郑州部分市售酸奶中乳酸菌的分离鉴定与益生特性的研究

目的调查郑州部分市售的酸奶中嗜热乳酸链球菌与保加利亚乳酸杆菌存在情况与益生特性。方法无菌采取样品进行乳酸菌分离,并对分离菌进行形态学、生化特性、产酸性、耐酸性、耐胆汁性、高温耐受性和抑菌性等生物学特性研究。结果从8种品牌中分离到4株保加利亚乳酸杆菌、7株嗜热链球菌,且分离菌株均能产酸、对高温具有一定的耐受性,在pH 3.0以上均能生长良好,而且分离菌的抑菌物质具有一定的热稳定性,保加利亚乳酸杆菌经70、100℃热处理抑菌活性基本不变。嗜热链球菌经70℃热处理后保留90%以上的抑菌活性,但经100℃高温处理后抑菌活性有所降低。分离菌产生的抑菌物质对胰蛋白酶敏感,保加利亚乳酸杆菌在偏中性条件下抑菌活性较高,而嗜热链球菌在偏中性条件下丧失抑菌活性。结论本研究为河南市售酸奶质量以及为消费者提供有利信息奠定基础。     

酵母菌絮凝的分型及其生理生化特性的研究

通过对410余株酵母菌进行絮凝测定,从中筛选到5株强絮凝菌。依据不同糖对其絮凝水平的抑制,将5株强絮凝菌分为Flo 1型和NewFlo型。对这两种絮凝型菌株的相关生理生化特性进行了研究。结果表明,Flo 1型菌絮凝只受甘露糖抑制,它对高温(70℃)、蛋白酶E、胰蛋白酶敏感,而对蛋白酶K、糜蛋白酶、Ca\+\{2+\}\,pH有一定耐受性。NewFlo型菌絮凝受甘露糖等多种糖抑制,它对高温(70℃)、各种蛋白酶、Ca\+\{2+\}、pH均较敏感。这两种类型菌株絮凝的最适Ca\+\{2+\}浓度为10mmol/L～1mol/L,最适pH为3.0～45。     

高温菌研究进展

高温菌是一类特殊的极端环境生物。本文简要从高温菌生态、耐热性、基因组等方面综述了高温菌的研究进展。     

耐高温木质素降解菌筛选及降解效果研究

为提高育苗基质中废弃物木质素降解速率,在废弃物堆腐生产育苗基质高温阶段取样,筛选耐高温木质素降解菌,并对菌种进行鉴定,同时测定其对秸秆木质素和菌糠木质素的降解效果。获得了1株较好的木质素高温降解菌HZ11,鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）,结果显示,该菌株对秸秆木质素和菌糠木质素降解效果较好,50 ℃条件下,20 d木质素降解率分别为46.7%和42.4%。菌株HZ11在降解秸秆和菌糠方面具有很好的应用潜力,为利用农业废弃物生产育苗基质提供更加丰富的菌种资源,具有重要的参考价值。     

耐高温蛋白酶菌株的筛选

研究了土壤中耐高温蛋白酶菌株的筛选。采用平板透明圈法从7份土样中筛选到3株产蛋白酶菌株G1、G2、G3,运用菌落和菌体形态进行观察,初步鉴定G1、G2为芽孢杆菌属,G3为假单孢菌属。并对它们分别进行逐级升温驯化培养试验,结果表明：三株菌的最适生长温度均为43℃,其中G2、G3菌耐热性较差,在55℃高温下终止产酶,G1菌经驯化培养后,能耐67℃高温,且酶活力达48％,为拓宽酶制剂的应用提供了理论依据。     

高温单孢菌属分类研究进展

自从Henssen于1957年建立高温单孢菌属至今,高温单孢菌属各菌种的分类地位一直处于不断的变化之中。近年来,随着该属一些种的重新分类以及新种的发现,高温单孢菌属的分类发生了很大的变化。这主要是由于分类手段已由传统的形态学分类方法向现代的多相分类方法过渡。介绍了自高温单孢菌属建立以来,该属分类的研究现状,认为高温单孢菌属在系统分类上尚需进一步的研究。     

南海A油田硫酸盐还原菌群落组成分析

文章的主要目的是探究南海高温A油田油藏酸蚀的生物学成因，对油藏内源硫酸盐还原菌（sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB）进行定量分析，同时借助高通量测序技术对SRB群落的组成进行分析。从而证实了在高温油田中SRB的增殖代谢活动，能为治理海上高温油田硫酸盐还原反应引起的酸蚀问题提供依据和指导。     

酵线菌絮凝的分型及其生理生化特性的研究

通过对４１０余株酵母菌进行絮凝测定,从中筛选到５株强絮凝菌。依据不同糖对其絮凝水平的抑制,将５株强絮凝菌分为Ｆｌｏ１型和ＮｅｗＦｌｏ型。对这两种絮凝型菌株的相关生理生化特性进行了研究。结果表明,Ｆｌｏ１型菌絮凝只受甘露糖抑制,它对高温（７０℃）、蛋白酶Ｅ、胰蛋白酶敏感,而对蛋白酶Ｋ、糜蛋白酶、Ｃａ＾２＋、ｐＨ有一定受性。ＮｅｗＦｌｏ型菌絮凝受甘露糖等多种糖抑制,它对高温（７０℃）、各种蛋白酶、Ｃａ     

耐热嗜盐菌的分离及16S rRNA基因序列分析

从位于西藏自治区澜沧江边一个47℃的盐井中分离筛选到一株耐热嗜盐菌菌株YJ0238, 对其进行了生理生化特性研究, 采用PCR方法扩增其16S rRNA基因序列, 并进行了测定。基于生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列的同源性比较, 以及系统发育分析, 发现菌株YJ0238是Idiomarina属中成员zobellii的一个亚种, 其16S rRNA基因序列已被GenBank数据库收录, 序列号为EF693953。迄今为止, 国内极少有关高温、高盐环境中微生物研究的报道, 本研究可为今后研究同类极端环境中新的物种资源以及微生物多样性提供素材和参考。     

盾叶薯蓣内生菌研究进展

植物内生菌是与植物协同进化的一大类微生物种群,具有抵抗病原微生物、促进宿主生长、产与宿主相似的次生代谢物等多种有益特性,是宝贵的生物资源库。盾叶薯蓣具有很高的药用价值,也是多种激素类药物合成前体的主要植物来源。从盾叶薯蓣植物分离具有有益特性的内生菌成为近年内生菌研究的热点。本文从盾叶薯蓣内生菌的分离鉴定方法和盾叶薯蓣内生菌的特性两个方面概述了近年来盾叶薯蓣内生菌的研究现状,以期为盾叶薯蓣内生菌的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

Promotion of polylactide degradation by ammonia under hyperthermophilic anaerobic conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the promotion effect of ammonia on the biodegradation of polylactide (PLA) under hyperthermophilic (80 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobic condition. The results showed that PLA was transformed to lactic acid under hyperthermophilic conditions, but that the transformation ratio was negligible under thermophilic conditions. The hydrolysis process can be markedly increased with ammonia addition and microorganism activity. The maximum transformation ratios of the two kinds of PLA used in this study were 65.2% and 51.8%, respectively, with ammonia addition of 4 g N/L over 3 days treatment of anaerobic sludge. After the hyperthermophilic pretreatment, the hydrolysis products were converted to methane by methanogens under the thermophilic and anaerobic conditions. The final methane conversion ratios of the two kinds of PLA after 22 days treatment were 81.8% and 77.0%, respectively.     

Polyamines of the hyperthermophilic archaebacteria belonging to the genera Thermococcus and Methanothermus and two new genera Caldivirga and Palaeococcus

Cellular polyamines of eight new thermophilic archaebacteria were investigated to determine the chemotaxonomic significance of polyamine distribution profiles. Hyperthermoacidophilic Caldivirga maquilingensis belonging to the family Thermoproteaceae of the Crenarchaeota have a unique polyamine profile comprising spermidine, norspermidine and norspermine as the major polyamines. Within the order Thermococcales of the Euryarchaeota, the major polyamines of an extremely thermophilic terrestrial species of Thermococcus, T. zilligii, were spermidine and agmatine, whereas hyperthermophilic submarine species of Thermococcus and hyperthermophilic submarine Palaeococcus ferrophilus contained a quaternary branched penta-amine, N4-bis(aminopropyl)spermidine, as a major polyamine. A hyperthermophilic methanogen, Methanothermus sociabilis, belonging to Euryarchaeota, contained spermidine and spermine as the major polyamine.     

Properties of a thermostable 4Fe-ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima

Abstract A ferredoxin has been purified from one of the most ancient and the most thermophilic bacteria known, Thermotoga maritima , which grous up to 90°C. The reduced protein ( M _r approx. 6300) contains a single S = 1 2 [4Fe 4S]¹⁺ cluster with complete cysteinyl ligation, and was unaffected after incubation at 95°C for 12 h. It functioned as an electron carrier for T. maritima pyruvate oxidoreductase. Remarkably, the properties and amino acid sequence of this hyperthermophilic bacterial protein are much more similar to those of ferredoxins from hyperthermophilic archaea, rather than ferredoxins from mesophilic and moderately thermophilic bacteria.     

Polypeptide synthesis directed by DNA as a messenger in cell-free polypeptide synthesis by extreme thermophiles,Thermus thermophilus HB27 and Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7

Polypeptide synthesis at high temperature directed by single strand DNA as a messenger was investigated using cell-free extracts of an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus strain HB27, and a hyperthermophilic, acidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7. Aminoglycoside antibiotics enhanced the reaction; neomycin stimulated it most effectively when the extract of the thermophilic bacterium was used, and paromomycin was the best among the antibiotics tested for the extract of the hyperthermophilic archaeon. A common correlation was found between the stimulation of DNA-directed polypeptide synthesis and the misreading rate in RNA-directed polypeptide synthesis. Spermine stimulated the reaction directed by DNA like in the case of poly(Phe) synthesis directed by poly (rU). The cell-free systems can be used for direct production of proteins from genes in high throughput studies on the structural genomics of thermophilus.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵中微生物菌群变化规律的研究

通过对垃圾处理厂静态堆肥不同区域的微生物菌群与数量的分析,表明了城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵中微生物菌群的变化规律,温度与微生物菌群的相关性,指出了高温微生物菌群数量影响堆肥的效率。建议在静态一次堆肥发酵周期中,增加通气量和翻堆频率,有利于增强微生物菌群的活力和提高堆肥质量。     

Pyrococcus prefoldin stabilizes protein-folding intermediates and transfers them to chaperonins for correct folding

A molecular chaperone prefoldin/GimC from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 was characterized. Pyrococcus prefoldin protected porcine heart citrate synthase from thermal aggregation whereas each subunit alone afforded little protection. It also arrested the spontaneous refolding of acid-denatured green fluorescent protein and then transferred it not only to a group II chaperonin from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Thermococcus sp. strain KS-1, but also to a group I chaperonin from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8 for subsequent ATP dependent refolding.     

Crenarchaeol: the characteristic core glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether membrane lipid of cosmopolitan pelagic crenarchaeota

The basic structure and stereochemistry of the characteristic glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) membrane lipid of cosmopolitan pelagic crenarchaeota has been identified by high field two-dimensional (2D)-NMR techniques. It contains one cyclohexane and four cyclopentane rings formed by internal cyclisation of the biphytanyl chains. Its structure is similar to that of GDGTs biosynthesized by (hyper)thermophilic crenarchaeota apart from the cyclohexane ring. These findings are consistent with the close phylogenetic relationship of (hyper)thermophilic and pelagic crenarchaeota based 16S rRNA. The latter group inherited the biosynthetic capabilities for a membrane composed of cyclopentane ring-containing GDGTs from the (hyper)thermophilic crenarchaeota. However, to cope with the much lower temperature of the ocean, a small but key step in their evolution was the adjustment of the membrane fluidity by making a kink in one of the bicyclic biphytanyl chains by the formation of a cyclohexane ring. This prevents the dense packing characteristic for the cyclopentane ring-containing GDGTs membrane lipids used by hyperthermophilic crenarchaeota to adjust their membrane fluidity to high temperatures.     

Industrial applications of hyperthermophilic enzymes: a review

Over the past two decades, research scientists have been involved in the investigation of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms owing to the unique features of their enzymic systems. Such in-depth investigations are now on their way to mastering the cloning and industrial exploitation of a broad variety of genes encoding enzymes involved in starch hydrolysis, amino acid biosynthesis, protein hydrolysis, etc. In this work, we review the state of the art and future perspectives of industrial applications of enzymes from hyperthermophilic and extreme thermophilic microorganisms, special attention being paid to the biotechnological methods involved in their industrial exploitation.     

Ion pairs and the thermotolerance of proteins from hyperthermophiles: a "traffic rule" for hot roads

The proteins from hyperthermophilic organisms maintain their biologically active structure at temperatures that are significantly higher than the denaturation temperatures of their mesophilic counterparts. The fact that there is usually a high degree of sequence and structural homology between these two classes of proteins suggests that the source of this extreme thermal tolerance is hidden in the delicate balance of the non-covalent interactions. Among the large number of factors identified in the literature as being responsible for the thermostability of these proteins, this article focuses on electrostatic interactions. It demonstrates that the optimization of electrostatic interactions by increasing of the number of salt bridges is a driving force for enhancement of the thermotolerance of proteins from hyperthermophilic microorganisms. This feature is less evident in proteins from thermophilic organisms and is absent from mesophile-derived proteins.     

Tolerance of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms to desiccation

We examined short- and long-term desiccation tolerance of 31 strains of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea and thermophilic phylogenetically deep-branching Bacteria. Seventeen organisms showed a significant high ability to withstand desiccation. The desiccation tolerance turned out to be species-specific and was influenced by several parameters such as storage temperature, pH, substrate or presence of oxygen. All organisms showed a higher survival rate at low storage temperatures (−20°C or below) than at room temperature. Anaerobic and microaerophilic strains are influenced negatively in their survival by the presence of oxygen during desiccation and storage. The desiccation tolerance of Sulfolobales strains is co-influenced by the pH and the substrate of the pre-culture. The distribution of desiccation tolerance in the phylogenetic tree of life is not domain specific. Surprisingly, there are dramatic differences in desiccation tolerance among organisms from the same order and even from closely related strains of the same genus. Our results show that tolerance of vegetative cells to desiccation is a common phenomenon of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms although they originated from quite different non-arid habitats like boiling acidic springs or black smoker chimneys.