大气CO2浓度升高对八宝景天生长及光合生理的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)系统,设正常大气CO₂浓度和CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-12个CO₂浓度处理,模拟大气CO₂浓度升高对八宝景天光合生理和生长发育的影响.结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高使八宝景天叶片上、下表皮气孔密度分别显著下降16.1%和16.7%,使叶片维管束增粗,导管增多,靠近上表皮细胞增大;CO₂浓度升高可以显著增加傍晚时八宝景天叶片光合色素含量,使夜间净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著增加.初花期傍晚,CO₂浓度升高使叶片苹果酸含量显著下降64.0%,纤维素含量显著增加20.8%.盛花期清晨,CO₂浓度升高使叶片苹果酸含量显著增加27.0%,对糖类物质含量影响不显著,植株的分枝数、单株茎质量和单株总生物量显著增加.CO₂浓度升高可以促进八宝景天光合作用,有利于植株生长.     

干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高条件下白羊草的光合特征

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草在不同水分水平(80％ FC和40％ FC)和CO2浓度(375和750 μmol·m-2·s-1)处理下的光合生理变化特征.结果表明:干旱胁迫使白羊草的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(Tt)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和光合色素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高.水分充足条件下,与正常大气CO2浓度相比,大气CO2浓度倍增下白羊草的PnmaxMDA和Pro含量无显著差异.干旱胁迫下,CO2浓度升高提高了白羊草的最大荧光(Fm)、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、叶绿素含量和AQE,Pnmax比正常CO2浓度下高23.3％,差异达到显著水平,而MDA和Pro含量均显著降低.CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫引起的白羊草光合能力下降有一定的补偿作用,减轻了干旱胁迫对白羊草的伤害.     

施氮和大气CO2浓度升高对小麦旗叶光合电子传递和分配的影响

采用开顶式气室盆栽培养小麦,设计2个大气CO2浓度(正常:400 μmol.mol-1;高:760 μmol·mol-1)、2个氮素水平(0和200 mg·kg-1土)的组合处理,通过测定小麦抽穗期旗叶氮素和叶绿素浓度、光合速率(Pn)-胞间CO2浓度(C1)响应曲线及荧光动力学参数,来测算小麦叶片光合电子传递速率等,研究了高大气CO2浓度下施氮对小麦旗叶光合能量分配的影响.结果表明:与正常大气CO2浓度相比,高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,高氮处理的小麦叶片叶绿素a/b升高.施氮后小麦叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ反应中心最大量子产额(Fv'/Fm')、PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例(qr)和PSⅡ反应中心实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)在大气CO2浓度升高后无明显变化,虽然叶片非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著降低,但PSⅡ总电子传递速率(JF)无明显增加;不施氮处理的Fv'/Fm'、φPSⅡ和NPQ在高大气CO2浓度下显著降低,尽管Fv/Fm和qp无明显变化,JF仍显著下降.施氮后小麦叶片JF增加,参与光化学反应的非环式电子流传递速率(Jc)明显升高.大气CO2浓度升高使参与光呼吸的非环式电子流传递速率(J0)、Rubisco氧化速率(V0)、光合电子的光呼吸/光化学传递速率比(J0/Jc)和Rubisco氧化/羧化比(V0/Vc)降低,但使Jc和Rubisco羧化速率(Vc)增加.因此,高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,而增施氮素使通过PSⅡ反应中心的电子流速率显著增加,促进了光合电子流向光化学方向的传递,使更多的电子进入Rubisco羧化过程,Pn显著升高.     

大气CO2浓度升高对光合作用的影响

众多的事实表明,大气的CO_2浓度正不断地升高,从工业化革命时期的270—280ppm 上升到现在的350ppm 左右,平均每年以1.2—1.4ppm 的速率递增,预计21世纪中后期大气CO_2浓度将上升为现在的两倍。CO_2作为温室气体,必然给全球的生态环境带来深刻的变化,因此,植物如何对大气CO_2浓度的升高作出响应,已引起各国科学家的普遍关注,因此此课题已成为目前比较活跃的研究领域。CO_2是光合作用的原料,故弄清楚光合作用如何对大气CO_2浓度升高作出响应,对于了解未来大气CO_2浓度升高对植物的影响尤其重要。本文将讨论大气CO_2浓度升高对光合作用的影响,及其影响的机制。     

大气CO2浓度升高对干旱条件下冬小麦叶片光合适应的影响

大气CO2浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要特征,但大气CO2浓度长期升高条件下冬小麦叶片发生光合适应的机制尚不十分清楚.本研究以盆栽冬小麦'郑麦9023,为试验材料,在人工气候控制室内设置2个CO2浓度(400和600 μmol·mol-1)、2个水分条件(田间持水量的80％±5％和55％±5％),测定拔节期和抽穗期的光合...     

大气CO2浓度升高对香蕉光合作用及光合碳循环过程中叶氮分配的影响

生长在高CC2浓度(700±56μl     

大气CO2浓度升高对粘虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明晰大气CO_2浓度升高对粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在人工气候箱800μL/L与400μL/L两种不同CO_2浓度下,用人工饲料连续饲养粘虫3代后,分析其发育历期、体重、存活率等种群参数的变化。结果表明:不同CO_2浓度处理下各世代的粘虫均能正常发育,各虫态的发育历期为:幼虫成虫蛹卵,幼虫1-3代的发育历期在两种CO_2浓度下差异达极显著水平(P0.001);CO_2浓度倍增条件下的蛹重和成虫体重较对照条件下明显下降;CO_2浓度倍增对粘虫的性比影响不大,但可导致粘虫雌成虫寿命缩短,单雌平均产卵量和单雌日均产卵量下降。高CO_2浓度下第1代粘虫种群的平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(DT)分别延长了1.19和1.24 d,1-2代粘虫的净生殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)呈下降趋势,至第3代略有回升,但未达到显著性差异水平(P0.05);高CO_2浓度条件下粘虫1-3代的存活率分别为44%、31%和33%,分别较对照条件下对应世代粘虫的存活率低10%、27%和22%,其中第2、3代粘虫的存活率在两种CO_2浓度条件下差异显著(P0.05),第1代粘虫在高CO_2浓度下存活率明显下降,至第3代时逐渐趋于稳定,说明随着世代的延长,粘虫对高CO_2浓度的适应能力增强。     

大气CO2浓度升高对花蜜及传粉昆虫的影响

植物依赖昆虫传授花粉,昆虫从植物获得花粉和花蜜作为食物,两者在漫长的进化过程中形成了密切的互惠共生关系.大量研究表明,CO2浓度升高对植物花蜜的产量和组成有显著的影响.CO2浓度增加后,有花植物花蜜的产量和组分在不同物种之间的变化差异很大,即使是种内不同基因型植株的花蜜对CO2浓度增加的反应也有所不同.大部分种类花蜜的...     

Effects of temperature and CO2 concentration on photosynthetic CO2 fixation by Chlorella

The rates of photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ fixation by Chlorella vulgarisllh, grown under high CO₂, were determined between 4 to 37°Cwith air containing from 300 to 13,000 ppm ¹⁴CO₂. When the CO₂level was increased, both the rate of photosynthesis and theoptimum temperature for maximum photosynthesis increased. Themaximum photosynthetic rate was reached at 12°C with 300ppm ^l4CO₂. Among the photosynthetic products fromed at 300 ppm ¹⁴CO₂, glycolatedecreased greatly when the temperature was raised from 20 to30°C. At 3,000 ppm ¹⁴CO₂ an insignificant amount of glycolatewas formed at all temperatures, whereas ¹⁴C-incorporation intothe insoluble fraction, sucrose, and the lipid fraction wassignificantly higher than at 300 ppm ¹⁴CO₂. The ¹⁴C in sucrosewas greatly increased and the radioactivity in the insolublefraction decreased when the temperature was raised from 28 to36°C. (Received April 8, 1980; )     

Effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration, irradiance, and soil nitrogen availability on leaf photosynthetic traits of Polygonum sachalinense around natural CO2 springs in northern Japan

Long-term exposure to elevated CO₂ concentration will affect the traits of wild plants in association with other environmental factors. We investigated multiple effects of atmospheric CO₂ concentration, irradiance, and soil N availability on the leaf photosynthetic traits of a herbaceous species, Polygonum sachalinense, growing around natural CO₂ springs in northern Japan. Atmospheric CO₂ concentration and its interaction with irradiance and soil N availability affected several leaf traits. Leaf mass per unit area increased and N per mass decreased with increasing CO₂ and irradiance. Leaf N per area increased with increasing soil N availability at higher CO₂ concentrations. The photosynthetic rate under growth CO₂ conditions increased with increasing irradiance and CO₂, and with increasing soil N at higher CO₂ concentrations. The maximal velocity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation (V _cmax) was affected by the interaction of CO₂ and soil N, suggesting that down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated CO₂ was more evident at lower soil N availability. The ratio of the maximum rate of electron transport to V _cmax (J _max/V _cmax) increased with increasing CO₂, suggesting that the plants used N efficiently for photosynthesis at high CO₂ concentrations by changes in N partitioning. To what extent elevated CO₂ influenced plant traits depended on other environmental factors. As wild plants are subject to a wide range of light and nutrient availability, our results highlight the importance of these environmental factors when the effects of elevated CO₂ on plants are evaluated.     

Analysing the responses of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation to long-term elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration

Understanding how photosynthetic capacity acclimatises when plants are grown in an atmosphere of rising CO₂ concentrations will be vital to the development of mechanistic models of the response of plant productivity to global environmental change. A limitation to the study of acclimatisation is the small amount of material that may be destructively harvested from long-term studies of the effects of elevation of CO₂ concentration. Technological developments in the measurement of gas exchange, fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy, coupled with theoretical developments in the interpretation of measured values now allow detailed analyses of limitations to photosynthesisin vivo. The use of leaf chambers with Ulbricht integrating spheres allows separation of change in the maximum efficiency of energy transduction in the assimilation of CO₂ from changes in tissue absorptance. Analysis of the response of CO₂ assimilation to intercellular CO₂ concentration allows quantitative determination of the limitation imposed by stomata, carboxylation efficiency, and the rate of regeneration of ribulose 1:5 bisphosphate. Chlorophyll fluorescence provides a rapid method for detecting photoinhibition in heterogeneously illuminated leaves within canopies in the field. Modulated fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy allow parallel measurements of the efficiency of light utilisation in electron transport through photosystems I and IIin situ.Abbreviations A net rate of CO₂ uptke per unit leaf area (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - A_sat light-saturated A - A₈₂₀ change in absorptance of PSI on removal of illumination (OD) - c CO₂ concentration in air (µmol mol^–1) - c_a c in the bulk air; c_i, c in the intercellular spaces - ce carboxylation efficiency (mol m^–2 s^–1) - E transpiration per unit leaf area (mol m^–2 s^–1) - F fluorescence emission of PSII (relative units) - F_m maximal level of F - F_o minimal level of F upon illumination when PSII is maximally oxidised - F_s the steady-state F following the m peak - F_v the difference between F_m and F_o - F'_m maximal F' generated after the m peak by addition of a saturating light pulse - F'_o the minimal level of F' after the m peak determined by re-oxidising PSII by far-red light - g₁ leaf conductance to CO₂ diffusion in the gas phase (mol m^–2 s^–1) - g'₁ leaf conductance to water vapour diffusion in the gas phase (mol m^–2 s^–1) - k_c and k_o the Michaelis constants for CO₂ and O₂, respectively, (µmol mol^–1); - J_max the maximum rate of regeneration of rubP (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - l stomatal limitation to CO₂ uptake (dimensionless, 0–1) - LCP light compensation point of photosynthesis (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - o_i the intercellular O₂ concentration (mmol mol^–1) - Pi cytosol inorganic phosphate concentration - PSI photosystem I - PSII photosystem II - Q photon flux (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - Q_abs Q absorbed by the leaf - rubisCO ribulose 1:5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; rubP, ribulose 1:5 bisphosphate; s, projected surface area of a leaf (m²) - V_c,max is the maximum rate of carboxylation (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - W_c the rubisCO limited rate of carboxylation (µmol m^–2 s¹) - W_j the electron transport limited rate of regeneration of rubP (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - W_p the inorganic phosphate limited rate of regeneration of rubP (µmol m^–2 s^–1) - absorptance of light (dimensionless, 0–1) - _a of standard black absorber ₁, of leaf - _s of integrating sphere walls - , CO₂ compensation point of photosynthesis (µmol mol^–1) - the specificity factor for rubisCO carboxylation (dimensionless) - , convexity of the response of A to Q (dimensionless 0–1) - the quantum yield of photosynthesis on an absorbed light basis (A/Q_abs; dimensionless) - the quantum yield of photosynthesis on an incident light basis (A/Q; dimensionless) - _app the maximum - _m the maximum - _m,app the photochemical efficiency of PSII (dimensionless, 0–1) - _PSII,m the maximum      

高大气CO2浓度下氮素对小麦叶片光能利用的影响

关于氮素对高大气CO₂浓度下C₃植物光合作用适应现象的调节机理已有较为深入的研究, 但对其光合作用适应现象的光合能量转化和分配机制缺乏系统分析。该文以大气CO₂浓度和施氮量为处理手段, 通过测定小麦(Triticum aestivum)抽穗期叶片的光合作用-胞间CO₂浓度响应曲线以及荧光动力学参数来测算光合电子传递速率和分配去向, 研究了长期高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片光合电子传递和分配对施氮量的响应。结果表明, 与正常大气CO₂浓度处理相比, 高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片较多的激发能以热量的形式耗散, 增施氮素可使更多的激发能向光化学反应方向的分配, 降低光合能量的热耗散速率; 大气CO₂浓度升高后小麦叶片光化学淬灭系数无明显变化, 高氮叶片的非光化学猝灭降低而低氮叶片明显升高, 施氮促进PSII反应中心的开放比例, 降低光能的热耗散; 高大气CO₂浓度下高氮叶片通过PSII反应中心的光合电子传递速率(J_F)较高, 而且参与光呼吸的非环式电子流速率(J₀)显著降低, 较正常大气CO₂浓度处理的高氮叶片下降了88.40%, 光合速率增加46.47%; 高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片J_F-J₀升高而J₀/J_F显著下降, 光呼吸耗能被抑制, 更多的光合电子分配至光合还原过程。因此, 大气CO₂浓度增高条件下, 小麦叶片激发能的热耗散速率增加, 但增施氮素后小麦叶片PSII反应中心开放比例提高, 光化学速率增加, 进入PSII反应中心的电子流速率明显升高, 光呼吸作用被抑制, 光合电子较多地进入光化学过程, 这可能是高氮条件下光合作用适应性下调被缓解的一个原因。     

不同土壤水分条件下CO2浓度对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响

利用开顶式熏气室研究了不同土壤水分条件下不同CO2浓度对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响,以期对未来大气CO2浓度升高条件下不同降雨地区的小麦－蚜虫关系发展趋势做出蚜虫关系发展趋势做出初步预测,结果表明,随CO2浓度从350ul.L^-1上升至550ul.L^-1时,60％土壤水分下的种群增长最快;当CO2浓度从550ul.L^-1上升到700ul.L^-1时,60％和40％土亍水分下的种群增长相近,且高于80％土壤水分下的增长,据此可以认为,随大气CO2浓度升高,禾谷缢管蚜种群会持续增长,从目前至下世纪中叶的时间内可能是蚜种群增长最快的阶段,特别在干旱,半干旱地区禾谷缢管蚜种群增长幅度较大,小麦受受较重。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on soil microorganisms

Effects of elevated CO(2) on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and synthesize results from studies assessing impacts of elevated CO(2) on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated CO(2) in atmosphere may enhance certain microbial processes such as CH(4) emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. However, responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of CO(2) fumigation systems are not fully understood.     

Effects of CO2 concentration during growth on subsequent photosynthetic CO2 fixation in Chlorella1

The maximum rate of photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ fixation (V_max) aswell as the concentration of CO₂ at which the rate of photosynthetic¹⁴CO₂ fixation attains one-half its maximum velocity (K_m) inChlorella vulgaris 11h cells was strongly dependent on the concentrationof CO₂ continuously provided during the algal growth. The V_max (µmoles ¹⁴CO₂ fixed/ml pcv?min) and K_m (% CO₂)of the algal cells which had been grown in air containing 4%CO₂ (by volume) were ca. 10 and 0.15–0.17, while thosein the cells which had been grown in ordinary air (containing0.04% CO₂) were 7 and 0.05–0.06, respectively. When the concentration of CO₂ in the bubbling gas was loweredfrom 4 to 0.04% during the algal growth, their photosynthetickinetics attained the respective lower steady levels after 5–10hr. On the other hand, when the photosynthetic kinetics weredetermined 24 hr after raising the concentration of CO₂ from0.04 to 4%, the V_max and K_m-values were found to have alreadyattained the respective higher levels. (Received October 15, 1976; )     

Effects of RuBisCO and CO2 concentration on cyanobacterial growth and carbon isotope fractionation

Carbon isotope biosignatures preserved in the Precambrian geologic record are primarily interpreted to reflect ancient cyanobacterial carbon fixation catalyzed by Form I RuBisCO enzymes. The average range of isotopic biosignatures generally follows that produced by extant cyanobacteria. However, this observation is difficult to reconcile with several environmental (e.g., temperature, pH, and CO₂ concentrations), molecular, and physiological factors that likely would have differed during the Precambrian and can produce fractionation variability in contemporary organisms that meets or exceeds that observed in the geologic record. To test a specific range of genetic and environmental factors that may impact ancient carbon isotope biosignatures, we engineered a mutant strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 that overexpresses RuBisCO across varying atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. We hypothesized that changes in RuBisCO expression would impact the net rates of intracellular CO₂ fixation versus CO₂ supply, and thus whole-cell carbon isotope discrimination. In particular, we investigated the impacts of RuBisCO overexpression under changing CO₂ concentrations on both carbon isotope biosignatures and cyanobacterial physiology, including cell growth and oxygen evolution rates. We found that an increased pool of active RuBisCO does not significantly affect the ¹³C/¹²C isotopic discrimination (ε_p) at all tested CO₂ concentrations, yielding ε_p of ≈ 23‰ for both wild-type and mutant strains at elevated CO₂. We therefore suggest that expected variation in cyanobacterial RuBisCO expression patterns should not confound carbon isotope biosignature interpretation. A deeper understanding of environmental, evolutionary, and intracellular factors that impact cyanobacterial physiology and isotope discrimination is crucial for reconciling microbially driven carbon biosignatures with those preserved in the geologic record.     

CO2浓度增加和水分亏缺对典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

探讨大气CO₂浓度和水分变化对3种典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响,可为未来气候变化情形下草地生态系统适应性管理提供理论支持。本试验利用可精准控制CO₂浓度的人工气候室,设置400(自然大气)和800 μmol·mol^-1(倍增)两个CO₂浓度,80%土壤田间持水量(FC)(充分灌水对照)、55%～60%FC(轻度水分亏缺)、35%～40%FC(中度水分亏缺)、<35%FC(重度水分亏缺)4个水分梯度,研究CO₂浓度增加和水分亏缺对甘蓝型油菜、白三叶和紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明: 同一CO₂浓度下,与充分灌水对照相比,当土壤水分<40%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素含量和气体交换参数均显著降低;土壤水分为55%～60%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素总含量无显著变化,而白三叶和紫花苜蓿的光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)降低了6%～25%,但WUE无显著性差异。与大气CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度倍增使充分灌水处理下甘蓝型油菜的P_n显著降低了21.5%,而显著增加了轻度水分亏缺下3种植物的P_n,且增加了中度水分亏缺下甘蓝型油菜和紫花苜蓿的P_n,但只对重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的P_n有所改善;CO₂浓度倍增显著增加了白三叶和紫花苜蓿在所有水分处理下的WUE,但只增加了甘蓝型油菜在轻度水分亏缺下的WUE。CO₂浓度和水分的交互作用对3种植物的P_n均有显著影响,但仅对甘蓝型油菜的WUE有显著影响。综上,3种植物对大气CO₂浓度倍增和水分亏缺的响应存在明显差异,CO₂浓度升高能改善轻度水分亏缺对3种植物光合性能和WUE的不利影响,但只改善了重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的光合性能。     

CO2浓度和土壤含水量对植物个体尺度短期水分利用效率的影响

分析植物个体短期水分利用效率(WUE_p)对CO₂浓度(C_a)和土壤含水量(SWC)的响应,可提高对气候变化下个体生存策略的认识。本研究以侧柏幼树为对象,在模拟气候箱中进行培养试验,设400(C₄₀₀)、600(C₆₀₀)和800 μmol·mol^-1CO₂(C₈₀₀)浓度处理和35%～45%田间持水量(FC)、50%～60%FC、60%～70%FC、70%～80%FC、95%～100%FC土壤含水量处理,共15个处理。WUE_p对C_a和SWC的响应用包裹式茎流计、称重法结合静态同化箱测定。结果表明: 个体日间(0.12～1.87 mol·h^-1)和夜间蒸腾速率(0.01～0.16 mol·h^-1)均在C₄₀₀×70%～80%FC时达到最大值,个体日间净光合速率(2.12～22.10 mmol·h^-1)在C₈₀₀×70%～80%FC时达到最大值,而个体夜间呼吸速率(0.84～4.41 mmol·h^-1)随SWC的增加而增加,随C_a的增加而减小,在C₄₀₀×95%～100%FC时达到最大值。WUE_p(5.37～24.35 mmol·mol^-1)在C₈₀₀×50%～60%FC时达到最大值,表明高C_a和干旱条件下,植物个体可通过生理可塑性调整,利用较少的水分固定更多的碳;此外,当个体间形态特征差异较小时,叶片瞬时水分利用效率可以较好地指示WUE_P的变化。