湘江干流软体动物的研究

2005—2006年对湘江干流15个县（市）36个采集点的软体动物的种类、分布及种群数量进行了系统调查,计有软体动物72种,隶属2纲10科29属,其中腹足纲38种,双壳纲34种;内有10种为湖南省新记录种,42种为中国特有种。发现一种近60年未被采到过的物种——湖南湄公螺（Mekonia hunanensis）,已被《中国物种红色名录》定为灭绝的物种。湘江软体动物的区系成分属于东洋界类型,明显地反映出亚热带的特点。文章对湘江软体动物的种类分布和种群数量及其上、中、下游种类与种群数量的差异进行了分析,并根据12个与影响因子相关采集点软体动物的物种数和多样性指数,分析了城镇污水、水电工程和采砂对湘江软体动物的影响。     

鼎湖山气候顶极群落种间联结变化

通过与前人工作的比较,研究鼎湖山地带性植被气候顶极群落种间联结22a来的变化。研究结果表明,经过了22a,其种类结构尤其优势种类组成没有明显变化,这反映了厚壳桂群落处于演替的顶极阶段,其物种组成上具有相对的稳定性。现群落中的种间联结强度比1984年趋于缓和,高联结值的种对减少,完全正或负联结的种对,1984年为15,而2006年为5;一般联结的种对大为增加,联结值40以下的1984年为约1,2,而2006年为约3／5弱,表明群落的种群更趋向于独立分布而不是联结分布。生物竞争特性对种间关系有一定1的影响。主要原因是与物种对群落的选择和群落对生存物种的选择和淘汰有密切的关系。特别虫灾事件使该群落的群落结构有了较大的波动,但是群落的性质没有改变。反映了厚壳桂群落作为地带性气候顶级群落具有稳定性与较强的自我调节、自我恢复能力。整个群落的种群随时间进程趋向于独立分布,但这种分布趋势有其相对性,其中强独立分布（完全没有种间联结）的种群分布格局变弱,弱独立分布（只有微弱种间联结）的种群格局变强。     

伊犁鼠兔的发现与研究进展

作者自1983年发现伊犁鼠兔以来,完成了新种的分类命名,并对其栖息分布、种群数量、个体生态、昼夜活动节律、毛被和季节性换毛序、人工饲养、与疫病关系等内容开展了～系列的研究工作。在伊犁鼠兔被发现20周年之际,又对伊犁鼠兔的生存现状、栖息环境的变迁、受胁因素等内容做了调查,依据世界自然保护联盟物种生存委员会(IUCN／SSC)制订的《世界物种红色名录濒危等级的判断标准》(3．1版)对伊犁鼠兔濒危等级做了重新评估。多年的研究资料表明,伊犁鼠兔是一种古老、残留、发现较晚的兔形目动物。由于生态习性特殊,分布局限,种群过度破碎,呈数量稀少的小种群生活状态,加之恶劣栖息环境的影响,伊犁鼠兔已处于濒临灭绝的状态。     

佳木斯南郊不同生境蝶类多样性调查

2003年4月25日～2004年8月16日间,在佳木斯市南郊范围选择了4种不同生境的样地,对该地区蝴蝶种群结构及其多样性进行调查研究。共采集到蝴蝶1225只,隶属于7科49属71种。种类以蛱蝶最多,绢蝶最少。蝶种分布具有明显的区域性及比较稳定的优势种群分布,其中植被资源最丰富的四丰山区的物种多样性指数均高于其它研究区域,说明植被资源丰富度与蝶类丰富度之间有正相关关系。     

西藏天然草地植物功能群分布的初步研究

天然草地是西藏最主要的植被类型,其植物种类组成复杂多样、结构特殊,但目前对该地区的物种分布研究还比较薄弱。本文根据野外调查资料以及通过文献收集的物种分布点数据,选取了包括气候、地形、植被和土壤等19种环境因子,利用物种分布模型Maxent模拟了西藏天然草地4种植物功能群的分布。结果表明:植物功能群的分布范围与模型模拟时所采用的分布点具有一定关联,如在没有物种分布点的西藏西北部(羌塘高原的无人区),几乎没有预测到物种的分布;气候因子对4种植物功能群的分布都具有重要作用,尤其是降水量的季节性变化、最干旱月的降水量、年平均温度、最冷月温度和最暖月温度,这些气候因子反映了该研究地区的降水和温度变化范围,是调控生态系统过程的关键因子;海拔也是重要影响因子之一,不仅直接影响着温度的变化,还局限了一些温度敏感性物种的分布。本研究结果为增强对该地区资源分布的了解提供了方法参考,也为草地保护和畜牧业的发展提供了依据。     

北京天坛公园鸟类群落的动态变化研究

近11 年来在北京天坛公园进行鸟类调查, 共记录鸟类166 种, 隶属14 目47 科。研究得出以下结论: (1)天坛公园鸟类群落多样性指数春、秋季高于夏、冬季; (2)公园鸟类群落相似度与植物种类关系密切, 植物多样, 鸟类丰富; (3)公园环境对鸟类的分布、群落组成及种群数量影响明显, 受游人活动的影响, 部分迁徙鸟分布范围缩小, 种群数量减少; 树木种类多样, 受游人影响较小的区域则记录到了公园内近7 成的鸟种。研究首次报道了11 年来长耳鸮的种群变化情况。     

柯氏鼠兔在东昆仑山的生存现状

１９９９年６￣７月,对东昆仑山柯氏鼠兔的分布状况、栖息生境、生存现状及繁殖等内容做了调查,结合所掌握的资料,首次对该物种的生存现状做了初步的分析。     

宁夏珍稀濒危植物半日花种群结构和点格局分析

半日花是国家二级珍稀濒危植物,其种群数量日益减少,分布区破碎化。以宁夏新记录物种半日花为研究对象,分析在沙地和砾石质两种生境下半日花种群结构、各龄级的空间分布格局及关联性。结果表明: 宁夏青铜峡地区半日花个体主要集中在龄级Ⅲ,种群年龄结构呈倒三角形,种群正在衰退。种群空间分布格局与不同龄级间空间关联性受生境条件的影响较大,并且对空间尺度表现出很强的依赖性,与沙地生境相比,砾石质生境中半日花种群更趋向于聚集分布,各个龄级之间的正相关性也更明显,这种差别与两种生境的环境条件和群落结构有关。半日花种群中幼龄个体(龄级Ⅰ和龄级Ⅱ)具有相互依赖的生态关系。     

云南高山姬鼠头骨的几何形态学研究

表型可塑性是指同一基因型在不同环境条件下而产生多种不同表现型的反应能力。哺乳动物头骨形态的变化是在进化过程中出现的重要表型特征之一。云南省地势西高东低、海拔变化剧烈、是古北界寒带物种南迁,中南半岛热带物种北移的交汇地,自然环境的地带性和非地带性变化明显,栖息在该地区的动物为了适应多样的环境,可能出现不同的表型分化。高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)为我国特有种,主要分布在中国西南的横断山及其附近地区,是研究表型与生态适应之间关系的理想物种。为研究在云南特殊生态环境下物种的微进化,采用几何形态学的方法测量云南不同地区高山姬鼠头骨形态的变异,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因和线粒体控制区(Mitochondrial control region,D-loop)探讨基因型的变化。结果显示:昆明种群与横断山种群(中甸、剑川、丽江)间发生了明显的形态变异和遗传分化,高山姬鼠头骨背面和腹面,横断山种群和滇中昆明种群很少重叠,这两个种群变异较大;但头骨的侧面和下颌侧面变异不明显。因此,分布于云南地区的高山姬鼠可能正处于生态物种形成的早期阶段。     

陕西太白山地区鸟类三十年变化情况的调查

本文从1956—1985年间,对太白山地区的鸟类作了分析对比,据文献记载,该地区计有192种和亚种,占秦岭鸟类的57％;而1982—1985年的采集调查中,共获151种和亚种,占秦岭鸟类的44.7％,30年后,下降了12.3％,目前已有41种鸟类未采到标本。 由于环境的变化,鸟类的分布不断向上迁移,同时分析了种类下降和种群数量变动的原因。说明了生态环境是影响鸟类分布和种群数量发展的重要因素。     

四川资阳市两栖爬行动物资源调查初报

1996~2007年对四川省资阳市的两栖爬行动物资源进行了初步调查,发现两栖类7种,其中有尾目1种,无尾目6种;爬行类18种,其中龟鳖目2种,有鳞目蜥蜴亚目5种、蛇亚目11种,其中包括新记录1科3属5种。建议加强对该市两栖爬行动物物种多样性及其生境的保护,合理利用两栖爬行动物资源。     

黑龙江林蛙不同部位中氨基酸的含量分析

采用茚三酮柱后衍生-氨基酸分析法,对黑龙江林蛙油、卵、皮中17种氨基酸的组成和含量进行测定。结果显示黑龙江林蛙油、卵、皮均含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为356.5 mg.g-1,525.1 mg.g-1,752.5 mg.g-1,其中必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的46.06%,38.89%,33.33%。通过对黑龙江林蛙油、卵、皮中氨基酸含量的对比分析,表明林蛙油中氨基酸的营养价值最高。     

Length–length and length–weight relationships for four endemic Cyprinid species in Küçük Menderes River Basin,Turkey

Length–length and length–weight relationships were studied for four endemic Cyprinid species from the Küçük Menderes River Basin located in the Western Anatolian region of Turkey. Fish were sampled from Tahtal? and Beyda?? reservoirs, Bulgurca, ?a?al and Azmak streams during 2013–2014, using multimesh gillnets in the reservoirs and by electrofishing in the streams. First records of length–weight relationships for Barbus pergamonensis Karaman, 1971, Squalius kosswigi (Karaman, 1972) and Petroleuciscus smyrnaeus (Boulenger, 1896) are reported in addition to three new maximum total lengths for Chondrostoma holmwoodii (Boulenger, 1896), Squalius kosswigi (Karaman, 1972) and Petroleuciscus smyrnaeus (Boulenger, 1896).     

Redescription of Mastacembelus liberiensis Boulenger, 1898 and description of a new West African spiny‐eel (Synbranchiformes: Mastacembelidae) from the Konkoure River basin, Guinea

Mastacembelus liberiensis Boulenger, 1898 of West Africa is discussed with reference to its distribution within the Konkoure River basin (Guinea). The synonymies of M. reticulatus Boulenger, 1911 and M. laticauda Ahl, 1937 with M. liberiensis are both confirmed. Further, intraspecific meristic, morphometric and colour pattern variation within M. liberiensis is documented and discussed. Finally, a new species, M. kakrimensis sp. nov., endemic to the Konkoure River basin is identified and described.     

Prevalence of helminth parasites in three species of cichlids from a man-made lake in Zambia

A study of certain aspects of two man-made lakes at the University of Zambia Lusaka Campus was carried out. The three species of cichlids with which the lakes were stocked: Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1896); Oreochromis (formerly Tilapia ) macrochir (Boulenger, 1910) and O. (formerly T. ) andersonii (Castelnau, 1896) were examined for helminth parasites.
The most numerous was Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960; followed by Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) tilapiae Baylis, 1948. A few metacercarial cysts of Clinostoman Leidy, 1856; a few cysticercoids of Paradilepis delachauxi Fuhrm, 1909 and a single specimen of a probable new genus of Monogenea (near Diplozoon Nordmann, 1832) were also found.
The prevalence and seasonal variation in numbers of the two most common parasites are discussed in relation to parasite loads in different ages and sexes of the host fish.     

A Redescription of the Tropical Brazilian Serpent Apostolepis Nigrolineata (Peters 1869), (Colubridae: Elapomorphinae), Synonymous With A. pymi Boulenger 1903

The re-examination of the holotypes of both Apostolepis nigrolineata (Peters 1869) and Apostolepis pymi Boulenger 1903 revealed the former as the juvenile stage of the latter. According to priority, A. pymi is rendered void, and this later given name is hereby declared invalid. The synonymy is confirmed by data of a publication on agedependent variation in size, coloration and scalation, based on recently collected specimens. These characters also allow a clear discrimination of the closely related A. quinquelineata Boulenger 1896.     

Redescriptions of the type specimens of six clarid species (Pisces) from Western Africa

Six species of genus Clarias (Clariidae) - Clarias angolensis Steindachner, Clarias liberiensis Steindachner, Clarias submarginatus Peters, Clarias laeviceps Gill, Clarias walkeri Günther and Clarias longior Boulenger — are redescribed from type specimens. It is shown that C. submarginatus and C. laeviceps should be properly ascribed to the subgenus Clarioides David and not to subgenus Allabenchelys (Boulenger), and that conversely C. walkeri belongs to subgenus Allabenchelys rather than subgenus Clarioides . It is further shown that C. longior has commonly been mistaken for C. laeviceps and that C. walkeri has often been mistaken for C. submarginatus . A general revision of the genus Clarias in Africa based on reference to type material is strongly recommended.     

Steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the ovaries of Calotes versicolor (Daud.), Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppel) & Chamaeleon calcaratus (Boulenger): histochemical study.

A histochemical study of steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the ovaries of Calotes versicolor (Daud.), Hemidactylus flavivirdes (Ruppel) and Chamaeleon calcaratus (Boulenger) is discussed. THe distribution of delta 5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diaphorase enzyme activities was studied in ovaries of the 3 species of lizards. All the enzyme activities occurred in 1) patches of cells of theca interna; 2) granulosa cells of large preovulatory, postovulatory, and atretic follicles; 3) interstitial cells of the ovarian stroma; and in the 4) ooplasm of the growing oocyte, suggesting their steroidogenic capacity. It was observed that following completion of follicular atresia, the phagocytic granulosa cells degenerate and the remaining cells of theca interna contribute to the formation of interstitial gland cells.     

Mercury in tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus, Castelnau), green happy (Sargochromis codringtonii, Boulenger) and kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon, Boulenger) from Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe

Concentrations of total mercury were determined in Hydrocynus vittatus (Castelnau), Sargochromis codringtonii (Boulenger), and Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger) from two localities in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe.
The mean concentrations of total mercury in H. vittatus from Basin 5 and Basin 2 were 0.08 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.094 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In S. codringtonii, mean concentrations were 0.004 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.026 mg kg⁻¹ for Basins 5 and 2, respectively. No mercury was detected in L. miodon from Basin 2 while samples from Basin 5 had a mean concentration of 0.069 mg kg⁻¹ (wet weight). Total mercury concentrations were also determined on a dry weight basis.
Within each sampling area, total mercury concentrations were significantly different among species ( P  < 0.05). For H. vittatus and S. codringtonii, total mercury concentrations (in the same species) were not significantly different between the two localities ( P  < 0.05).
The factors causing the observed differences in total mercury between similar species from different localities and among different species in the same locality (sampling area) are discussed. From the observed low levels of mercury in all three species, it was concluded that the mercury constituted 'background levels'. These levels are below the maximum concentrations permissible in human fish foods.