弱光下水分胁迫对不同产地披针叶茴香幼苗生理特性的影响

选用4个不同产地披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum)(浙江临安(LA)、浙江开化(KH)、江西武宁(WN)和福建南平(NP))1年生盆栽幼苗为试验材料,设置3个光照处理(Ⅰ:25μmol·m-2·s-1;Ⅱ:50μmol·m-2·s-1;Ⅲ:75μmol·m-2·s-1)和2个水分处理(正常供水(CK)和自然干旱2d),探讨弱光环境下短期干旱对披针叶茴香幼苗生理特性及适应性的影响。结果表明:两种水分处理下,披针叶茴香幼苗抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量对弱光的敏感性存在明显差异。在光处理Ⅱ和Ⅲ条件下,WN产地幼苗经2d水分胁迫后,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比正常水分条件明显增加,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在光处理Ⅲ下比正常水分条件的显著增加,各光处理下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性比正常水分的显著下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量相反。水分胁迫后,各光处理下LA产地幼苗的SOD和POD酶活性低于正常水分条件的,可溶性蛋白和MDA含量均较正常水分处理的增加。与正常水分条件相比,水分胁迫后的KH产地幼苗SOD、POD和CAT酶活性在光处理Ⅰ下均显著增加,可溶性蛋白和MDA含量有所下降。NP产地幼苗各光处理的酶活性均表现出水分胁迫后的比正常水分下的有所提高。可知,短期水分胁迫对提高KH、WN和NP产地幼苗对弱光环境的适应性具有显著促进作用。研究揭示短期水分胁迫可通过增加抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来提高幼苗对弱光的适应性。     

桃儿七光合生理特性的地理差异研究

对中国由南向北5个种源地桃儿七(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum)的光合生理生态特性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)北部宁夏六盘山地区植株的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)最高,表观光量子效率(AQY)、瞬时光能利用效率(ILUE)和最大光合速率(Pmax)最低,光合能力最差;最南部云南纳帕海植株的LSP和LCP很低,但因其AQY和ILUE最高,故其Pmax最大,强光下的光合能力最高.(2)最南部云南纳帕海和最北部甘肃兴隆山个体的羧化效率(CE)最高,且CO2补偿点(CCP)较低,因此CO2利用率较高;而较南部四川刷经寺个体的CE最低,且CCP最高,故CO2利用效率最低.(3)各种源植株叶片的叶绿素总量及叶绿素a含量无显著差异,而不同地区个体的Chla/Chlb值差异显著,最北部甘肃兴隆山植株的Chla/Chlb值最大,而南部四川刷经寺的Chla/Chlb值最小.(4)各种源地植株的水分利用效率(WUE)和蒸腾速率(Tr)对光量子通量密度(PFD)与CO2浓度的响应过程也表现出显著的地理分异.总的来看,桃儿七是一种喜光但又较耐阴植物,但不同分布区桃儿七的光合生理生态特征已经出现了较显著的地理分化.     

干旱胁迫对日本荚蒾幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为了探讨极小种群野生植物日本荚蒾(Viburnum japonicum)对干旱胁迫的响应,以日本荚蒾二年实生苗为材料进行盆栽控水实验,设置正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱(LS)、中度干旱(MS)和重度干旱(SS)4个水分处理,研究持续干旱处理对日本荚蒾幼苗光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:在CK、LS、MS水分梯度下,日本荚蒾幼苗生长正常,但在SS胁迫下受影响明显,植株全部死亡。各胁迫阶段叶片净光合速率(P_n)、SPAD值、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)表现出随水分梯度的降低而减小,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)则相反,各水分梯度下AQY随时间延长逐渐上升,SS处理幼苗在胁迫45d及以后P_n均为负值。最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)在胁迫过程中变化范围较小;实际光量子效率(ΦPSII)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)随土壤水分的减少而降低,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)逐渐上升,LS、MS与CK间变化幅度较小,但SS与CK间差距逐渐增大。结果表明在轻度和中度干旱下日本荚蒾幼苗表现出一定的适应性和耐干旱能力,而长期重度干旱则对幼苗影响较为严重。     

广西4个种源蚬木苗木光合特性的比较

以广西4个不同种源蚬木Excentrodendron hsienmu苗为研究材料,测定及分析其光响应曲线及光合参数日变化规律,以期为蚬木引种和优选提供理论依据.结果表明:武鸣种源具最高的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP),具有较好的适应强光的能力.靖西种源具有较高的最大光合速率(Pmax)、LSP和斜率(AQY),...     

披针叶茴香叶绿素荧光参数对不同光环境的响应

以天目山披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum)4年生栽培幼苗为对象,经不同光环境(自然全光照,50%光照和20%光照)处理后,采用雅欣理1611植物效率仪测试,并进行光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析(JIP-test),以探讨其光适应机制,为高莽草酸含量植株高效栽培技术提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)随着遮光程度增加,披针叶茴香叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素含量(Chl(a+b))呈上升趋势,均与全光照存在显著差异;Chl a/Chl b值分别降低了22.92%和31.56%,均与全光照差异极显著。(2)随遮光程度增强,PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,50%和20%光照处理的Fv/Fm值分别比全光照下降了1.34%和2.79%,且20%光照处理与全光照差异显著。(3)随遮光程度增强,50%光照和20%光照处理叶片单位面积光合机构含有的反应中心数目(RC/CSo)分别比全光照减少了2.94%和13.63%,单位反应中心以热能形式耗散的能量(DIo/RC)分别增加了2.2%和62.9%。研究表明,50%光照处理下披针叶茴香叶片用于光合电子传递的能量占吸收光能的比例变化不显著,而在20%光照处理则显著降低,即50%遮光环境有利于披针叶茴香提高光能利用效率,促进其生长和增加生物量积累。     

光照对珙桐幼苗光合与生长特性的影响

为了解珙桐幼苗对光强的适应性, 以3 年生珙桐幼苗为实验材料, 设置了全光照, 62%全光照及43%全光照3种光环境, 观测了110 d 后珙桐幼苗光合特性及生物量分配的变化情况。结果表明: (1)珙桐幼苗净光合速率(Pn)日变化在全光照条件下呈双峰型, 有明显“光合午休”现象, 而遮阴条件下呈单峰型; (2)遮阴处理下最大光合速率(Pmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、水分利用效率(WUE)及光能利用效率(LUE)均高于全光照, 光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均低于全光照; (3)遮阴显著降低珙桐幼苗根冠比, 增加了比叶面积(SLA)和总生物量。上述结果说明: 遮阴处理后, 珙桐幼苗在光合特性和生长特性上表现出对弱光一定程度的驯化适应, 对比三种遮阴条件可以得知, 适度的遮阴更有利于幼苗的正常生长, 甚至在较低光照(43%全光照)环境下有更高的光能利用率。     

盐胁迫对二色补血草光合生理生态特性的影响

以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙为基质,及该岛上生长的优势草本植物二色补血草幼苗为材料,用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0,50,100,200,300mmol/L)模拟盐胁迫处理30d,探讨二色补血草光合生理生态特性对盐胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:二色补血草对盐胁迫和光合有效辐射(PAR)具有较强的适应能力,在盐浓度为50～100mmol/L条件下,其净光合速率(Pn)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、表观光能利用效率(LUE)、羧化效率(CE)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)均达到最高值,光补偿点(LCP)最低,表明其在此盐分范围内,利用光的能力较强,光照生态幅最宽。当盐分浓度为300mmol/L时,其Pn、WUE、LUE、CE、LSP和AQY显著下降,LCP升高,Pn、Tr、Gs、WUE、LUE、CE对PAR的响应曲线与对照差异较大,即高盐胁迫加重了二色补血草对光的敏感性;WUE、LUE、CE的最优PAR和盐分范围存在一定的差异,低PAR下有利于光能的利用,中PAR下有利于水分的利用,高PAR下有利于CO2的利用;WUE对盐分的适应范围最大,CE其次,LUE最小。     

光照条件对高山杜鹃光合生理特性的影响

以高山杜鹃‘Furnivall’s Daughter’3年生植株为材料,采用遮阳网遮荫方法设置100%(L1)、53%(L2)、30%(L3)、17%(L4)全光照,研究不同光照对其光合特性及其相关生理特性的影响,探讨高山杜鹃对不同光强的响应及适应机制。结果表明:(1)与全光照条件相比,遮阴处理可有效提高光饱和点(LSP),降低光补偿点(LCP)和呼吸速率(Rd),从而具有较高的净光合速率(Pn);其中L3处理植株的LCP、Rd最低,而且其LSP和饱和光合速率(Pmax)最高,表明L3光照条件是其最适宜的生长光强。(2)随着光照强度的降低,叶片的叶绿素a呈轻微下降趋势,而叶绿素b、单位面积叶氮含量(LNCa)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)则呈显著增加趋势,且光照强度对叶绿素b的影响较叶绿素a敏感,从而导致总叶绿素含量显著增加,而叶绿素a/b比值下降。(3)可塑性分析结果表明,高山杜鹃‘Furnivall’s Daughter’主要通过Pmax、LSP、LCP、Rd、PNUE和叶绿素含量的改变来适应光环境的变化,而比叶重(LMA)、LNCa、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在其适应光环境的过程中作用较小。     

土壤干旱对转基因甘薯光合曲线的响应

采用盆栽试验的方法,设置适宜水分、中度干旱和重度干旱(土壤田间持水量的75%—80%、60%—65%和35%—40%)等3个土壤水分条件,以叶片同时转入Cu/Zn SOD和APX基因的甘薯和未转基因对照植株为材料,研究它们在不同水分条件下的光合响应特性。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,转基因(TS)和未转基因(NS)植株光响应曲线的变化趋势均基本一致,但转基因甘薯叶片的光合速率都高于未转基因植株,尤其是在严重的干旱胁迫下两者的差异最为显著,表明同时转入的Cu/Zn SOD和APX抗氧化酶基因有利于甘薯在干旱逆境下维持较高的光合能力。正常的水分水平及中度干旱胁迫下,TS和NS植株叶片的Pmax无明显差别,但在严重干旱条件下TS叶片的Pmax显著高于NS。在本试验中,与适宜水分处理相比,NS植株叶片的表观量子效率(φ)在中度干旱胁迫下就开始显著下降,而TS植株只是轻微下降,到严重干旱时,两者都显著下降,但是TS仍略高于NS植株。随着土壤干旱程度增加,甘薯叶片光补偿点(LCP)增高,光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(φ)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)下降,表明干旱胁迫使气孔关闭,光能利用率降低,同时利用CO2的能力降低,光合产物消耗增加,不利于同化产物的积累,在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因甘薯叶片光补偿点(LCP)、光呼吸增高以及光饱和点下降的幅度均明显小于未转基因植株,这可能是因为转入的抗氧化酶基因提高干旱胁迫下叶片中酶促防御系统的活性,适度缓解了干旱逆境引起的膜脂过氧化伤害。     

干旱胁迫对两种油桐幼苗生长、气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探究干旱胁迫对两种油桐(三年桐和千年桐)幼苗光合生理特性的变化及响应,采用盆栽试验,研究不同水分处理(正常供水、轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱)对油桐幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,轻度干旱胁迫对两种油桐生长、气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数无明显影响(P0.05);中度干旱及重度干旱使两种油桐的叶绿素SPAD值、生长量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学猝灭系数(q_P)显著下降(P0.05),且在重度干旱胁迫下迅速下降,胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、水分利用效率(WUE)、光补偿点(LCP)、初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著升高(P0.05);中度干旱胁迫下油桐幼苗P_n的降低是由气孔因素及光合机构活性降低的非气孔因素共同引起的,而重度干旱胁迫下光合作用的下降主要是由光合机构活性降低的非气孔因素引起的。三年桐的光合机构活性及光合效率高于千年桐,对干旱胁迫的适应性较千年桐强。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D using different fungi gave 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin-C, zaluzanin-C, 4,16,11,13 - tetrahydro zaluzanin-C, estafiatone, dihydroestafiatol and dihydroestafiatone.     

Unification of the genera Nonlabens, Persicivirga, Sandarakinotalea and Stenothermobacter into a single emended genus, Nonlabens, and description of Nonlabens agnitus sp. nov

Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that a bacterial isolate, designated JC2678(T), represents a distinct phyletic line within the suprageneric monophyletic clade containing the genera Nonlabens, Persicivirga, Stenothermobacter and Sandarakinotalea. The polyphasic data presented in this study demonstrated that the members belonging to the Nonlabens-like clade overall constitute a single genus. Therefore, it is proposed to transfer the members of genera Persicivirga O'Sullivan et al. 2006, Stenothermobacter Lau et al. 2006 and Sandarakinotalea Khan et al. 2006 to the genus Nonlabens Lau et al. 2005. Thus, P. dokdonensis (Yoon et al. 2006) Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009, P. ulvanivorans Barbeyron et al. 2010, P. xylanidelens O'Sullivan et al. 2006, Sandarakinotalea sediminis Khan et al. 2006 and Stenothermobacter spongiae Lau et al. 2006 should be transferred to Nonlabens dokdonensis comb. nov., Nonlabens ulvanivorans comb. nov., Nonlabens xylanidelens comb. nov., Nonlabens sediminis comb. nov. and Nonlabens spongiae comb. nov., respectively. In addition, strain JC2678(T) (=KACC 14155(T)=JCM 17109(T)) is proposed to constitute a novel species belonging to the genus Nonlabens with the name of Nonlabens agnitus sp. nov.