,Survivin阳性表达率与肿瘤分级相关（P〈0.05）,HIF-1α与CyclinD 1的表达呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。结论：检测HIF-1α、Survivin、CyclinD 1的蛋白的表达有助于判断食管癌的恶性程度以及推断其临床预后。     

膳食因素和运动对脑内葡萄糖转运蛋白Glut1、Glut4基因表达的影响

目的：探讨运动和膳食因素对小鼠脑内葡萄糖转运蛋白Glut1和Glut4基因表达的影响。方法：ICR小鼠分组施以高脂膳食、限量摄食、运动、高脂膳食＋运动等不同实验干预60d,RT-PCR法测定大脑Glut1、Glut4 mRNA水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,运动组和限食组小鼠脑组织Glut1和Glut4基因表达显著增高,高脂膳食组小鼠Glut4基因表达显著降低而Glut1表达水平无显著改变。结论：限食和运动增强脑内胰岛素反应型Glut4和非胰岛素反应型Glut1基因的表达,高脂膳食降低脑内胰岛素反应型Glut4基因的表达。     

低氧诱导因子-1及其在缺血性心脏疾病中的作用

低氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）是一种在氧平衡调节中起重要作用的转录活化因子,其靶基因编码的蛋白可分为促进氧转运的蛋白和促进代谢适应的蛋白。HIF-1的表达和激活主要受细胞内氧浓度的调节及其他一些主要的信号转导途径的调节。HIF-1参与了多种缺血性心脏疾病的适应性反应,对HIF-1的深入研究可能为缺血性心脏疾病提供新的有效治疗途径。     

达格列净对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏葡萄糖转运蛋白2及葡萄糖转运蛋白4基因表达的影响

目的:探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)和葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)基因表达的影响。方法:使用高脂饲料和一次性注射40 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,造模大鼠以空腹血糖(FBG)含量≥16.7 mmol/L时视为造模成功。造模成功后随机分为模型组(B组,生理盐水)、达格列净低剂量组(C组,0.75 mg/kg)、达格列净中剂量组(D组,1.5 mg/kg)、达格列净高剂量组(E组,3.0 mg/kg),每组6只;另选取6只健康的SD大鼠作为正常对照组(A组,生理盐水)。各组均为灌胃给药,每天1次,连续7周。灌胃给药7周后测定大鼠的体重以及血清FBG、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)的变化;采用酶联免疫吸附测定血清及肾组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px);采用HE观察肾脏病理学变化;采用Western blot检测肾脏组织中GLUT2、GLUT4蛋白表达; RT-qPCR检测肾脏组织中GLUT2、GLUT4 mRNA相对表达量。结果:与A组比较,各组大鼠...     

孕酮对缺氧缺血新生鼠脑皮质HIF-1α表达的影响

目的:探讨孕酮(PROG)对缺氧缺血性新生鼠脑组织中低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达的影响。方法:7日龄SD大鼠80只随机分成4组(n=10):正常对照组,假手术组,缺氧缺血组和孕酮组,动物造模成功24 h后处死动物,应用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法观察各组新生鼠大脑皮质中HIF-1α表达的变化。结果:孕酮组HIF-1αmRNA及HIF-1α蛋白表达均明显高于其他三组(P<0.01)。结论:孕酮对新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤的保护作用可能与其上调HIF-1α的表达有关。     

HIF-1α、VEGF在慢支及COPD大鼠肺组织的表达及意义

目的:研究HIF-1α、VEGF在COPD及慢支大鼠肺组织的表达情况及意义。方法:采用烟熏法制作慢支及COPD模型,应用免疫组化法检测肺组织中HIF-1α、VEGF的表达。结果:慢支组及COPD组HIF-1α、VEGF在大鼠肺组织中的表达均较正常组增加(P<0.05);HIF-1α、VEGF在COPD组与慢支组大鼠肺组织中的表达差异无显著性(P>0.05);直线相关分析显示,模型组HIF-1α与VEGF的表达呈正相关。结论:慢支组及COPD组大鼠肺组织中HIF-1α、VEGF的表达增加,二者参与气道炎症及结构的重塑。     

孕酮对脑缺氧缺血新生鼠海马葡萄糖转运蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察新生大鼠缺氧缺血后脑内葡萄糖转运蛋白1( GLUT1)和葡萄糖转运蛋白3 (GLUT3)的表达情况以及孕酮对其的影响.方法:新生SD大鼠40只,随机分成4组:正常组、假手术组、缺氧缺血组和孕酮组.建立新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑病模型,免疫组化方法检测新生大鼠海马部位GLUT1及GLUT3的表达.结果:正常组和假手术组新生大鼠海马可见少量GLUT1和GLUT3 的表达,两组间无显著差异( P＞0.05);缺氧缺血组GLUT1和GLUT3表达均明显高于假手术组(P＜0.05);孕酮组GLUT的表达不仅明显高于假手术组(P＜0.01),而且明显高于缺氧缺血组(P＜0.05).结论:孕酮通过上调GLUT1和GLUT3的表达以维持脑组织的能量供给,增强神经元对缺氧缺血的耐受性.     

SPAK-Sensitive Regulation of Glucose Transporter SGLT1

The WNK-dependent STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase SPAK is a powerful regulator of ion transport. The study explored whether SPAK similarly regulates nutrient transporters, such as the Na⁺-coupled glucose transporter SGLT1 (SLC5A1). To this end, SGLT1 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without additional expression of wild-type SPAK, constitutively active ^T233ESPAK, WNK-insensitive ^T233ASPAK or catalytically inactive ^D212ASPAK, and electrogenic glucose transport determined by dual-electrode voltage-clamp experiments. Moreover, Ussing chamber was employed to determine the electrogenic glucose transport in intestine from wild-type mice (spak ^wt/wt) and from gene-targeted mice carrying WNK-insensitive SPAK (spak ^tg/tg). In SGLT1-expressing oocytes, but not in water-injected oocytes, the glucose-dependent current (I _g) was significantly decreased following coexpression of wild-type SPAK and ^T233ESPAK, but not by coexpression of ^T233ASPAK or ^D212ASPAK. Kinetic analysis revealed that SPAK decreased maximal I _g without significantly modifying the glucose concentration required for halfmaximal I _g (K _m). According to the chemiluminescence experiments, wild-type SPAK but not ^D212ASPAK decreased SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane. Inhibition of SGLT1 insertion by brefeldin A (5 μM) resulted in a decline of I _g, which was similar in the absence and presence of SPAK, suggesting that SPAK did not accelerate the retrieval of SGLT1 protein from the cell membrane but rather down-regulated carrier insertion into the cell membrane. Intestinal electrogenic glucose transport was significantly lower in spak ^wt/wt than in spak ^tg/tg mice. In conclusion, SPAK is a powerful negative regulator of SGLT1 protein abundance in the cell membrane and thus of electrogenic glucose transport.     

Thermography in Occlusive Cerebrovascular Diseases

Cooling of the skin over the medial supraorbital region in 80% of patients who have an occlusion or severe stenosis of a carotid artery can be demonstrated by facial thermography. Minor stenotic lesions in the carotid arteries do not produce characteristic thermographic changes, while thermography is of no help in the diagnosis of vertebrobasilar arterial disease.Thermographic changes suggestive of carotid arterial lesions are found occasionally in patients whose angiograms are normal, owing to variations in the size of the frontal sinuses, or factors such as fever or inflammatory lesions.It is suggested that facial thermography is of value in the preliminary investigation of patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease.     

Cerebrovascular Diseases in West Central India

Cerebral angiographic findings in ischaemic stroke are described and discussed in detail. Though the Indian patients studied had altogether different social customs, living standards, and dietary habits from Western people, the relative incidence of various cerebral vascular lesions did not differ significantly. Irrespective of the poor nutritional status of the patients, thrombosis associated with atherosclerosis was chiefly responsible for a non-embolic cerebral infarction. Atherothrombosis in the young normotensive persons not showing any evidence of arteritis, diabetes mellitus, or hypercholesterolaemia was also identified.The grave risks involved in cerebral angiography in cases of acute stroke are re-emphasized.As to prognosis, the nutritional status, the type and territory of an ictal lesion, and the blood levels of sugar and cholesterol had no significant influence on the immediate survival-after a non-embolic cerebral infarction. However, a significantly greater number of deaths were encountered in the hypertensive patients. Female patients and patients with a large cerebral infarction had a poor prognosis.     

Regulation of Endogenous Glucose Production in Glucose Transporter 4 Over-Expressing Mice

Strategies to amplify whole-body glucose disposal are key therapies to treat type 2 diabetes. Mice that over-express glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose tissue (G4Tg) exhibit increased fasting glucose disposal and thus lowered blood glucose. Intriguingly, G4Tg mice also exhibit improved insulin-stimulated suppression of endogenous glucose production even though Glut4 is not present in the liver. It is unclear, however, if hepatic gluco-regulation is altered in G4Tg mice in the basal, non-insulin-stimulated state. The current studies were performed to examine fasting hepatic glucose metabolism in G4Tg mice and to determine whether gluco-regulatory adaptations exist in the non-insulin-stimulated condition. To test this question, phloridzin-glucose clamps were used to match blood glucose and pancreatic hormone levels while tracer dilution techniques were used to measure glucose flux. These techniques were performed in chronically-catheterized, conscious, and un-stressed 5h-fasted G4Tg and wild-type (WT) littermates. Results show reduced blood glucose, hepatic glycogen content, and hepatic glucokinase (GK) activity/expression as well as higher endogenous glucose production, glucose disposal, arterial glucagon, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity/expression in G4Tg mice versus WT controls. Clamping blood glucose for 90 min at ∼115 mg/dLin G4Tg and WT mice normalized nearly all variables. Notably, however, net hepatic glycogen synthetic rates were disproportionately elevated compared to changes in blood glucose. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that basal improvements in glucose tolerance due to increased uptake in extra-hepatic sites provoke important gluco-regulatory adaptations in the liver. Although changes in blood glucose underlie the majority of these adaptations, net hepatic glycogen synthesis is sensitized. These data emphasize that anti-diabetic therapies that target skeletal muscle, heart, and/or adipose tissue likely positively impact the liver.     

Assessing Glucose Uptake through the Yeast Hexose Transporter 1 (Hxt1)

The transport of glucose across the plasma membrane is mediated by members of the glucose transporter family. In this study, we investigated glucose uptake through the yeast hexose transporter 1 (Hxt1) by measuring incorporation of 2-NBDG, a non-metabolizable, fluorescent glucose analog, into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that 2-NBDG is not incorporated into the hxt null strain lacking all glucose transporter genes and that this defect is rescued by expression of wild type Hxt1, but not of Hxt1 with mutations at the putative glucose-binding residues, inferred from the alignment of yeast and human glucose transporter sequences. Similarly, the growth defect of the hxt null strain on glucose is fully complemented by expression of wild type Hxt1, but not of the mutant Hxt1 proteins. Thus, 2-NBDG, like glucose, is likely to be transported into the yeast cells through the glucose transport system. Hxt1 is internalized and targeted to the vacuole for degradation in response to glucose starvation. Among the mutant Hxt1 proteins, Hxt1^N370A and HXT1^W473A are resistant to such degradation. Hxt1^N370A, in particular, is able to neither uptake 2-NBDG nor restore the growth defect of the hxt null strain on glucose. These results demonstrate 2-NBDG as a fluorescent probe for glucose uptake in the yeast cells and identify N370 as a critical residue for the stability and function of Hxt1.     

易化葡萄糖载体研究进展

位于细胞膜上的易化葡葡糖载体(facilitated glucose transPorter，GLUTs)促进体内葡葡糖的跨膜转运，它对稳定细胞能量和维持生命活动起到至关重要作用。到目前为止已相继发现并鉴定了12种GLUTs，它们由不同基因编码，具有相似的蛋白质结构和生物功能，在基因表达和细胞内分布受多种因素调控，其中最重要的是胰岛素。胰岛素通过P13K信息通路和Cbl激活蛋白(Cbl actiVating Protn，CAP)-Cbl信息通路实现对GLUT4等的快速周转，从而改变葡葡糖进入细胞的量。深入了解GLUTs的生物学特性和调控机制具有重要的临床意义。     

Glucose Transporter Isoform Expression in Huntington's Disease Brain

Abstract: Several reports have suggested a characteristic decrease in glucose use in the striatum of patients with Huntington's disease (HD) may contribute to the cellular atrophy of the caudate and putamen. We examined the expression of the two major glucose transporter isoforms of brain, GLUT1 and GLUT3. GLUT1 is found largely in capillary endothelial cells and to a lesser extent in the brain parenchyma, whereas GLUT3 is localized primarily in neurons. Membranes prepared from postmortem samples of HD caudate and cortex and non-HD caudate and cortex were separated on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and probed with antisera to GLUT1 and GLUT3 by western blotting. Compared with controls, GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporter expression in caudate was decreased by three- and fourfold, respectively, in grade 3 of the disease. At earlier stages (grade 1), there was no significant difference in the expression of the two transporter isoforms compared with nondiseased controls. It is surprising that despite a substantial increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (an indicator of the extent of gliosis), glucose transporter expression was diminished significantly in HD caudate. The results suggest in the absence of a significant number of neurons, as in grade 3, glial cell GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression is down-regulated, perhaps reflecting the decreased metabolic demand of this brain region in HD.     

The Drug Cerebrolysin and its Peptide Fraction E021 Increase the Abundance of the Blood–brain Barrier GLUT1 Glucose Transporter in Brains of Young and Old Rats

The brain-derived peptidergic drug Cerebrolysin has been found to support the survival of neurons in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Cerebrolysin and its peptide preparation E021 on spatial learning and memory, as well as on the abundance of the blood–brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter (GLUT1) in 2-month-old and 24-month-old rats. Young rats were treated with the drugs or saline (2.5?ml/kg/day) daily on postnatal days 1–7, and old rats for 19 consecutive days. For behavioural testing the Morris water maze was used. The abundance of GLUT1 was determined in brain slices by immunocytochemistry. Quantification of the density of the GLUT1 immunostaining was performed using light microscopy and a computerised image analysing system. All drug-treated rats, young and old, exhibit shorter escape latencies in the water maze, on all testing days (p>0.01), indicating improved cognitive performance. Immunohistochemical data show an age-related decrease of the density of GLUT1 (p>0.05). In young animals, the administration of the drugs led to an increase of the abundance of GLUT1 in all experimental groups (p>0.01). In old rats, the treatment with Cerebrolysin, but not with E021, resulted in an increase in the immunoreactive GLUT1 (p>0.01). The elevated abundance of GLUT1 after the administration of both peptidergic substances might be supportive for the cognitive effects of this drug, by causing an improved nutritional supply of glucose to the neurons.     

Decreased Astroglial Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 Expression in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Efflux of monocaroxylates like lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies from astrocytes through monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) supplies the local neuron population with metabolic intermediates to meet energy requirements under conditions of increased demand. Disruption of this astroglial-neuron metabolic coupling pathway may contribute to epileptogenesis. We measured MCT4 expression in temporal lobe epileptic foci excised from patients with intractable epilepsy and in rats injected with pilocarpine, an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Cortical MCT4 expression levels were significantly lower in TLE patients compared with controls, due at least partially to MCT4 promoter methylation. Expression of MCT4 also decreased progressively in pilocarpine-treated rats from 12 h to 14 days post-administration. Underexpression of MCT4 in cultured astrocytes induced by a short hairpin RNA promoted apoptosis. Knockdown of astrocyte MCT4 also suppressed excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) expression. Reduced MCT4 and EAAT1 expression by astrocytes may lead to neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis in the temporal lobe by reducing the supply of metabolic intermediates and by allowing accumulation of extracellular glutamate.