红壤侵蚀区植被恢复研究综述

植被恢复是红壤侵蚀区生态恢复与重建的有效途径。二十多年来,红壤侵蚀区的植被恢复研究得到了快速发展,不少学者对红壤侵蚀区植被恢复的关键、原则、途径、步骤、模式及生态过程和机理等内容作了较为深入的探讨和研究,并在实际应用中取得了成效。     

草地沙化过程地上植被与土壤种子库变化特征

研究了草地沙漠化过程地上植被与土壤种子库的变化特征。获如下结论：(1)草地沙漠化过程地上植被与土壤种子库物种多样性的衰减模式不同,土壤种子库植物种数从潜在沙漠化阶段(固定沙地)到中度沙漠化阶段(半流动沙地)变化很小,而从中度沙漠化到严重沙漠化阶段(流动沙地)衰减速度明显加快;地上植被种数随着沙漠化程度增加而下降,其中从中度沙漠化到严重沙漠化发展阶段衰减幅度最大。(2)地上植被与土壤种子库密度随着沙漠化程度增加而下降,但下降速率因沙漠化发展阶段不同而异,从固定到半固定沙地是地上植被与土壤种子库密度下降最快的时期。(3)地上植被与土壤种子库共有种数随着沙漠化程度的增加而减少,从而导致了地上与土壤种子库群落组成的相异性增大。(4)4种退化沙地土壤种子库组成的相似性要高于地上植被,表明在沙漠化过程中土壤种子库群落组成的稳定性要高于地上植被。(5)地上植被密度与土壤种子库密度存在显著相关性,其关系可用二次曲线来描述。     

亚热带侵蚀红壤植被恢复后营养元素通量的变化

对亚热带花岗岩红壤强度侵蚀地采取种草促林(ER1)、植灌促林(ER2),栽阔促林(ER3)3种生态恢复措施近20a后生态系统的营养元素储量及通量进行了研究,并以强度侵蚀地(CK1)和村旁受保护的风水林(CK2)为对照。研究结果表明:强度侵蚀地生态系统储存在植被中的营养元素总量及流通量极小,植被营养元素库存量仅7.494kg/hm2,乔木层营养元素年吸收量0.505kg/hm2,年归还量0.141kg/hm2。生态恢复约20a后,植被养分库储量和通量显著增加,ER1、ER2和ER3植被的营养元素总储量分别是强度侵蚀地的22.2、99.5倍和62.3倍,乔木层营养元素年吸收量分别是强度侵蚀地的20.9、171.5倍和82.9倍,年归还量分别是强度侵蚀地的42.5、158.4倍和93.9倍,年存留量分别是强度侵蚀地的12.5、176.6倍和78.7倍。ER2的营养元素循环恢复程度最好,虽然其植被营养元素库储存量、吸收量和归还量仍低于同地带未遭侵蚀的马尾松林,但其营养元素的吸收量和存留量与CK2的已没有显著差异,生态系统已基本具有自我维持功能。而施肥、有效的水土保持工程措施、种植当地适生的固N树种、适当高的密度、加强植被管理等措施,均可能有利于营养元素循环功能的恢复。     

干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征

土壤种子库是反映气候与土地利用变化的指示器,也是荒漠植被更新与恢复的基础。典型荒漠白刺灌丛植被广泛分布于我国西北绿洲边缘地带,对保护绿洲免受风沙危害发挥着重要作用。但是,对干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库仍未见研究报道。应用空间代替时间的方法,选择石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替的初始阶段、稳定阶段、衰退阶段与严重衰退阶段样地,研究了白刺灌丛植被演替过程的土壤种子库物种组成、时空分布和数量变化特征。结果表明:石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替过程中,土壤种子库共出现9科18种植物,其中草本植物占到55%—80%,是白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库的主体。不同演替阶段土壤种子库密度以稳定阶段最高,达到660.7粒/m2,是初始阶段、衰退阶段和严重衰退阶段的5.6、14.5倍和6.2倍。不同沙堆部位,土壤种子库密度以迎风坡中部与背风坡中部最高,分别达到329粒/m2和309粒/m2;沙堆土壤种子库密度是堆间地的1.9倍,土壤种子库主要分布于灌丛沙堆上。不同演替阶段土壤种子库间的相似性系数均在0.6以下,除稳定阶段外,其他阶段间均属于中等相似水平;土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数均在0.5以上,达到中等相似或极相似水平。该研究进一步证明了灌丛沙堆和土壤种子库在白刺灌丛植被中的重要性,也说明人为干扰损害了白刺灌丛地下潜在植被及其恢复潜力。因此,需要开展人工种子库或人工植被建设以控制干旱荒漠白刺灌丛沙堆活化,并实现退化白刺灌丛植被恢复。     

河西走廊沙漠人工植被区土壤种子库特征

土壤种子库作为地上植被更新的重要的种源储备库,在植被自然恢复和演替过程以及生态系统建设中起着重要作用。以河西走廊不同区域沙漠人工植被为研究对象,研究了土壤种子库物种组成、时空分布和数量变化特征。结果表明：河西走廊沙漠人工林土壤种子库共出现27种植物,分属8科22属,以藜科植物最多,生活型以草本植物种子比例最高,占到90.6%—95.06%;土壤种子库密度介于19.29粒/m~2—858.57粒/m~2之间,从东到西呈水平地带性分布,土壤种子库分布主要集中在0—2cm土层中,不同样地土壤种子库密度均呈明显的垂直分布,在0—10cm土层内,随着土层深度增加,种子库密度先减小后增大;土壤种子库多样性(Simpson指数)在河西走廊东段沙漠人工植被区最高,在0.671—0.812之间,河西走廊中段沙漠人工植被区为0.417—0.809之间,河西走廊西段沙漠人工植被区为0.256—0.707之间,从东到西呈下降趋势,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalett丰富度指数、Peilow均匀度指数也表现出相同的趋势,说明由于生境的植被的异质性程度高,使土壤种子库之间的差异性显著;河西走廊沙漠...     

植被恢复过程中芒萁覆盖对侵蚀红壤氮组分的影响

氮素是限制陆地生态系统生产力的重要因子。采用时空代换法,以红壤侵蚀区未治理、恢复12年和30年的马尾松林为研究对象,对比分析了林下芒萁覆盖地与裸地表层土壤之间氮同位素、不同形态氮组分含量以及不同组分氮含量所占比例之间的差异。结果表明:在所有马尾松林中,芒萁覆盖增加了表层土壤的全氮含量,δ~(15)N值则比林下裸地显著降低了33. 8%—83.1%(P0.05)。随着恢复年限增加,林下芒萁覆盖地表层土壤δ~(15)N值显著下降,而林下裸露地δ~(15)N值没有显著变化(P0.05)。不同恢复年限马尾松林的芒萁覆盖地表层土壤微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮和铵态氮含量显著高于林下裸地(P 0.05),而硝态氮含量则显著低于林下裸地(P0.05)。随恢复年限增加,表层土壤微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮含量均呈增加趋势,而硝态氮含量则呈下降趋势,不同形态氮占全氮比例表现为:微生物生物量氮铵态氮可溶性有机氮硝态氮。相关分析表明土壤δ~(15)N值与硝态氮极显著正相关,与其他氮组分极显著负相关(P0.01)。由此可见,与林下裸地相比,芒萁覆盖在植被恢复过程中有助于提高表层土壤中全氮、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮和铵态氮含量,降低硝态氮的淋溶损失风险,促进土壤氮保持和积累,从而有利于退化红壤生态系统的恢复。     

福建红壤区不同侵蚀强度马尾松林地土壤营养元素变化特征

采用野外调查和室内分析的方法对福建红壤区不同侵蚀强度马尾松林地土壤营养元素动态进行研究,以揭示红壤侵蚀区不同侵蚀强度对马尾松林地土壤营养元素的影响.结果表明:除速效磷以外,侵蚀强度显著改变了土壤有机质、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾的含量以及土壤pH.土壤有机质和碱解氮在中度侵蚀马尾松林地含量最高,随着侵蚀强度的增加植被覆盖减少,土壤有机质和碱解氮显著降低.土壤全钾和速效钾含量随着侵蚀强度的增加而显著增加,土壤速效磷随着侵蚀强度的增加没有显著的变化.土壤pH值随着土壤侵蚀强度和土壤深度的增加而显著增加.皮尔逊相关关系分析表明:有机质与碱解氮、全钾和pH显著相关.灰色关联度分析表明:除侵蚀强度对营养元素和pH有显著影响外,坡度对土壤营养元素和pH影响较大;覆盖度对有机质、碱解氮和速效磷影响较大.因此,植被恢复和植被生境的综合治理是红壤侵蚀区生态恢复与重建的有效途径.     

红壤侵蚀地马尾松人工林恢复过程中土壤非保护性有机碳的变化

选择红壤侵蚀区本底条件相似而恢复年限不同的马尾松林为对象,以侵蚀裸地和次生林为对照,结合时空代换法对侵蚀地植被恢复过程中表层土壤非保护性有机碳(轻组有机碳和颗粒有机碳)含量、分配比例及其向保护性有机碳转化过程进行研究.结果表明:在植被恢复过程中(0~30年)土壤有机碳含量及其储量随恢复年限极显著增加.植被恢复7~11年,土壤非保护性有机碳含量显著增加,其分配比例也明显升高,而恢复至27年和30年后分配比例保持在较稳定水平,说明植被恢复初始过程主要以非保护性有机碳的形式积累,而长期恢复后土壤有机碳呈相对稳定状态;0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤非保护性有机碳向保护性有机碳的转化速率常数(k)与恢复年限分别呈极显著相关和显著相关,说明植被恢复过程中土壤非保护性有机碳逐渐向保护性有机碳转化.     

退化红壤区植被恢复过程中灌木层主要种群的生态位特征

选择闽西典型退化红壤地区,对6个不同恢复阶段的封育马尾松群落灌木层主要种群的生态位特征进行了分析,结果表明,多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,对资源的利用不充分,生态位宽度较大的种群顺序与其重要值大小顺序存在一致性,同时种群间生态位重叠较为普遍,对资源的利用方式相对一致。这些结果与退化红壤区植被恢复过程中生境条件的变化密切相关,有助于理解植被恢复动态规律,指导运用人工措施以加快恢复进程。     

金沙江干热河谷山地植被恢复区土壤种子库和地上植被研究

土壤种子库在植物种群动态中起着重要作用。土壤种子库可缓解种群的灭绝过程,保存群落中植物种的表现特征,是植被天然更新的物质基础。通过对金沙江干热河谷山地植被恢复区（包括水平阶、自然坡面、沟底）和未恢复区（包括放牧地）的土壤种子库和地上植被的组成、大小及多样性进行比较研究表明,植被恢复区土壤种子库和地上植被的密度、丰富度、多样性及均匀度均大于未恢复区。恢复区地上生物量要远大于未恢复区。水平阶和各类型间的土壤种子库密度与地上植被密度差异显著。土壤种子库中草本植物占很大比例。孔颖草和扭黄茅是土壤种子库和地上植被的两大优势种,两者的个体数量、重要值及生物量最大。土壤种子库和地上植被有较高的相似性,且随着恢复程度的加深,相似性有增高的趋势;土壤种子库密度和地上植被密度之间关系可以用二次和三次曲线拟合。     

桂西南石漠化山地土壤种子库的基本特征及植被恢复对策

采用幼苗萌发法对广西平果县龙何示范区石漠化山地的土壤种子库进行初步研究。结果表明,该地区土壤种子库共有108种植物,隶属于33科81属,其中草本81种、灌木20种、藤本7种;其土壤种子库的种子密度为64.6~339.7粒.m-2,且在不同土地利用类型区及不同季节存在较大差别。在分析土壤种子库对其植被恢复作用的基础上,认为可采取自然封育和人工造林等措施,以促进现存植被的正向演替。     

Species trait shifts in vegetation and soil seed bank during fen degradation

Fens in Central Europe are characterised by waterlogged organic substrate and low productivity. Human-induced changes due to drainage and mowing lead to changes in plant species composition from natural fen communities to fen meadows and later to over-drained, degraded meadows. Moderate drainage leads to increased vegetation productivity, and severe drainage results in frequent soil disturbances and less plant growth. In the present article, we analyse changes in plant trait combinations in the vegetation and the soil seed bank as well as changes in the seed bank types along gradient of drainage intensity. We hypothesize that an increase in productivity enhances traits related to persistence and that frequent disturbance selects for regeneration traits. We use multivariate statistics to analyse data from three disturbance levels: undisturbed fen, slightly drained fen meadow and severely drained degraded meadow. We found that the abundance of plants regenerating from seeds and accumulating persistent seed banks was increasing with degradation level, while plants reproducing vegetatively were gradually eliminated along the same trajectory. Plants with strong resprouting abilities increased during degradation. We also found that shifts in trait combinations were similar in the aboveground vegetation and in soil seed banks. We found that the density of short-term persistent seeds in the soil is highest in fen meadows and the density of long-term persistent seeds is highest in degraded meadows. The increase in abundance of species with strong regeneration traits at the cost of species with persistence-related traits has negative consequences for the restoration prospects of severely degraded sites.     

生态恢复对红壤侵蚀地土壤有机碳组成及稳定性的影响

为了研究红壤侵蚀区生态恢复过程中土壤有机碳的组成与动态变化,选择红壤侵蚀区生态恢复10 a和30 a的马尾松林为对象,以侵蚀裸地和次生林为对照,应用土壤有机碳物理分组方法,研究了侵蚀地植被恢复过程中表层土壤粗颗粒态有机碳(cPOC)、细颗粒态有机碳(f POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)含量及POC/MOC比值的变化。结果表明:生态恢复显著提高了土壤有机碳含量(P0.05),土壤中不同组分有机碳含量也相应增加。生态恢复10 a,土壤有机碳主要以f POC形式积累,cPOC和MOC没有显著变化,其中0—10 cm土层POC占总土壤有机碳(SOC)比例高达64.1%,但稳定性较差。与恢复10 a相比,生态恢复至30 a时,0—10 cm土壤f POC含量相对不变,cPOC和MOC含量均显著增加(P0.05),10—20 cm土壤f POC和MOC增加量达到显著水平,而cPOC含量仍未显著增加,说明生态恢复过程中土壤固碳模式符合SOC饱和理论。生态恢复过程中土壤POC/MOC比值呈先升高后降低的趋势,且表层土壤大于亚表层土壤,说明随着生态恢复时间的增加,土壤有机碳稳定性逐渐提高,且亚表层土壤高于表层。因此,生态恢复对于侵蚀地碳固定的长期有效性具有重要意义。     

南方红壤侵蚀区不同植被恢复年限下芒萁叶功能性状对土壤因子的响应

目前关于我国南方红壤侵蚀区生态恢复植被—芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)功能性状(Functional Traits)的研究鲜有报道。以该区域不同植被恢复年限下(包含0年未恢复地、6年、12年、18年、36年以及80年的次生林地)芒萁叶功能性状为研究对象,结合不同植被恢复年限下土壤因子的变化,采用样方调查分析法,探讨随植被恢复年限的增长芒萁叶功能性状的变化规律及其相互关系,以及芒萁叶功能性状对土壤因子的响应。结果表明,芒萁叶功能性状各指标随着植被恢复年限的增加变化差异明显(P<0.05),并随植被恢复年限的增长表现出胁迫型、扩展型、竞争型不同功能性状组合;芒萁叶功能性状间的相关性也表现出显著的特征(P<0.01);主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)表明叶全氮含量、比叶面积和叶全磷含量主成分贡献排名高,可作为芒萁叶功能性状评价的主要指标。通过冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)发现,土壤全碳含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量对芒萁叶功能性状各项指标影响显著(P<0.01)。芒萁伴随...     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物特性

以喀斯特峰丛洼地草丛、灌丛、次生林和原生林生态系统为对象,研究了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物碳熵、土壤呼吸及其呼吸熵等微生物特性。结果表明:土壤微生物生物量与土壤微生物碳熵随着植被恢复呈增加趋势(P0.05),土壤呼吸熵变化规律与之相反,土壤呼吸变化不显著,说明随着植被的恢复土壤质量不断提高,顺序为乔木(原生林、次生林)灌丛草丛;同一生态系统中土壤微生物生物量氮、土壤呼吸及其呼吸熵均表现为冬季夏季(P0.05),土壤微生物碳熵为冬季夏季(草丛例外)(P0.05),而土壤微生物生物量碳却未呈现显著性季节变化;土壤微生物生物量氮与微生物碳熵不仅对地上植被及季节变化响应敏感,且与土壤有机质及其他微生物指标相关性较好(P0.05),可以灵敏表征喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被恢复土壤质量变化。