小球藻对水溶液中Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附

对小球藻生物吸附Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的影响因素进行了研究,发现小球藻对Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的生物吸附主要经历了快速的物理吸附和缓慢的化学吸附两个步骤;pH值是影响Zn^2 ,Cd^2 生物吸附的一个重要因素,pH值为6-7时,小球藻对Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的去除率较高,在实验条件下去除率可达87%以上;研究还表明,小球藻干粉比新鲜藻能富集更多的Zn^2 ,Cd^2 。用Freundlich方程模拟吸附等温线,拟合良好。     

粘盖牛肝菌不同菌株对Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附及其对油松Zn2+、Cd2+的耐受性

为了探讨同一菌根真菌不同菌株对重金属的耐受性,选用采集于内蒙古阴山山脉不同地区的粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus bovinus)的不同菌株进行研究。首先,在不同浓度Zn^2 、Cd^2 液体培养基中培养菌丝体,以了解各菌株菌丝体对重金属的耐受性及吸附能力,采用烘干法和原予吸收法分别测定菌丝体的生物量和菌丝体、培养液中Zn^2 、Cd^2 含量,结果表明：劈柴沟粘盖牛肝菌在Zn^2 、Cd^2 胁迫条件下,生物量、吸附能力约为其余各菌株的1．5～2倍。其次,为了探明油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)形成菌根后对Zn^2 、Cd^2 胁迫的耐受性及其耐受机理,采用一次性定量浇灌不同浓度Zn^2 、Cd^2 溶液的方法,测定了菌根化油松苗地上、地下生物量及Zn^2 、Cd^2 含量的分配,结果表明：菌根形成后能显著促进油松的生长及对Zn^2 、Cd^2 胁迫的耐受性,并且菌根能够帮助油松吸收基质中大量的Zn^2 、Cd^2 ,根中重金属的含量是茎叶中的2～3倍以上,非菌根苗在重金属浓度稍高(Zn^2 400mg／kg;Cd^2 40mg／kg)时就会死亡。经方差分析及多重比较证实,劈柴沟粘盖牛肝菌对Zn^2 、Cd^2 的耐受性及对油松的促生效果与其它各菌株存在显著的差异,这可能是它通过把吸收的Zn^2 、Cd^2 最大限度地输送到根中的同时,也输送到了茎叶中,使重金属在体内得到一定程度的稀释,使自身免受毒害。     

Agromyces sp.CS16去除水体中重金属镉、镍、铜、锌离子的研究北大核心

【目的】本研究从深圳福田红树林表层土壤中分离出一株潜在放线菌新种Agromyces sp.CS16,研究其对水体中重金属的去除能力以及特征,并初步探究其在去除水体重金属中的实际应用,为利用微生物修复水体重金属污染提供技术支持。【方法】测定菌株CS16对Cd^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的去除能力;测定CS16对Cd^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)在胞外吸附和胞内吸收的占比;通过全基因组测序分析CS16基因组中与重金属耐受相关的基因;采用海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇将CS16包埋,并测定包埋后CS16对重金属的去除能力。【结果】放线菌Agromyces sp.CS16在Cd^(2+)浓度为10μg/mL时对其的去除量最大,为32.95 mg/g,此时对溶液中Cd^(2+)的去除率也最高,达到83.71%;菌株CS16在Ni^(2+)浓度为75μg/mL时去除量最大,为25.09 mg/g,在Ni^(2+)浓度为25μg/mL时去除率最高,为70.27%;CS16在Cu^(2+)浓度为150μg/mL时去除量最大,为30.69 mg/g,在Cu^(2+)浓度为30μg/m L时去除率最高,为80.11%;CS16在Zn^(2+)浓度为125μg/mL时去除量最大,为39.29 mg/g,在Zn^(2+)浓度为25μg/mL时去除率最高,为88.91%。菌株CS16全基因组预测总共有3744个基因,其中有37个基因推测与Cd^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的抗性相关。CS16主要通过将重金属吸附在细胞外表面来去除水体中的重金属,在被海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)与聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)材料包埋后,CS16对Cd^(2+)的去除能力下降,但对Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的去除能力显著提高。【结论】放线菌Agromyces sp.CS16是一株分离自红树林表层沉积物的新菌,本研究测定了CS16对Cd^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的去除能力,从细胞层面和基因层面初步探索了其对Cd^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的去除机理,并成功用海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇将其包埋,为探究微生物去除水体重金属离子的机制和之后应用CS16修复水体重金属污染提供了理论基础。     

转基因衣藻对重金属的抗性及对镉离子的富集

目的：研究了转基因衣藻对不同重金属离子的抗性和对Cd^2＋的富集行为。方法：将MT-like基因在莱茵衣藻细胞中的表达后通过摇瓶实验测试其对重金属离子的抗性和富集能力。结果：转基因衣藻对Pb^2＋、Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋三种重金属离子的抗性得到明显增强,其中以对Zn^2＋的抗性增强最为显著。转基因藻对Cd^2＋的富集能力经MT-like蛋白表达后较野生藻细胞有较大增加,最大达到144．48μmol／g,为野生藻的8．3倍。结论：转基因衣藻对重金属离子的抗性和对Cd^2＋的富集能力较野生衣藻有较大提高。     

重金属诱导拟南芥原生质体DNA损伤的单细胞凝胶电泳检测

以拟南芥原生质体为实验体系,研究不同浓度的3种重金属离子对拟南芥原生质体的毒性和DNA损伤的差异。结果表明,用1-5mmol·L^-1的Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋和Cu^2＋分别处理的拟南芥原生质体,2小时内活力逐渐下降,并表现出明显的浓度依赖性：与相同浓度的Cd^2＋和Cu^2＋相比,Zn^2＋对拟南芥原生质体活力的影响程度较小,表现出较低的毒性。单细胞凝胶电泳检测发现,用0．1-0．8mmol·L^-1的Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋和Cu^2＋分别处理拟南芥原生质体30分钟,以OTM值表示的原生质体DNA损伤量随重金属离子浓度的增加而递增：相同浓度（0．5mmol·L^-1）的3种重金属离子相比,Zn^2＋对原生质体的遗传毒性明显低于Cu^2＋和Cd^2＋。综合原生质体活力和DNA损伤的单细胞凝胶电泳检测结果,发现ZnO^2＋对拟南芥原生质体的遗传毒性较低,而CdO^2＋和Cu^2＋的遗传毒性较高。本研究建立的拟南芥原生质体实验体系,结合运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,能够快速、灵敏地检测重金属对植物细胞的遗传毒性。     

淡水小球藻分离培养及其对水体辛硫磷的降解功能研究

为了研究微藻对水体有机磷农药的降解和积累效果,从自然水体中富集纯化得到一株蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa),以该藻细胞为研究对象,以水产养殖中常用的有机磷杀虫剂辛硫磷为实验药物,通过高效液相色谱法研究了蛋白核小球藻对辛硫磷的富集和降解效果。结果显示,富集纯化藻细胞通过显微镜检与分子生物学检测鉴定为蛋白核小球藻,命名为MH-1。急毒性试验表明,辛硫磷浓度在高于2.0μg/mL时才会对MH-1生长产生显著抑制作用,表现在叶绿素含量与生物量显著下降。在2.0μg/mL及以下浓度辛硫磷存在的水体中,MH-1具有降解辛硫磷的功能,在0.2μg/mL和2.0μg/mL浓度组中,5 d内的辛硫磷净降解率分别为49.66%和39.61%,日平均降解速率分别为0.02μg/mL和0.38μg/mL。MH-1对辛硫磷也有一定的富集能力,72 h内MH-1对辛硫磷的富集呈现先升高后降低的趋势,120 h时MH-1对0.2μg/mL和2.0μg/mL的辛硫磷富集量分别为0.16 mg/g FW(Fresh weight, FW)和0.25 mg/g FW。结果表明,MH-1对辛硫磷具...     

小球藻吸附镍离子的研究

在小球藻液中分别添加含不同浓度的Ni^2 ,NH4^ N,PO4^3--P溶液,研究小球藻吸附Ni2 的能力。实验结果表明,小球藻对Ni^2 的生物吸附经历了一快一慢两个过程。随着Ni^2 的浓度的增加,小球藻对Ni^2 的吸附量不断增加,在最佳pH为8.0-8.5的条件下,低氮磷浓度的组合,升高温度或加强光照有利于小球藻对Ni^2 的吸附。20℃和30℃下,小球藻对Ni^2 的吸附符合Fluendlich等温模型,小球藻在对数生长期时对Ni^2 的富集能力最强。     

3种地衣体内藻类对4种重金属离子的耐受能力及其吸附特性研究

该研究以地衣体内分离培养的3种共生藻体(A、B、C)为材料,采用光学显微镜徒手切片技术,测定地衣体内藻细胞存活率;并采用BCO和双硫腙、二甲酚橙和碘化钾-罗丹明B分光光度法,测定培养液和藻体内不同重金属含量,分析3种共生藻体对重金属Cu^2+、Zn^2+、Pb^2+、Cd^2+的吸附特性及其耐受性差异,以明确地衣与重金属胁迫的关系,为重金属污染水体的生物修复提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)在不同重金属胁迫下,3种藻体对4种重金属的耐性大小均表现为Zn^2+>Pb^2+>Cu^2+>Cd^2+,重金属对3种藻体的毒性大小依次是Cu^2+(藻体B>藻体A>藻体C)、Zn^2+(藻体B>藻体A>藻体C)、Pb^2+(藻体B>藻体A>藻体C)、Cd2+(藻体B>藻体C>藻体A)。(2)3种藻体对Zn^2+、Pb^2+的吸附性均高于Cu2+和Cd2+,而且藻体B对不同重金属的吸附性能均高于藻体A和C。(3)3种藻体所吸附的重金属含量与其胁迫浓度及培养时间均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),3种藻体对重金属的耐受性与吸附性呈正相关关系。研究发现,来自地衣体的3种藻体对Cu^2+、Zn^2+、Pb^2+和Cd^2+的耐受性和吸附性远远高于一些自由生长藻类,证明来自地衣体的藻类是修复重金属污染生物吸附剂的良好材料,该研究结果为地衣体内藻在水体重金属污染生物修复中的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

不同营养条件下原始小球藻对蒽的富集和降解研究

研究了自养与异养条件下原始小球藻对蒽的降解和富集能力 .结果表明 ,自养条件下 ,浓度为1 0mg·L-1的蒽有 48.18%被降解 ,其中 2 8.81%属于自然光降解 ,仅有 19.37%被原始小球藻降解 .而异养条件下的原始小球藻对浓度为 2 .5mg·L-1的蒽降解率达到 33.5 3%,说明异养原始小球藻不仅能耐受高浓度蒽 ,而且表现出比自养原始小球藻更强的蒽降解能力 .两种条件下 ,80 %以上残留的蒽都被富集到藻细胞中 .虽然自养条件下原始小球藻对蒽的生物富集系数达 90 6 4,远大于异养条件下的生物富集系数(1899) ,但异养条件下藻对蒽的绝对富集量 (2 0 2 .2 9μg)远远高于自养条件下的 6 9.6 87μg .     

铝、镉对小麦幼苗生长的影响及其DNA损伤效应研究

本研究旨在探索Al^3＋、Cd^2＋对小麦幼苗生长的影响及其DNA损伤效应。结果表明：（1）所试浓度Al^3＋、Cd^2＋不仅不同程度抑制2d龄和12d龄幼苗根系和地上部分的生长,而且表现明显的DNA损伤效应;（2）除Al^3＋对幼苗地上部分鲜重、干重的影响及Cd^2＋对幼苗根系生长速率的影响外,其余生长指标显示2d龄幼苗比12d龄幼苗对Al^3＋、Cd^2＋更敏感,这与导致2d龄幼苗DNA损伤的Al^3＋、Cd^2＋浓度明显低于12d龄幼苗的结果一致。研究结果表明,DNA损伤可能是Al^3＋、Cd^2＋抑制2d龄和12d龄小麦幼苗生长的重要原因之一。     

A bi-enzymatic whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water samples

A conductometric biosensor using immobilised Chlorella vulgaris microalgae as bioreceptors was used as a bi-enzymatic biosensor. Algae were immobilised inside bovine serum albumin membranes reticulated with glutaraldehyde vapours deposited on interdigitated conductometric electrodes. Local conductivity variations caused by algae alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase activities could be detected. These two enzymes are known to be inhibited by distinct families of toxic compounds: heavy metals for alkaline phosphatase, carbamates and organophosphorous (OP) pesticides for acetylcholinesterase. The bi-enzymatic biosensors were tested to study the influence of heavy metal ions and pesticides on the corresponding enzyme. It has finally appeared that these biosensors are quite sensitive to Cd2+ and Zn2+ (limits of detection (LOD) = 10 ppb for a 30 min long exposure) while Pb2+ gives no significant inhibition as this ion seems to adsorb on albumin preferably. For pesticides, first experiments showed that paraoxon-methyl inhibits C. vulgaris AChE contrary to parathion-methyl and carbofuran. Biosensors were then exposed to different mixtures (Cd2+/Zn2+, Cd2+/paraoxon-methyl) but no synergetic or antagonist effect could be observed. A good repeatability could be achieve with biosensors since the relative standard deviation did not exceed 8% while response time was 5-7 min. A comparison between inhibition levels obtained with biosensors (after a 30 min long exposure) and bioassays (after a 240 min long exposure) has finally shown a similar LOD for both Cd and Zn (LOD = 10 ppb).     

Zn、Cd及其复合对小麦幼苗吸收Ca、Fe、Mn的影响

研究了溶液培养条件下Cd、Zn及其复合对小麦幼苗吸收Ca、Fe、Mn的影响.结果表明,小麦幼苗对Zn、Cd的吸收随溶液中Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺浓度的升高而增加,Cd、Zn同时存在时与其单独作用时幼苗对它们的吸收不同,Zn影响幼苗对Cd的吸收,Cd对Zn的吸收起抑制作用.Ca、Mn的吸收随溶液中Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺浓度升高而呈下降趋势,在Cd单独处理组和Zn单独处理组中Fe的吸收随Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺浓度升高而增加,但在Zn+Cd处理组中,Fe的吸收则呈下降趋势,其效应方式还与作物具体部位有关.     

Reversible desensitization of fibroblasts to cadmium receptor stimuli: evidence that growth in high zinc represses a xenobiotic receptor.

The xenobiotic Cd2+ triggers the production of inositol trisphosphate and releases stored Ca2+ in certain cell types, apparently by binding to a zinc site in the external domain of an "orphan" receptor (no known endogenous stimulus). Cd2+ and bradykinin evoke similar spikes in cytosolic free Ca2+. Growth in high Zn2+ (100-200 microM) abolished the free Ca2+ spike evoked by Cd2+ without affecting the spike produced by bradykinin. Growth in high Zn2+ almost abolished Cd(2+)-evoked production of [3H]inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphate. Bradykinin-evoked [3H]inositol phosphate production was not affected by growth in high Zn2+. Growth in high Zn2+ nearly prevented the stimulation of 45Ca2+ efflux by Cd2+ without affecting the stimulation of 45Ca2+ efflux by bradykinin or histamine. Removing Zn2+ from the culture medium and incubating the cells for several hours fully restored responsiveness to Cd2+. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D, or tunicamycin prevented the restoration of Cd2+ responsiveness, indicating that resensitization requires macromolecular synthesis. Growth in high Zn2+ reversibly abolished Ca2+ mobilization evoked by two additional stimuli: a decrease in extracellular pH or Na+ concentration. These findings support the hypothesis that the three stimuli (Cd2+ or a decrease in external pH or Na+ concentration) activate the same orphan receptor. Growth in high Zn2+ apparently desensitizes the cells to the Cd2+ receptor stimuli by repressing receptor synthesis.     

Bioaccumulation and Physiological Response of Five Willows to Toxic Levels of Cadmium and Zinc

We evaluated the phytoremediation potential of Salix spp. exposed to high cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) concentrations to select feasible plant materials for restoration and revegetation of mining soil contaminated by heavy metals on the basis of their Cd and Zn accumulation, Cd-Zn interaction on bioaccumulation, and the changes of photosynthetic parameters. The Cd and Zn concentrations were in the order of root > leaf > stem, regardless of the species. In the combined Cd and Zn treatment, the leaf and stem Cd concentration in all species were higher relative to Cd-alone treatment. In contrast, the Zn concentration in plant tissues when exposed to the combined Cd + Zn treatment decreased relative to the Zn-alone treatment. The translocation factor (TF) of Cd and Zn from root to leaf was generally higher compared to TF from root to stem than those in the single treatment. The Cd + Zn treatments resulted in enhanced translocation of Cd from root to aboveground tissue (synergistic), while the same treatment suppressed the Zn translocation from root to leaf and stem (antagonistic). The reduction of photosynthetic parameters in Zn alone and Cd + Zn treatments was generally higher than that of Cd-alone treatment. Among the different species, S. caprea and P. alba×glandulosa have the lowest photosynthetic reduction relative to the control. Overall, S. caprea could be a potential candidate for phytoremediation of Cd- and Zn-contaminated sites.     

The Response of Metallothionein and Malondialdehyde after Exclusive and Combined Cd/Zn Exposure in the Crab Sinopotamon henanense

The purpose of this paper is to show the interactions of Cd and Zn in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense through metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level measurements. Laboratory acclimated S.henanense were exposed to Cd (50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, 500 µg/L ), and Zn (100 µg/L, 1000 µg/L) alone and in combined treatments (100 µg/L Zn+50 µg/L Cd, 100 µg/L Zn+100 µg/L Cd, 100 µg/L Zn+500 µg/L Cd, 1000 µg/L Zn+50 µg/L Cd, 1000 µg/L Zn+100 µg/L Cd, 1000 µg/L Zn+500 µg/L Cd) for 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 days. The results demonstrated that the MDA contents increased with exposure time and dose and showed time- and dose-dependence in both gills and hepatopancreas of S.henanense after single Cd exposure, while the changes of MDA levels were not significant with single Zn exposure. The MDA levels decreased when the crabs were exposed to metal mixtures compared to Cd exposure alone, indicating that Zn mediated the cellular toxicity of Cd. MT contents increased after single Cd exposure and also showed a time- and dose-dependence, in a tissue-specific way. Zn showed a limited ability of MT induction both in gills and hepatopancreas of S.henanense. The MT contents represented not a simple addition of single metal exposures but were enhanced at a higher concentration of Zn combined with different Cd concentrations compared to single metal exposure. Whether MT can be used as a biomarker for complex field conditions need to be considered cautiously since different induction patterns of MT were found among single Zn, Cd and combined groups. It is suggested that several biomarkers together as a suite should be used in the monitoring of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment.     

Metallothionein response to cadmium and zinc exposures compared in two freshwater bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea

Metallothionein (MT) response to cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) bioaccumulation after single or combined direct exposure was compared in two freshwater bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) and Corbicula fluminea (Asiatic clam). Bivalves were exposed to 0.133 μM Cd and/or 15.3 μM Zn, with metal and MT concentrations analysed in the whole soft body after 1, 3, 10 and 24 days of exposure and compared with controls. Results showed significant increase in MT concentrations in both species exposed to Cd and Cd+Zn with a higher accumulation of the protein compared to the control in D. polymorpha for nevertheless similar Cd levels accumulated with time. Exposure to Zn alone led to a significant increase in MT concentrations only in C. fluminea, whereas there was a lack of MT gene induction in the zebra mussels which was confirmed by MT mRNA quantification in gills (RT-PCR). Mussel mortality after 10 days of exposure to Zn and Cd + Zn is discussed with regard to detoxification mechanisms, which include metallothioneins.     

Expression of human metallothionein III and its metalloabsorption capability in Escherichia coli

Human metallothionein III (MT III) gene was synthesized with Escherichia coli preference codon usage and expressed in E. coli in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion form. The recombinant MT III was released by proteinase Factor Xa digestion and purified with the yield of 2 mg/L culture, and its specific Cd2+ binding capability was confirmed. E. coli strain BL21(DE3), expressing MT III, showed metal tolerance between 0.1 and 0.5 mM Cd2+ and bacterial growth was inhibited at 1 mM Cd2+. MT III expressing E. coli strain showed binding discrimination between different metal ions in combination use, with the preference order of Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+. It absorbed different metal ions with relatively constant ratio and showed a cumulative absorption capability for mixed heavy metals.     

Reversal of Cadmium-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction by Selenium, Zinc, or Their Combination in Rat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of combined treatment with zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in reversing cadmium (Cd)-induced thyroid dysfunction compared to Se or Zn treatment alone in rats exposed to Cd. For this purpose, 30 adult male Wistar albino rats were equally divided into control and four treated groups receiving either 200 ppm Cd (as CdCl2), 200 ppm Cd + 500 ppm Zn (as ZnCl2), 200 ppm Cd + 0.1 ppm Se (as Na2SeO3), or 200 ppm Cd + 500 ppm Zn + 0.1 ppm Se in their drinking water for 35 days. The results showed that Cd exposure increased significantly the relative thyroid weight (RTW), the thyroid Cd concentration, and the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, whereas the serum thyroxine (T4) level was decreased compared to control rats. The treatment of Cd-exposed rats with Se alone only partially protected from the Cd-induced decrease in serum T4 level. The treatment of Cd-exposed animals with Zn alone partially protected against Cd-induced thyroid dysfunction by maintaining normal RTW and by decreasing Cd concentration in the thyroid. It also partially prevents Cd-induced decrease in serum T4 level. The combined treatment of Cd-exposed animals with Se and Zn induced a more significant decrease in the thyroid Cd concentration than the Zn supplement and a total correction of the RTW. This treatment was also more effective than that with Se or Zn alone in reversing Cd-induced decrease in serum T4 level and Cd-induced increase in serum TSH level. Se and Zn can have a synergistic role against Cd-induced thyroid dysfunction.     

Solution 1H NMR investigation of Zn2+ and Cd2+ binding to amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) of Alzheimer's disease

Elevated levels of zinc2+ and copper2+ are found chelated to the amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) in isolated senile plaque cores of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the precise residues involved in Zn2+ ligation are yet to be established. We have used 1H NMR and CD to probe the binding of Zn2+ to Abeta(1-28). Zinc binding to Abeta causes a number of 1H NMR resonances to exhibit intermediate exchange broadening upon Zn2+ addition, signals in slow and fast exchange are also observed. In addition, there is a general loss of signal for all resonances with Zn2+ addition, suggestive of the formation of high molecular weight polymeric species. Perturbations in specific 1H NMR resonances between residues 6 and 14, and analysis of various Abeta analogues in which each of the three His residues have been replaced by alanine, indicates that His6, His13 and His14 residues are implicated in Zn-Abeta binding. Complementary studies with Cd2+ ions cause perturbations to 1H NMR spectra that are strikingly similar to that observed for Zn2+. Binding monitored at Val12 indicates a 1:1 stoichiometry with Abeta for both Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions. Circular Dichroism (CD) studies in the far-UV indicate quite minimal ordering of the main-chain with Zn2+ or Cd2+ addition. Changes in the far-UV are quite different from that obtained with Cu2+ additions indicating that Zn2+ coordination is distinct from that of Cu2+ ions. Taken together, these observations seem to suggest that Zn2+ coordination is dominated by inter-molecular coordination and the formation of polymeric species.