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1.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1994,41(3):253-267
The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on
increased urinary losses of microelements that developed during hypokinesia (decreased number of walking steps/d). The studies
were performed on 30 endurance-trained male volunteers aged 23–26 yr, with an averaged maximum oxygen uptake of 65 mL/kg/min
during 364 d of hypokinesia (HK). All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: Ten volunteers were placed continuously
under an average of 10,000 running steps/d (14.2 km/d) (control subjects), ten volunteers subjected continuously to HK without
the use of FSS (hypokinetic subjects), and ten volunteers were continuously submitted to HK and consumed daily FSS (hyperhydrated
subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect the hypokinetic and hyperhydrated volunteers were kept under an average
of 3,000 walking steps/d (2.7 km/d) for 364 d. Prior to their exposure to HK the volunteers were on an average of 10,000 running
steps/d (14.2 km/d). During the prehypokinetic period of 60 d and during the hypokinetic period of 364 d were determined renal
excretion of microelements responses of endurance-trained volunteers. In the hyperhydrated volunteers urinary excretion of
iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel, lead, tin, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, and vanadium decreased, whereas
in the hypokinetic volunteers it increased significantly. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate
urinary excretion of microelements in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity. 相似文献
2.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1996,54(3):251-271
The objective of this investigation was to determine fluid electrolyte changes after water-loading tests and during hypokinesia
(decreased number of km taken per day) and daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies during hypokinesia
(HK) were performed for 364 d on 30 endurance-trained male volunteers in the age range of 23–26 yr, with an average peak oxygen
uptake, POU, of 64 mL/kg/min. All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: 10 volunteers were placed on a continuous
regime of exercise of 14.4 km/d and served as control subjects (CS); 10 volunteers were submitted to continuous HK without
FSS and were considered as the unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHS); and 10 volunteers were under continuous HK and FSS
and were considered as the supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHS). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the UHS
and SHS groups were kept continuously under an average of 2.7 km/d for the duration of the study. Prior to exposure to HK,
the two groups of volunteers were on the same exercise regime as the control group. During a 60-d preexperimental period and
during the remainder of the study, water-loading tests with a water load of 20 mL/kg body wt/min were performed, and urinary
and plasma electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) were measured. In the SHS group, urinary excretion of
electrolytes and plasma electrolyte content decreased, while in the UHS these values increased after water loading tests and
during HK. Based on the obtained data, it is concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to prevent or minimize urinary
and plasma electrolyte changes in endurance-trained volunteers after water-loading tests and during prolonged restriction
of muscular activity. 相似文献
3.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1996,53(1-3):95-112
The objective of this investigation was to determine whether urinary and plasma potassium changes developed during prolonged
hypokinesia (HK) (decreased number of km/d) in endurance-trained subjects could be minimized or reversed with a daily intake
of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies were performed on 30 endurance-trained male volunteers aged 23–26 yr
with an average peak oxygen uptake of 65 mL/kg min during 364 d of HK. All volunteers were on an average of 13.8 km/d prior
to their exposure to HK. All volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: 10 volunteers were placed continuously under
an average of 14.0 km/d (control subjects), 10 volunteers were subjected continuously to an average of 2.7 km/d (unsupplemented
hypokinetic subjects), and 10 volunteers were submitted continuously to an average of 2.7 km/d, and consumed daily an additional
amount of 0.1 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/kg body wt and 30 mL water/kg body wt (supplemented hypokinetic subjects). During the
prehypokinetic period of 60 d and during the hypokinetic period of 364 d, potassium loading tests were performed with 1.5–1.7
mEq potassium chloride/kg body wt, and potassium, sodium, and chloride excretion in urine and potassium, sodium, and chloride
in plasma were determined. In the unsupplemented hypokinetic volunteers, urinary excretion of electrolytes and concentrations
of electrolytes in plasma increased significantly as compared to the control and supplemented hypokinetic groups of volunteers.
It was concluded that daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation had a favorable effect on regulation of urinary and plasma
potassium changes in trained subjects during prolonged HK. 相似文献
4.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1994,40(1):71-82
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on
blood plasma trace elements concentrations in physically healthy volunteers after exposure to 364 d of hypokinesia (decreased
number of steps per day). The studies were performed after exposure to 364 d of Hypokinesia (HK) on 30 long-distance runners
of volunteers who had a VO2 max 67 mL/kg/min and were ranging in the age of 19–24 yrs. Prior to their exposure to HK all volunteers were on an average
of 10,000 steps/d. For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect the volunteers were kept under an average of 3000 steps/d.
All volunteers were divided into three equal groups. The first group of volunteers subjected to HK and received daily FSS
(water 26 mL/kg body wt and sodium chloride 0.16 g/kg body wt.), the second groups of volunteers submitted only to HK, and
the third group of volunteers underwent a normal ambulatory life and served as control. The content of manganese, calcium,
magnesium, iron, lead, copper, tin, nickel, zinc and cobalamine were determined in blood plasma of volunteers. By the end
of the hypokinetic period the blood plasma concentration of microelements increased significantly in the hypokinetic subjects
(second group), whereas in the hyperhydrated subjects (first group) decreased. It was concluded that prolonged restriction
of motor activity induced significant increases in blood trace elements concentrations whereas daily hyperhydration had a
normalizing effect on their concentration in blood plasma. This indicates that daily hyperhydration may be used to normalize
blood plasma concentrations of microelements in physically healthy volunteers subjected to prolonged restriction of motor
activity. 相似文献
5.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1994,40(3):189-202
The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on increased urinary losses of microelements that developed during hypokinesia (decreased number of walking steps/d). The studies were performed on 30 endurance-trained male volunteers aged 23–26 yr, with an averaged maximum oxygen uptake of 65 mL/kg/min during 364 d of hypokinesia (HK). All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: Ten volunteers were placed continuously under an average of 10,000 running steps/d (14.2 km/d) (control subjects), ten volunteers subjected continuously to HK without the use of FSS (hypokinetic subjects), and ten volunteers were continuously submitted to HK and consumed daily FSS (hyperhydrated subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect the hypokinetic and hyperhydrated volunteers were kept under an average of 3,000 walking steps/d (2.7 km/d) for 364 d. Prior to their exposure to HK the volunteers were on an average of 10,000 running steps/d (14.2 km/d). During the prehypokinetic period of 60 d and during the hypokinetic period of 364 d were determined renal excretion of microelements responses of endurance-trained volunteers. In the hyperhydrated volunteers urinary excretion of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel, lead, tin, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, and vanadium decreased, whereas in the hypokinetic volunteers it increased significantly. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate urinary excretion of microelements in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity. 相似文献
6.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1995,50(1):57-78
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation on fluid and
electrolyte losses in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity (hypokinesia). The studies
were performed on 30 long-distance runners aged 23–26 who had a peak oxygen uptake of 65.5 mL/kg/min and had taken 13.8 km/d
on average prior to their participation in the study. The volunteers were divided into three groups: The volunteers in the
first group were placed under normal ambulatory conditions (control subjects), the second group of volunteers subjected to
hypokinesia alone (hypokinetic subjects), and the third group of volunteers was submitted to HK and consumed daily 0.1 g sodium
chloride (NaCl)/kg body wt and 26 mL water/kg body wt (hyperhydrated subjects). The second and third group of volunteers were
kept under an average of 2.7 km/d for 364 d. During the pre-experimental period of 60 d and during the experimental period
of 364 d sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in urine and plasma were determined. Blood was also assayed for osmolality,
hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma volume, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. Mean arterial blood pressure was also
determined. In the hyperhydrated volunteers plasma volume and arterial blood pressure increased, whereas plasma osmolality,
plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and urinary excretion and concentrations
of electrolytes in plasma decreased. In the hypokinetic volunteers, plasma volume and arterial blood pressure decreased significantly,
whereas hematocrit values, hemoglobin concenfration, plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, and electrolytes
in urine and plasma increased significantly during the experimental period. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may
be used in minimizing fluid and electrolyte losses in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular
activity. 相似文献
7.
Yan G. Zorbas Mitsui A. Sokiguchi Olav A. Johanson Youri F. Federenko 《Biological trace element research》1995,48(2):185-196
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypokinesia (HK) and fluid- and salt supplementation (FSS) on zinc
metabolism in endurance-trained volunteers (ETV) for a period of 364 d. Thirty long-distance runners aged 22–25 yr with a
peak VO2 of 67 mL/min/kg with an average 13.8 km/d running distance were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into three
groups:
Throughout the duration of the study, groups 2. and 3. were maintained under an average running distance of 2.7 km/d, whereas
group 1. did not experience any modifications to their normal training routines and diets. Prior to and during the experimental
period, plasma volume, hemoglobin, sodium, potasium, hematocrit, osmolality, and protein concentrations were determined along
with the concentrations and urinary excretions of zinc, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. During the HK period, plasma
concentrations of these minerals increased significantly when compared to the HK+FSS and control groups. The same was observed
for the remaining parameters, which led us to conclude that during prolonged restriction of muscular activity, (PRMA) the
body of the HK+FSS volunteers acquire an apparent tendency to retain zinc, whereas in the HK group the opposite is observed. 相似文献
1. | Controls; |
2. | HK subjects; and |
3. | HK+FSS subjects. |
8.
Yan G. Zorbas Yuri Y. Yaroshenko Nikolai K. Kuznetsov Sergei L. Matvedev 《Biological trace element research》1998,64(1-3):259-273
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on the deficiency
of electrolytes, which is characterized by higher rather than lower plasma concentration of electrolytes during prolonged
hypokinesia (HK) (decreased number of km taken per day). Forty long distance runners aged 22–25 yr with a peak V02 65.4 mL min-1 kg-1 with an average 14.2 km d running distance were selected as subjects. They were equally divided into four groups: 1) unsupplemented
control subjects (UCS); 2) unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHS); 3) supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHS), and 4) supplemented
control subjects (SCS). During the investigation of 364 d, groups 2 and 3 maintained an average running distance of less than
4.7 km per day, groups 1 and 4 did not experience any modification in their normal training routines and diets. During the
preexperimental period of 60 d and during the experimental period of 364 d urinary excretion of electrolytes and concentrations
of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in plasma were determined. Whole blood hemoglobin, hematocrit index, plasma osmolality,
and plasma protein concentration were measured. In the UHS plasma concentration of electrolytes and urinary excretion thereof,
fluid elimination, hematocrit, whole blood hemoglobin, plasma osmolality, and plasma protein concentration increased significantly
(p < 0.05) when compared with the UCS, SCS, and SHS groups. In the SHS plasma concentration of electrolytes and urinary excretion
thereof, fluid excretion, whole blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma osmolality, and plasma protein concentration decreased
when compared with the UHS and increased insignificantly when compared with the UCS and SCS groups. It was concluded that
FSS may be used to prevent or minimize electrolyte deficiency in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction
of muscular activity. 相似文献
9.
Yan G. Zorbas Youri F. Federenko Konstantin A. Naexu 《Biological trace element research》1994,41(1-2):137-156
It was suggested that negative calcium balance is not based on the shortage of calcium in the diet, but on the decreased tissular capacity of the body to retain calcium during hypokinesia (decreased muscular activity), and that chronic hyperhydration may be used to normalize calcium balance. To evaluate this hypothesis studies were performed on 30 long distance runners aged 23–26 yr, with an average maximum oxygen uptake 65 mL/kg/min during 364 d of hypokinesia (HK). All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: Ten volunteers were placed continuously under an average of 14.9 km/d (control subjects), ten volunteers were subjected continuously to HK (hypokinetic subjects), and ten volunteers were submitted continuously to HK with daily consumption of an additional amount of 26 mL water/kg body wt and 0.16 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/kg body wt (hyperhydrated subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the hypokinetic and hyperhydrated volunteers were kept under an average of 2.7 km/day for 364 d. During the prehypokinetic period and hypokinetic period calcium lactate loading tests (0.55 mEq/kg body wt) were performed. Urinary and blood electrolytes (sodium, ionized calcium, total calcium, magnesium, and phosphate) and blood parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined. Urinary electrolytes and concentrations in blood thereof decreased in the hyperhydrated and increased significantly in the hypokinetic volunteers. Blood parathyroid hormone content increased in the hyperhydrated and decreased in the hypokinetic volunteers. After calcium lactate loading tests, the hypokinetic volunteers displayed a faster excretion of calcium and a decreased blood PTH content as compared to the control and hyperhydrated groups of volunteers. It was concluded that calcium deficiency during HK is associated with decreased tissular capacity of the body to retain calcium, whereas chronic hyperhydration may be used to prevent calcium deficiency in endurance trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity. 相似文献
10.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Afonin VB Charapakhin KP Denogradov SD 《Biological trace element research》2000,78(1-3):93-112
Electrolyte supplements may be used to prevent changes in electrolyte balance during hypokinesia (diminished movement). The
aim of this study was to measure the effect of potassium (K) supplements on K balance during prolonged hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and during 364 d of an HK period. Forty male athletes aged 25.1±4.4 yr were
chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into four groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented
hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS) and supplemented ambulatory control subjects (SACS).
The SHKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d. The SACS and SHKS groups were supplemented
daily with 50.0 mg elemental potassium chloride (KCl) per kilogram body weight.
The K balance, fecal K excretion, urinary K, sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) excretion, plasma K, Na, and Cl concentration,
plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) concentration, anthropometric characteristics and peak oxygen uptake
were measured. Negative K balance, fecal K excretion, urinary K, Na, and Cl excretion, plasma K, Na, and Cl concentration,
and PRA and PA concentration increased significantly (p≤0.01), whereas body weight and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with
SACS and UACS groups. However, the measured parameters changed much faster and much more in SHKS group than UHKS group. By
contrast, K balance, fecal, urinary, and plasma K, plasma hormones, body weight, and peak oxygen uptake did not change significantly
in the SACS and UACS groups when compared with the baseline control values.
It was concluded that prolonged HK induces a significant negative K balance associated with increased plasma K concentration
and urinary and fecal K excretion. However, negative K balance appeared much faster and was much greater in the SHKS group
than UHKS group. Thus, K supplementation was not effective in preventing negative K balance during prolonged HK. 相似文献
11.
Zorbas YG Yarullin VL Denogradov SD Afonin VB Kakurin VJ 《Biological trace element research》2000,73(3):211-229
Electrolyte metabolism undergoes significant changes in trained subjects, but it is unknown if it undergoes significant changes
in untrained subjects during hypokinesia (decreased movement). The aim of this study was to measure calcium (Ca) changes in
trained and untrained subjects during prolonged hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and 364 d of a HK period. Forty male trained and untrained volunteers aged
23–26 yr were chosen as subjects. All subjects were equally divided into four groups: trained ambulatory control subjects
(TACS), trained hypokinetic subjects (THKS), untrained hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), and untrained ambulatory control subjects
(UACS). The THKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average running distance of 0.7 km/d.
Fecal Ca excretion, urinary Ca and magnesium (Mg) excretion, serum ionized calcium (CaI), Ca, Mg, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25 (OH)2 D] concentration, body weight, and peak
oxygen uptake were measured. Fecal Ca loss, urinary Ca and Mg excretion, and serum CaI, Mg, and Ca increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01), whereas serum iPTH and 1,25 (OH)2 D concentration body weight and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the THKS and UHKS groups when compared with the TACS and UACS groups. The measured parameters were much greater
and much faster in the THKS group than in the UHKS group. By contrast, the corresponding parameters did not change significantly
in the TACS and UACS groups when compared with the baseline control values.
It was concluded that prolonged HK induces significant fecal, urinary, and serum Ca changes in the hypokinetic subjects when
compared with control subjects. However, fecal, urinary, and serum Ca changes were much greater and appeared much faster in
the THKS group than the UHKS group. 相似文献
12.
Yan G. Zorbas Andrei G. Kakurin Nikolai K. Kuznetsov Maxim A. Federov Yuri Y. Yaroshenko 《Biological trace element research》1998,63(2):149-166
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium (Mg) loading (10.0 mg Mg/kg body wt) and daily Mg supplements
(5.0 mg Mg/kg body wt) on Mg deficiency shown by increased and not by decreased serum Mg concentration during hypokinesia
(decreased km number/d).
The studies were done during 30 d of prehypokinesia and 364 d of hypokinesia (HK) periods. Forty endurance-trained volunteers
aged 22–26 yr with a peak VO2 max of 66.3 mL·kg−1 min−1 and with an average 15.0 km/d running distance were chose as subjects. They were equally divided into four groups:
The SHKS and SACS groups took daily 5.0 mg elemental Mg/kg body wt and subjected to Mg loading (10.0 mg Mg/kg body wt). Both
the SHKS and UHKS groups were maintained under an average running distance of 4.7 km/d, whereas the SACS and UACS groups did
not experience any modifications to their normal training routines and diets.
During the prehypokinetic and hypokinetic periods, excretion of Mg in feces and urine, concentration of Mg in serum, and Mg
balance were measured. urinary and serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) were also determined. In both SHKS and
UHKS groups, fecal Mg loss, urinary excretion of electrolytes, and serum concentrations of electrolytes increased significantly
(p≤0.05) when compared with the SACS and UACS groups. During Mg loading tests, urinary and fecal Mg excretion was also greater
in the SHKS and UHKS groups than in the SACS and UACS groups. Throughout the study, Mg balance was negative in the SHKS and
UHKS groups, whereas in the SACS and UACS groups, Mg balance was positive.
It was concluded that significant losses of Mg occurred in the presence of negative Mg balance and Mg deficiency in endurance-trained
subjects during prolonged exposure to HK, daily mg supplements, and Mg loading tests. This suggests that Mg is not entering
or being retaining by the bones and cells of many tissues where most Mg is deposited normally, resulting in Mg deficiency
as was shown by the increased serum Mg concentration. 相似文献
1. | Unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS). |
2. | Unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHKS). |
3. | Supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS). |
4. | Supplemented ambulatory control subjects (SACS). |
13.
Yan G. Zorbas Kirill P. Charapakin Vassil J. Kakurin Nikolai K. Kuznetsov Maxim A. Federov Vladimir K. Popov 《Biological trace element research》1999,69(2):81-98
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a daily intake of copper supplements on negative copper balance during prolonged
exposure to hypokinesia (decreased number of kilometers per day). During hypokinesia (HK), negative copper balance is shown
by increased, not by decreased, serum copper concentration, as it happens in other situations.
Studies were done during a 30-d prehypokinetic period and a 364-d hypokinetic period. Forty male trained volunteers aged 22–26
yr with a peak oxygen uptake of 66.4 mL/min/kg and with an average of 13.7 km/d running distance were chosen as subjects.
They were equally divided into four groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented hypokinetic
subjects (UHKS), supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS), and supplemented ambulatory control subjects (SACS). The SACS and
SHKS groups took 0.09 mg copper carbonate/kg body weight daily. The SHKS and UHKS groups were maintained under an average
running distance of 1.7 km/d, whereas the SACS and UACS groups did not experience any modifications in their normal training
routines.
During the 30-d prehypokinetic period and the 346-d hypokinetic period, urinary excretion of copper, calcium, and magnesium
and serum concentrations of copper, calcium, and magnesium were measured. Copper loss in feces and copper balance was also
determined. In both UHKS and SHKS groups, urinary excretion of copper, calcium, and magnesium and concentrations of copper,
magnesium, and calcium in serum increased significantly when compared with the SACS and UACS groups. Loss of copper in feces
was also increased significantly in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the UACS and SACS groups. Throughout the study,
the copper balance was negative in the SHKS and UHKS groups, whereas in the SACS and UACS groups, the copper balance was positive.
It was concluded that a daily intake of copper supplements cannot be used to prevent copper deficiency shown by increased
copper concentration. Copper supplements also failed to prevent negative copper balance and copper losses in feces and urine
in endurancetrained subjects during prolonged exposure to HK. 相似文献
14.
Kakuris VJ Tsiamis CB Deogenov VA Peskaratos JG 《Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR》2004,36(2):109-121
The objective of this study was to show that prolonged restriction of motor activity (hypokinesia) could reduce phosphate (P) deposition and contribute to P loss with tissue P depletion. To this end, measurements were made of tissue P content, P absorption, plasma P levels, urinary and fecal P excretion of rats during and after hypokinesia (HK) and daily phosphate supplementation. Studies were conducted on male Wistar rats during a pre-hypokinetic period, a hypokinetic period and a post-hypokinetic period. All rats were equally divided into four groups: unsupplemented vivarium control rats (UVCR), unsupplemented hypokinetic rats (UHKR), supplemented vivarium control rats (SVCR) and supplemented hypokinetic rats (SHKR). Bone and muscle P content, plasma intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, P absorption, plasma P levels and urinary and fecal P excretion did not change in SVCR and UVCR compared with their pre-HK values. During HK, plasma P levels, urinary and fecal P excretion increased significantly (p<0.05) while muscle and bone P content, P absorption and plasma iPTH levels decreased significantly (p<0.05) in SHKR and UHKR compared with their pre-HK values and the values in their respective vivarium controls (SVCR and UVCR). During the initial 9-days of post-HK, plasma, urinary and fecal P levels decreased significantly (p<0.05), and plasma iPTH levels, muscle and bone P levels remained significantly (p<0.05) depressed in hypokinetic rats compared with their pre-HK values and the values in their respective vivarium control rats. By the 15th day, these values approached the control values. During HK and post-HK, changes in P absorption, plasma iPTH levels, and P levels in muscle, bone, plasma, urine and feces were significantly (p<0.05) greater in SHKR than in UHKR. Decreased tissue P content with increased P loss in animals receiving and not receiving P supplementation demonstrates decreased P deposition during HK. Higher P excretion with lower tissue content in SHKR and UHKR demonstrates that P deposition is decreased more with P supplementation than without. Because SHKR with a lower tissue P content showed higher P excretion than UHKR it was concluded that the risk of decreased P deposition with greater tissue P depletion is inversely related to P intake, that is, the higher the P intake the greater the risk for decreased P deposition and the greater tissue P depletion. It was shown that P (regardless of the intensity of its tissue depletion) is lost during HK unless factors contributing to the decreased P deposition are partially or totally reversed. It was concluded that dissociation between (decreased) tissue P content and (increased) P uptake indicates decreased P (absorption and) deposition as the main mechanisms of tissue P depletion during prolonged HK. 相似文献
15.
Zorbas YG Yarullin VL Denogradov SD Afonin VB Kakurin VK 《Biological trace element research》2002,88(2):125-138
Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces phosphate (P) changes; however, it is not known if P change is greater in trained
than untrained subjects. Measuring P balance and P retention during hypokinesia (HK) and P load, we studied if changes in
P retention and P depletion were significantly (p<0.05) greater in trained than untrained subjects. Studies were done during a 30-d pre-HK period and a 364-d HK period. Forty
male trained and untrained healthy individuals aged 24.5±5.4 yr were chosen as subjects. All volunteers were equally divided
into four groups: trained ambulatory control subjects (TACS), trained hypokinetic subjects (THKS), untrained ambulatory control
subjects (UACS), and untrained hypokinetic subjects (UHKS). All THKS and UHKS were limited to an average walking distance
of 0.3 km/d, and TACS and UACS were on an average running distance of 9.8 and 1.8 km/d, respectively. Subjects took daily
12.7-mmol dicalcium-phosphate/kg body weight in the form of supplementation.
Negative P balance, fecal P loss, urinary P and calcium (Ca) excretion, serum P, and total Ca (Cat) levels increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas P retention, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25 (OH)2D3] and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level decreased significantly (p<0.05) in THKS and UHKS when compared with their pre-HK values and their respective ambulatory controls (TACS and UACS). However,
P retention, P balance, serum, urinary, and fecal P, and serum hormone level changed significantly (p<0.05) more in THKS than UHKS. Retention of P, fecal P, urinary P and Ca loss, serum P and Cat level, P balance, 1,25(OH)2D3, and iPTH level change insignificantly (p>0.05) in TACS and UACS when compared with their pre-HK control values.
It was concluded that significant negative P balance may indicate P depletion, whereas significant P loss in spite of negative
P balance and P load may suggest P retention incapacity; however, P depletion was greater in THKS than UHKS. Clearly, P is
wasted much more in THKS than UHKS. 相似文献
16.
Yan G. Zorbas Vassil J. Kakurin Victor B. Afonin Nikolai A. Kuznetsov Vladimir L. Yarullin Sergei D. Denogradov 《Biological trace element research》1999,70(1):1-19
Negative potassium balance during hypokinesia (decreased number of kilometers taken/day) is not based on the potassium shortage
in the diet, but on the impossibility of the body to retain potassium. To assess this hypothesis, we study the effect of potassium
loading on athletes during prolonged hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and during 364 d of an HK period. Forty male athletes aged 23–26 yr were
chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into four groups: unloaded ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unloaded hypokinetic
subjects (UHKS), loaded hypokinetic subjects (LHKS), and loaded ambulatory control subjects (LACS). For the simulation of
the hypokinetic effect, the LHKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average running distance of 1.7 km/d. In the LACS and
LHKS groups, potassium loading tests were done by administering 95.35 mg KC1 per kg body weight.
During the pre-HK and HK periods and after KC1 loading tests, fecal and urinary potassium excretion, sodium and chloride excretion,
plasma potassium, sodium and chloride concentration, and potassium balance were measured. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and
plasma aldosterone concentration was also measured. Negative potassium balance increased significantly (p < -0.01) in the UHKS and LHKS groups when compared with the UACS and LACS groups. Plasma electrolyte concentration, urinary
electrolyte excretion, fecal potassium excretion, PRA, and PA concentration increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the LHKS
and UHKS groups when compared with LACS and UACS groups. Urinary and fecal potassium excretion increased much more and much
faster in the LHKS group than in the UHKS group. By contrast, the corresponding parameters change insignificantly in the UACS
and LACS groups when compared with the base line control values.
It was concluded that urinary and fecal potassium excretion increased significantly despite the presence of negative potassium
balance; thus, negative potassium balance may not be based on potassium shortage in the diet because of the impossibility
of the body to retain potassium during HK. 相似文献
17.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Denogratov SD Yarullin VL Deogenov VA 《Biological trace element research》2001,80(3):201-219
Hypokinesia (HK) (diminished movement) induces significant electrolyte changes, but little is known about the effect of periodic
hypokinesia (PHK) on minerals. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of PHK and continuous hypokinesia (CHK) on
urinary and serum electrolytes. Studies were done during a 30-d period of prehypokinesia (HK) and during 364 d of PHK and
CHK periods. Thirty male athletes aged 24.6±7.7 yr were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into three groups: unrestricted
ambulatory control subjects (UACS), continuously hypokinetic subjects (CHKS), and periodically hypokinetic subjects (PHKS).
The UACS group experienced no changes in the daily activities and regular training and they were maintained under an average
running distance of 11.7 km/d. The CHKS group was limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d; and the PHKS group was
limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 and running distance of 11.7 km/d for 5 d and 2 d/wk, respectively, for a period
of 364 d.
Urinary and serum phosphate (P), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcitonin
(CT), plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (PA) levels, food and water intakes, and physical characteristics were measured.
Urinary P, Ca, Na, and K loss, serum Ca, P, Na, and K, and PRA and PA values increased significantly (p≤0.01), whereas serum iPTH and CT levels decreased significantly (p≤0.01) in the PHKS and CHKS groups when compared with the UACS group. However, significant (p≤0.01) differences were observed between PHKS and CHKS groups regarding urinary and serum electrolytes, serum and plasma hormones.
Food and water intakes, body weight, body fat, and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the CHKS group when compared with PHKS and UACS groups. Food and fluid intakes, body fat, and body weight increased
significantly (p≤0.01), whereas peak oxygen uptake remained significantly (p≤0.01) higher in the PHKS group when compared with the CHKS group. Serum and urinary minerals, serum hormones, food and fluid
intakes, and physical characteristics did not change significantly (p>0.01) in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values.
It was shown that both PHK and CHK induce significant serum and urinary electrolyte changes. However, urinary and serum electrolyte
changes were significantly (p≤0.01) greater during PHK than CHK. It was concluded that the greater the stability of muscular activity, the smaller the
serum and urinary electrolyte changes during prolonged HK. 相似文献
18.
Zorbas YG Petrov KL Kakurin VJ Kuznetsov NA Charapakhin KP Alexeyev ID Denogradov SD 《Biological trace element research》2000,73(3):231-250
Calcium (Ca) supplements may be used to normalize Ca-balance changes but little is known about the effect of Ca supplements
on Ca balance during hypokinesia (decreased kilometers per day). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily
intakes of Ca supplements on Ca balance during hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and during 364 d of a HK period. Forty male athletes aged 23–26 yr were chosen
as subjects. They were divided equally into four groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented
hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS), and supplemented ambulatory control subjects (SACS).
The SHKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average running distance of 0.7 km/d. In the SHKS and SACS groups supplemented
with 35.0 mg Ca lactate/kg body weight.
Fecal Ca loss, urinary excretion of Ca and phosphate (P), serum concentrations of ionized calcium (CaI) total Ca, P, and Ca balance, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), anthropometric
characteristics and peak oxygen uptake were measured. Fecal Ca excretion, urinary Ca and P excretion, serum CaI, total Ca, and P concentration, and negative Ca balanced increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the SACS and UACS groups. Serum, urinary, and fecal Ca changes were
much greater and appeared much faster in the SHKS group than in the UHKS group. Serum iPTH and 1,25 (OH)2 D, body weight,
and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the SACS and UACS groups. In contrast, the corresponding parameters
remained stable in the SACS and UACS groups when compared with the baseline control values.
It was concluded that during prolonged HK, urinary and fecal Ca excretion and serum Ca concentration increased significantly
despite the presence of a negative Ca balance; thus, Ca supplements cannot be used to normalize negative Ca balance during
prolonged HK. 相似文献
19.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Kuznetsov NA Yarullin VL Andreyev ID Charapakhin KP 《Biological trace element research》2002,85(3):211-226
Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces significant phosphate (P) excretion; however, little is known about the P deposition
ability of the body during hypokinesia (HK). Using P loads, the aim of this study was to establish the deposition ability
of the body to retain P during prolonged HK. Studies were done during a 30-d period of pre-HK and a 364-d period of HK. Forty
male trained athletes aged 24.7 ± 8.0 yr were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into four groups: unloaded ambulatory
control subjects (UACS), unloaded hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), loaded ambulatory control subjects (LACS), and loaded hypokinetic
subjects (LHKS). All hypokinetic subjects were limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d. Loading tests with 85.0
mg of calcium phosphate/kg body weight were performed on the LACS and LHKS.
Fecal P loss, urinary calcium (Ca) and P loss, serum P, Ca, and the ionized calcium (CaI) levels increased significantly (p≤0.05) in the LHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the LACS and UACS groups, respectively. Serum intact parathyroid hormone
(iPTH) and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2 D3] levels decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in the LHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the LACS and UACS groups, respectively. After the P load, significant
(p≤0.05) differences were observed between LHKS and UHKS groups regarding serum, urinary, and fecal P changes. Thus, the deposition
capacity of P decreased significantly (p≤0.05) more in the LHKS group than in the UHKS group. The deposition of P, fecal P, urinary P and Ca, serum CaI, P, Ca, 1,25-(OH)2 D3, and iPTH changed insignificantly (p>0.05) in control groups when compared with their baseline values.
It was shown that after the P load, significant differences were observed between the loaded and unloaded hypokinetic subjects
regarding serum, urinary, and fecal P values and P retention. The oral P load intensified P loss from the body. It was concluded
that the higher the P intake increased the greater P loss and the lower P deposition and thus the less likely it is for the
P load to benefit hypokinetic subjects. 相似文献
20.
Yan G. Zorbas Vassili G. Andreyev Grigori E. Veremtsov Youri N. Yaroshenko 《Biological trace element research》1997,58(1-2):103-116
The objective of this investigation was to determine whether a plentiful magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation might be used to normalize or prevent Mg deficiency. This is manifested by increased rather than decreased serum Mg2+ concentration as is observed during prolonged hospitalization, which is developed during prolonged hypokinesia (HK) (decreased motor activity). Eighty male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 370–390 g were used to perform the studies: They were equally divided into four groups:
- Unsupplemented control animals (UCA);
- Supplemented control animals (SCA);
- Unsupplemented hypokinetic animals (UHA); and
- Supplemented hypokinetic animals (SHA).