间作对植株生长及养分吸收和根际环境的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了线辣椒和玉米间作对其植株生长、矿质养分吸收、根际环境以及铁载体分泌的影响,以探索间作促进铁、磷等养分吸收利用的可能生理机制.结果表明:(1)与单作相比,间作线辣椒地上部干重降低23.0%,根系干重增加44.2%,玉米地上部和根系的干重分别增加8.7%和22.9%;间作线辣椒根冠比和根系活力分别显著提高86.4%和29.8%;间作线辣椒、玉米叶绿素含量分别显著提高12.6%和7.8%.(2)与单作相比,间作线辣椒的铁、锌、锰含量分别增加1.50倍、1.39倍和1.34%,而间作玉米则无显著变化;间作线辣椒和玉米的钙含量都显著低于相应单作,氮含量没有显著变化,但磷、钾含量显著增加.(3)间作线辣椒和玉米的根际土、非根际土的酸性磷酸酶活性及根系酸性磷酸酶活性都显著高于相应单作,而其根际土和非根际土的pH值无显著变化;间作玉米根系的铁载体分泌比单作减少32.8%,间作线辣椒根系的铁还原酶活性是单作的1.10倍.研究发现,线辣椒/玉米间作能通过影响根际生物学特征和化学过程提高植株的铁、锌、磷和钾养分水平,缓解养分胁迫,是一种很有推广价值的种植模式.     

源库调节对厚皮甜瓜植株生长和抗氧化特性及果实产量品质的影响

以厚皮甜瓜品种‘中甜1号’为材料,设V1F2(主蔓顶部留1条顶蔓+单株留2果,下略)、V2F2、V3F2、V1F3、V2F3、V3F3共6个处理,以不留顶蔓、每株只留1果为对照,以研究源库关系中主蔓顶部留蔓数和单株留果数对厚皮甜瓜植株生长、叶片抗氧化特性及果实产量和品质的影响。结果显示:(1)随生育期的延长,增加单株留果数使厚皮甜瓜植株茎粗、节间长、最大功能叶长明显受到抑制,而顶蔓数量对上述3项生长指标无显著影响。(2)留2个果时,叶片O2.-产生速率略低于CK,MDA含量高于CK;留3个果时,叶片中O2.-产生速率和MDA含量最高;在所有处理中,以留果2个的POD活性最低,以留果3个的SOD活性最低。(3)每株留2果时,增加顶蔓数能提高果实品质,而每株留3果同时增加顶蔓数时,果实品质下降,尤以第3果品质最差。研究表明:留果数量对厚皮甜瓜植株生长和叶片抗氧化性影响大于留顶蔓数量,每株留2蔓2果有利于植株生长,可增强叶片抗氧化能力,延缓叶片衰老,从而提高单株产量,改善果实品质。     

施肥对蓝莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素荧光特性和果实品质的影响

以蓝莓“美登”为试验材料,在我国大兴安岭地区研究了连续3年施肥对蓝莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素荧光参数以及果实品质的影响,为优化我国北方地区蓝莓人工栽培技术提供一些基础数据。结果表明：施肥处理可以明显促进蓝莓植株的生长,7.5 g/株施肥量对蓝莓株高和冠幅度的促进作用最明显,而不同施肥量对蓝莓枝条长度和粗度的影响差异不明显。施肥处理还明显促进了蓝莓叶片的实际光化学效率和电子传递速率,以及PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度,并且施肥处理下蓝莓叶片PSⅡ反应中心能量分配参数更倾向于光化学反应方向,与生长参数相似,施肥处理对蓝莓叶绿素荧光参数的影响也表现为7.5 g/株的施肥量作用效果最优。施肥处理还改变了蓝莓果实的品质,虽然不同处理下蓝莓果实的维生素C和花色素苷含量以及pH值没有发生明显的改变,但其总糖含量却明显增加,而总酸含量除10 g/株施肥处理外,均呈降低趋势,表现为糖酸比的增加,但与生长和叶绿素荧光参数的变化不同,以5 g/株的施肥量对蓝莓果实品质的提高更有利。因此,施肥虽然可以明显促进蓝莓植株的生长,改善其光合能力和果实品质,但控制施肥量时要综合考虑其生长和品质等因素。     

间作植物和茬口对连作党参生长和品质产量的影响

选择两种茬口(轮作茬、连作茬)和6种植物材料(党参、大蒜、玉米、黄芪、苦参、向日葵),组成党参单作和间作6种种植模式,设置茬口和间作模式两因素田间随机区组试验,通过监测不同生长时期党参的生长指标(蔓长、主根长、主根直径、地下部分鲜干重)、根部产量及品质指标(根部多糖含量、炔苷含量、醇溶性浸出物含量和灰分含量)的变化衡量不同茬口和间作植物对党参连作障碍的缓解效应。结果表明：(1)轮作茬口下党参单作及各间作处理对党参生长、品质和产量的改善效果都较连作茬口下明显,且两茬口下各间作处理的改善效果都较党参单作明显。(2)与向日葵、大蒜和玉米间作处理对两茬口党参的主根长、主根直径、地下部分鲜干重的提升效果比党参单作和其余间作处理(与黄芪、苦参间作)更显著。(3)大蒜和向日葵间作处理能够显著提高两茬口党参根部产量,尤其大蒜表现最优,与其间作的轮作茬和连作茬党参分别较各自对照增产49.92%和22.55%。(4)与大蒜间作能有效提升两茬口党参根部多糖含量、炔苷含量和醇溶性浸出物的含量,党参单作和其余间作处理对两茬口连作党参的品质提升效果不及大蒜间作处理理想。研究发现,从党参长势及根部产量和品质综合分析,两茬口下党参与大蒜间作最有利于党参植株生长,能有效缓解党参连作障碍,并显著提高其药用部位的产量和品质,且轮作茬口下的提高效应更明显。     

栽培基质中添加砻糠灰对甜瓜生长和果实品质的影响

为减少不可再生资源草炭的使用,降低无土栽培基质生产成本,以甜瓜品种‘羊角蜜’为试验材料,将砻糠灰和市售成品栽培基质按照不同体积比［1∶5(T₁)、2∶4(T₂)、3∶3(T₃)、4∶2(T₄)、5∶1(T₅)］进行混配,以未添加砻糠灰的市售成品栽培基质为对照(CK),研究不同配比基质的理化性质及其对甜瓜生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数以及果实品质的影响。结果表明：(1)在市售栽培基质中添加一定量的砻糠灰可显著改善基质通气状况,提高混配基质的pH、电导率(EC),显著抑制基质中微生物数量。(2)与对照相比,适量砻糠灰混配基质能够显著促进甜瓜植株的生长,其中T₂处理下,甜瓜植株的株高、根系活力、根冠比相比于CK分别显著提高了14.69%、19.73%、23.08%。(3)在T₂处理下,甜瓜叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著升高。(4)T₂处理下甜瓜横径、纵径、单果重和单株产量与对照相比均显著提高,其单果重增幅达到20.3%,并且果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、蔗糖、葡萄糖等含量显著增加,蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性有明显增强。研究发现,混配适量砻糠灰可有效改善栽培基质理化特性,显著促进甜瓜植株生长,提高甜瓜叶片光合作用能力,改善甜瓜果实品质,并以砻糠灰与市售成品栽培基质体积比为2∶4的混配基质配方最为适宜,可替代传统基质用于甜瓜栽培。     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、果实产量和品质的影响

采用有机基质栽培,选用盐敏感黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试验材料,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、矿质营养吸收、果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明：接种AMF可以有效促进黄瓜植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收,提高果实产量和改善蔬菜营养品质;盐胁迫下,黄瓜生长受到抑制,植株体内N、P、K、Cu、Zn含量减少和K⁺/Na⁺降低,果实产量和可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量下降;接种AMF可缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,使植株体内N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量分别比对照提高7.3%、11.7%、28.2%、13.5%和9.9%,K⁺/Na⁺、果实产量、可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc含量明显提高,果实硝酸盐含量显著降低.表明AMF可通过促进盐胁迫下黄瓜植株对矿质营养的吸收,促进植株生长,增强植株对盐胁迫的耐性,进而提高其产量和改善营养品质.     

施硒对三个香蕉品种植株生长、生理及果实品质的影响

该文以‘南天黄'' ‘中蕉9号'' ‘红香蕉''三个香蕉品种为材料,研究土壤淋施硒酸钠溶液对香蕉植株生长、果实产量和品质,以及叶片MDA、脯氨酸、硒含量的影响。结果表明:(1)每株0.25、0.50 g施硒处理能显著促进三个香蕉品种株高的增长,对‘南天黄'' ‘红香蕉''基茎围的增长促进作用显著,对‘中蕉9号''基茎围促进作用不显著。(2)施硒对植株营养生长过程中叶片MDA含量的影响较小,仅在部分时间段MDA含量显著升高或降低; 每株0.25、0.50 g的硒酸钠处理能显著降低三个香蕉品种叶片中脯氨酸含量。施硒对香蕉叶片中硒含量具有显著影响,施硒浓度越高,叶片中硒含量也越高。(3)施硒能显著提高各香蕉品种单株产量,对‘中蕉9号'' ‘红香蕉''单果重促进作用显著,对‘南天黄''单果重促进作用不显著; 每株0.25 g施硒处理,‘中蕉9号''的单株产量为24.38 kg、单果重为165.86 g,分别比对照高出了12.80%、14.69%。(4)土施适宜浓度的硒酸钠能提高香蕉果实中维生素C、钾含量,‘南天黄'' ‘中蕉9号'' ‘红香蕉''三个香蕉品种施硒后维生素C含量最高可达12.7、13.9、10.6 mg·100g^-1,比对照分别提高了12.72%、18.84%、29.39%; 钾含量最高可达349、279、397 mg·100g^-1,比对照分别提高29.62%、33.28%、47.77%。(5)硒处理浓度越高,果实中硒含量也越高; 对照处理的香蕉果实硒含量未达到富硒标准,每株经0.25、0.50 g硒酸钠处理后三个香蕉品种的果实硒含量均达到富硒标准。综上认为,土壤淋施硒酸钠溶液能提高香蕉果实中的硒含量,促进香蕉植株生长、提升果实品质,且对降低叶片中MDA和脯氨酸含量具有一定影响,但对不同香蕉品种的影响效果存在差异,该研究结果为富硒香蕉的生产栽培提供了理论依据。     

芒萁植株浸出液对几种植物生长的影响

 芒萁在天然植物群落中具有较强的竞争能力和对其它植物的排斥作用。在研究中必须注意其化学分泌物对其它植物的抑制作用,以利荒山灌木草丛的经济利用。作者选取马尾松、猪屎豆、天兰苜蓿、紫苜蓿、葛藤、红车轴草、白车轴草及禾本科的牛尾草、块茎虉草进行栽培试验证明,芒萁植株的浸出液对马尾松以外的其它试验植物均有抑制作用。     

嫁接对薄皮甜瓜养分吸收、伤流液中激素含量和产量的影响

以薄皮甜瓜品种‘玉美人’作接穗,以白籽南瓜‘圣砧一号’为砧木进行嫁接,以自根苗为对照的结果表明,嫁接植株的南瓜根系主动吸收能力增强,其伤流量比自根植株的大,植株吸收氮钾的能力高于自根植株,而吸收磷的能力则有所降低。伤流液中玉米素（ZT）、赤霉素（GAs）和脱落酸（ABA）的浓度均低于自根植株,但ZT和GA的含量高于自根苗,而ABA的含量低于自根苗。嫁接植株的增产效果显著,其平均单瓜重和667m^2产量均高于自根植株。     

紫外线阻断膜防控茄子害虫效果及对植株生长和果实品质的影响

【目的】紫外线阻断膜可以吸收光线中波长在380 nm以下的紫外光,从而影响昆虫的视觉反应,因此有望用于害虫防控。本研究旨在明确该项措施的可行性。【方法】以日光温室茄子Solanum melongena为作物对象,对紫外线阻断棚和使用普通棚膜的对照棚中3种主要害虫(西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和桃蚜Myzus persicae)的发生情况进行了比较,分析了紫外线缺失对茄子植株生长和果实品质的影响。【结果】紫外线阻断棚中西花蓟马、烟粉虱和桃蚜的最大发生量均显著低于对照棚(P0.05),分别是对照棚中的44.3%,50.4%和37.5%;与对照棚相比,紫外线阻断棚中茄子株高偏高,但二者差异不显著(P0.05);紫外线阻断棚中茄子产量、果实重量和周长均降低,茄子果实颜色偏浅,果实中维生素C、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、粗脂肪和花青素含量下降(P0.05),Ca,K,Cu和Zn等矿物离子含量上升(P0.05)。【结论】本研究表明紫外线阻断技术可以显著抑制温室茄子上3种主要害虫的种群增长,但对茄子的生长和果实品质有一定影响。今后需要进一步研究该项技术在茄子品种和其他作物中的应用方式。     

Susceptibility of low-chill blueberry cultivars to Mediterranean fruit fly, oriental fruit fly, and melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

No-choice tests were conducted to determine whether fruit of southern highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., hybrids are hosts for three invasive tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii. Fruit of various blueberry cultivars was exposed to gravid female flies of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (oriental fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), or Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet (melon fly) in screen cages outdoors for 6 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for 2 wk for pupal development and adult emergence. Each of the 15 blueberry cultivars tested were infested by oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly, confirming that these fruit flies will oviposit on blueberry fruit and that blueberry is a suitable host for fly development. However, there was significant cultivar variation in susceptibility to fruit fly infestation. For oriental fruit fly, 'Sapphire' fruit produced an average of 1.42 puparia per g, twice as high as that of the next most susceptible cultivar 'Emerald' (0.70 puparia per g). 'Legacy', 'Biloxi', and 'Spring High' were least susceptible to infestation, producing only 0.20-0.25 oriental fruit fly puparia per g of fruit. For Mediterranean fruit fly, 'Blue Crisp' produced 0.50 puparia per g of fruit, whereas 'Sharpblue' produced only 0.03 puparia per g of fruit. Blueberry was a marginal host for melon fly. This information will aid in development of pest management recommendations for blueberry cultivars as planting of low-chill cultivars expands to areas with subtropical and tropical fruit flies. Planting of fruit fly resistant cultivars may result in lower infestation levels and less crop loss.     

Reproduction and growth in three species of West African fruit bats

This study outlines the reproduction periods of the African fruit bats Epomops buettikoferi, Epomophorus garnbianus , and Micropteropus pusillus at two West African savanna sites: a wet southern Guinea savanna and a drier southern Sudanese savanna. At both sites the two annual birth periods were timed such that both lactation by only one weaning period coincided with the rainy season peaks in fruit availability. On this basis we propose that lactation rather than weaning was the important determinant of the timing of reproduction. There was no evidence of cycling of testes size in males corresponding with the seasonal mating periods. E. buettikoferi and M. pusillus females mated at six months and gave birth at the age of 12 months. Males of the two species reached puberty by 11 months and seven months, respectively. Growth rates did not differ between cohorts growing through the wet and dry season and E. buettikoferi and M. pusillus grew at rates of 276 mg/day and 116 mg/day, respectively.     

Effects of experimental warming on wild and transgenic oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis

Climate change may influence the application efficiency of transgenic marking, such as in mark–release–recapture (MRR) experiments or sterile insect technique (SIT). Wild and transgenic fruit flies of Bactrocera dorsalis were subjected to oscillating regimes that represent current temperature conditions (mean: 28.6°C) and various future possible scenarios (means: 30.0, 32.5 and 35.0°C). As the temperature was increased to 30.0°C, the negative effects on adult fecundity and demographic parameters (net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase) of only the transgenic cohorts increased. With a moderate warming (32.5°C), negative effects were observed on the net reproductive rate for both fly strains, and these effects on the life‐history traits (adult fecundity and longevity) and intrinsic rate of increase were stronger in the transgenic than in the wild cohorts, with reference to the trait values at 30.0°C. A severe warming (35.0°C) resulted in the failure of all individuals of both fly strains to reach adulthood. We suggest parametrical adjustments or decreased differences in fitness with refined transgenesis under current and future climate conditions, which can reduce the marking limitations of pest management and eradication programmes.     

不同中间砧木对寒富苹果生长、产量和果实品质的影响

本研究以10个矮化中间砧木嫁接的寒富苹果为试材,分析了不同矮化中间砧对葫芦岛产区的寒富苹果生长、产量和果实品质的影响,以期为葫芦岛产区选配优良的苹果砧穗组合。结果表明: 不同矮化中间砧对寒富苹果生长势、产量和果实品质指标的影响存在显著差异,株高、枝量、叶片鲜重、枝条鲜重、根鲜重、根系总体积、根系平均直径和总根尖数均以GM256嫁接树最高,基径、枝长、根系总长度和总表面积以CX5嫁接树最高;果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量以M26嫁接树最大,果实纵径、横径和单果鲜重均以GM256嫁接树最大。采用模糊评价法综合评价显示,在葫芦岛地区,10种中间砧木嫁接寒富苹果的综合性状得分由高到低排序为: GM256、CX5、B9、JM7、CG80、辽砧2号、M26、青砧3号、SH38、MD001。建议GM256和CX5可作为冷凉气候区理想的矮化砧木。     

Revised irradiation doses to control melon fly, Mediterranean fruit fly, and oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a generic dose for tephritid fruit flies

Currently approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), melon fly; Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Mediterranean fruit fly; and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), oriental fruit fly, infesting fruits and vegetables for export from Hawaii to the continental United States are 210, 225, and 250 Gy, respectively. Irradiation studies were initiated to determine whether these doses could be reduced to lower treatment costs, minimize any adverse effects on quality, and support a proposed generic irradiation dose of 150 Gy for fruit flies. Dose-response tests were conducted with late third instars of wild and laboratory strains of the three fruit fly species, both in diet and in fruit. After x-ray irradiation treatment, data were taken on adult emergence, and adult female fecundity and fertility. Melon fly was the most tolerant of the three species to irradiation, and oriental fruit fly was more tolerant than Mediterranean fruit fly. Laboratory and wild strains of each species were equally tolerant of irradiation, and larvae were more tolerant when irradiated in fruit compared with artificial diet. An irradiation dose of 150 Gy applied to 93,666 melon fly late third instars in papayas resulted in no survival to the adult stage, indicating that this dose is sufficient to provide quarantine security. Irradiation doses of 100 and 125 Gy applied to 31,920 Mediterranean fruit fly and 55,743 oriental fruit fly late third instars, respectively, also resulted in no survival to the adult stage. Results support a proposed generic irradiation quarantine treatment dose of 150 Gy for all tephritid fruit flies.     

不同材质果袋春夏季节套袋对黄瓜果实发育和品质的影响

以“冬冠3号”黄瓜品种为试材,于春夏生长季节（4—7月份）在日光温室中研究了白膜袋、鲜膜袋、白纸袋和黄纸袋4种套袋处理对黄瓜果实微环境、果实生长发育和营养品质及农药残留的影响。结果表明：不论晴天还是阴天,所有套袋处理的袋内光照强度降低,相对湿度增大,温度提高;白纸袋增温效果最好,鲜膜袋内相对湿度最高,黄纸袋内光照最弱。单株单瓜套袋和单株果实连续套袋试验均表明,套袋后果实鲜重增长加快,瓜长度增加,瓜皮色显著变浅。连续套袋后,单瓜重普遍提高,大头瓜率降低,但化瓜率、弯瓜率和尖头瓜率增加;游离氨基酸含量提高;维生素C含量无显著变化;叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量普遍降低;可溶性蛋白质含量白纸袋和鲜膜袋的提高,黄纸袋和白膜袋的降低,但与CK间的差异均未达到5％显著水平。套袋可有效降低果实中氧化乐果的残留量,其中黄纸袋效果最好,其次为鲜膜袋、白膜袋和白纸袋。综合考虑各指标,认为春夏季节黄瓜果实套袋栽培应优先选用白纸袋,鲜膜袋和白膜袋不适宜在该季节使用。     

Effects of varied nitrogen stress on growth and nutrition in three Salix clones

The ability of Salix aquatica Smith, S. fragilis L. and S. viminalis L. to absorb nitrogen at varied growth rates was investigated in nutrient solutions. The effects of five nitrogen addition rates on growth rates, nitrogen contents of the plants, nitrogen concentration of the media, and dry matter distribution between roots, stems and leaves, were studied.
These clones are highly efficient in absorbing nitrogen at low concentrations in the root medium, independent of growth rate. Strong linear regressions were found between any two of the three factors: relative rate of nitrogen supply (R_N), nitrogen content (plant), and relative growth rate (R). Dry matter production per unit nitrogen taken up and unit time (N-productivity) and per unit nitrogen taken up independent of time (N-efficiency) was closely correlated to the nitrogen status of the plant. Root development was favoured in the sub-optimum treatments, and leaf development in the optimum treatments. With regard to their ability to absorb nitrogen, these Salix clones appear satisfactory for efficient short rotation energy forestry.