International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 4th edition

The fourth edition of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (ICPN) was prepared by the Steering Committee of the IAVS Working Group for Phytosociological Nomenclature (GPN). The edition consists of 14 Definitions, 7 Principles, 53 Articles, and 7 Appendices. When compared with the previous edition, the main amendments are: (a) the acceptance of electronic publications (Art. 1); (b) the introduction of binding decisions (Definition XIV, Principle II, Articles 1, 2b, 3c, 29b, 40, 42, 44, Appendices 6 and 7); (c) the mandatory use of the English or Latin terminology for syntaxonomic novelties (Definition II, Principle II, Articles 3d and 3i); (d) the introduction of autonyms for the main ranks when the corresponding secondary ranks are created (Articles 13b and 24); (e) the automatic correction of the taxon names (name-giving taxa) used in the names of syntaxa in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) (Article 44); (f) the possibility to mutate the name of a syntaxon in using other correct, alternative names for the name-giving taxa (Article 45); (g) the introduction of inadequate names, a new category of rejected names (Definition V, Articles 43 through 45); and (h) the introduction of a conserved type (Definition XIII, Article 53). The fourth edition of ICPN was approved by the GPN on 25 May 2019 and becomes effectively binding on 1 January 2021.     

A survey of family‐group names in noctuoid moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Some milestones of the systematic history of the Noctuoidea are reviewed, and a full list of the family‐group names is given including the respective bibliographical references. Every name has been checked for availability according to the Iczn. The following subjective synonyms are indicated: Eublemmini Forbes, 1954 (=*Anthophilidae Duponchel, [1845], unavailable, = *Micradi Stephens, 1850, unavailable, no need for replacement names). According to Art. 40. 2 Iczn, we propose to maintain the names Thaumetopoeinae Aurivillius, 1889 (= Cnethocampides Wallengren, 1861), Psaphidini Grote, 1896 (= Dicopinae Grote, 1882), and Euxoinae Warren, 1909 (= Brotinae Grote, 1882, = Euxoina Beck, 1999 syn. n.), as they are in current use.     

A taxonomic and nomenclatural note on Hieracium caesium (Asteraceae)

The only specimen suitable for typification of Hieracium caesium was discovered in UPS and is here designated as the lectotype. This name appears to have been misapplied and superfluous when originally published at specific rank, but is legitimate according to Art. 52.3. Correct names proposed for three species of the group Caesia (H. caesium = H. basifolium, H. laeticolor and H. plumbeum) are given with infraspecific variants and some more important synonyms. The names H. caesium subsp. laeticolor, H. imitans, H. caesium var. nemorum, H. plumbeum are also lectotypified. Two new combinations H. caesium var. basifolium and H. caesium var. imitans are proposed.     

Typification of three names in Antirrhinum (Plantaginaceae: Antirrhineae)

Typification of the names Antirrhinum barrelieri Boreau, A. controversum Pau and A. litigiosum Pau (Antirrhineae, Plantaginaceae) is needed to clarify the use and concept of these three names. The origin of a misinterpretation of the name A. barrelieri, which conditioned the subsequent use of these three names, is discussed. The previous ‘lectotype’ of A. barrelieri designated by Rothmaler from a Barrelier's illustration is shown to be ineffective, being contrary to Art. 9.12 of the ICN, and therefore a lectotype is designated from a syntype preserved in the herbarium of the Muséum des sciences naturelles d'Angers (France) at ANG. The Pau's names A. controversum and A. litigiosum have not been typified before, and lectotypes are here designated from specimens preserved at P and MA, respectively. As a consequence, the name A. litigiosum should be treated as a later heterotypic synonym of A. barrelieri.     

Subspecies of the Eeuropean beaver<Emphasis Type="Italic">Castor fiber</Emphasis> Linnaeus, 1758

Subspecific relationships of the European beaverCastor fiber have been obscured by failure to follow the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and remain an open issue. Inconsequence in the use of subspecies names caused a nomenclatural as well as a taxonomic confusion. We discuss these controversial and incorrect nomenclatural decisions, and recognize 9 nominal subspecies of European beaver, bearing 9 available names:C. f. fiber Linnaeus, 1758,C. f. galliae Geoffroy, 1803, C. f. albicus Matschie, 1907,C. f. vistulanus Matschie, 1907,C. f. pohlei Serebrennikov, 1929,C. f. birulai Serebrennikov, 1929,C. f. tuvinicus Lavrov, 1969,C. f. belorussicus Lavrov, 1981, andC. f. orientoeuropaeus Lavrov, 1981.     

更换饲料对家蚕幼虫肠道细菌组成的影响及关键物种与产茧性能的相关性

【目的】本研究探讨使用人工饲料部分替代桑叶饲育后家蚕Bombyx mori幼虫肠道细菌群落的变化情况,并分析人工饲料替代桑叶的不同饲育模式下肠道关键细菌与蛹重和茧层量的相关性,为人工饲料部分替代法饲育家蚕的实际应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用全龄桑叶育(Mul1-5)、1-2龄人工饲料育+3-5龄桑叶育(Art1-2)、1-3龄人工饲料育+4-5龄桑叶育(Art1-3)、1-4龄人工饲料育+5龄桑叶育(Art1-4)和全龄人工饲料育(Art1-5) 5种饲养模式饲养家蚕幼虫,统计5种饲养模式下家蚕的全茧量、茧层量及蛹重;收集不同饲养模式下家蚕5龄幼虫肠道样品,通过高通量测序技术分析其肠道菌群的组成和多样性差异,采用Spearman相关性热图分析肠道细菌与蛹重和茧层量的相关性。【结果】人工饲料与桑叶不同搭配的饲育模式对家蚕茧质有显著的影响,Mul1-5和Art1-5的全茧量最高,二者无显著性差异,Art1-2其次; Mul1-5茧层量最高,Art1-2其次,Art1-5茧层量最低。在不同饲育模式下,家蚕肠道细菌多样性和组成显著不同：在门水平上,Art1-2和Mul1-5的细菌组成最相近,优势菌主要是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),而Art1-3, Art1-4和Art1-5的细菌组成最相近,变形菌门丰度随着人工饲料饲养时间的增加逐渐增加,厚壁菌门的丰度则呈现相反的趋势;在属水平上,家蚕肠道优势菌属有假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、肠球菌属Enterococcus、鞘脂单胞菌科未分类菌属Sphingomonadaceae unclassified及罗尔斯通菌属Ralstonia等。不同饲育模式下家蚕肠道菌属丰度差异最大的是肠球菌属,Art1-2组中肠球菌属丰度最高(40.9%),随着人工饲料饲养时间的延长,丰度逐渐降低,在Art1-5中仅为0.02%。家蚕肠道菌群大部分关键物种均与茧质呈一定的相关性：柯克斯体属Coxiella与蛹重呈显著正相关,与茧层量呈显著负相关;葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus与蛹重呈显著负相关;肠球菌属与茧层量呈显著正相关。【结论】饲育模式Art1-2最接近于Mul1-5,可为人工饲料部分替代桑叶饲育法饲育家蚕提供参考。人工饲料部分替代桑叶后家蚕肠道菌群结构发生了显著变化,肠球菌属丰度的显著降低及假单胞菌属的显著增加可能与全龄人工饲料养家蚕体质弱有关;一些关键细菌与家蚕蛹重和茧层量存在显著相关性,其影响机制需要进一步研究。     

Die Namen der Familien und Unterfamilien der Lebermoose (Hepaticopsida)

Abstract

Part I deals briefly with the application of the Code rules to family and subfamily names.

In Part II full references are given for all family and subfamily names of Hepaticopsida, some with nomenclatural or taxonomic notes added. There are three lists, each in alphabetical order: A. legitimate names (78 f., 62 subf.), B. illegitimate names (21 f., 10 subf.), and C. invalid names (only those derived from generic names; 17 f., 11 subf.); in total 116 family and 83 subfamily names. Five family names (Choneoleaceae Schust., Conocephalaceae K. Müll., Exormothecaceae K. Müll., Oxymitraceae K. Müll., Perssoniellaceae Schust.) and three subfamily names (Allisonioideae Schust., Cololejeuneoideae Herz., Odontosehismatoideae Buch) are validated by Latin diagnosis. Five subfamily names (Hygrobielloideae (Joerg.) Schust., Isotaehidoideae (Hatch.) Grolle, Makinooideae (Nakai) Grolle, Mastigophoroideae (Nees) Grolle, Pallavicinioideae (Migula) (Grolle) are proposed by change of rank, whereas five other subfamily names (Acromastigoideae Grolle, Blepharostomatoideae Grolle, Cyathodioideae Grolle, Lethocoleoideae Grolle, Notothyladoideae Grolle) are newly proposed.

Part III is a taxonomic arrangement of the hepatic families and subfamilies. For each of the five orders of Hepaticopsida the accepted families (sixty-two in total) are listed alphabetically with full synonymy : Anthocerotales (1), Marchantiales (16), Metzgeriales (8), Calobryales (2), Jungermanniales (35). The accepted subfamilies with their synonyms are added to each family.     

Nomenclature for factors of the dog major histocompatibility system (DLA), 1998: first report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee

A Nomenclature committee for Factors of the Dog Major Histocompatibility System or Dog Leukocyte Antigen (DLA) has been convened under the auspices of the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) to define a sequence based nomenclature for the genes of the DLA system. The remit of this committee includes: assignment of gene names rules for naming alleles assignment of names to published alleles assignment of names to new alleles rules for acceptance of new alleles DLA Nomenclature Committee, rules for acceptance, DLA genes and alleles, sequence based nomenclature.     

Studien zur Paläopathologie der Invertebraten III: Parasitismus bei Ammoniten

The anomalies known from ammonites (forma-types sensu Hölder) are, as far as possible, divided in possible groups of causes and reviewed with reference to possible parasitism. Previous interpretations of anomalies as caused by parasitism are discussed: forma juxtacarinata-juxtalobata, f. juxtalobata, f. verticata, f. inflata, pearls, hypertrophy; other anomalies like forma cacoptycha, f. juxtacarinata or f. chaotica may be caused only partly by parasitism. The biological evidence and plausibility of assumed parasitism is discussed. Additionally terminological suggestions for the use of “anomaly”, “Mißbildung” and the names of forma-types are made.     

Some Lithuanian ethnobotanical taxa: a linguistic view on Thorn Apple and related plants

Background

The perception and use of plants correspond with common plant names. The study of plant names may give insight into historical and recent use of plants.

Methods

Plant names in dictionaries and folklore have been evaluated. A etymological analysis of the names is provided. Onomasiological and semasiological aspects have been considered. Therefore, species named with names related to each other have been selected.

Results

Plant names containing the stem dag- or deg- may belong to either of two categories: incenses or thorny plants. Plants named in durn- have been in use as psychopharmaca. The name rymo points not to Rome but to the use of plants as anodyne or psychopharmaca.     

澜沧药用植物资源研究

澜沧药用植物资源丰富。民族民间具有利用当地植物来防病治病的传统实践。本文选取澜沧县文东乡、东回乡、酒井乡作为调查研究对象,应用关键人物访谈、自由列举、参与式调查和相关文献查询等方法,对澜沧县各民族传统使用的药用植物资源进行调查研究。共收集到58种药用植物,分属35科55属,记录了58种药用植物中文名、拉丁名、药用部位、加工方法、主治（功效）等。分析了当地药用植物利用的知识和地方特点。     

几种虫草属真菌的学名订正

本文合格发表虫草属两个变型的名称,即Cordyceps militaris f.albina(蛹虫草白化变型)和C.ophioglossoides f.alba(大团囊虫草白化变型),并提出新名称C.shimizui(清水虫草)以代替非法的晚出同名C.chichibuensis Kobayasi & Shimizu,同时也证实C.shanxiensis(山西虫草)的合格发表地位。Cordyceps purpureostramata f.recurvata是一个不合格名称,其模式标定可以从原白中提供的照片得到线索。虫草属下分类单元作者的准确引证和一些种或种下分类单元拉丁名加词的正确拼法也在此作了讨论。     

Regulation of Rho-GEF Rgf3 by the arrestin Art1 in fission yeast cytokinesis

Rho GTPases, activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), are essential regulators of polarized cell growth, cytokinesis, and many other cellular processes. However, the regulation of Rho-GEFs themselves is not well understood. Rgf3 is an essential GEF for Rho1 GTPase in fission yeast. We show that Rgf3 protein levels and localization are regulated by arrestin-related protein Art1. art1∆ cells lyse during cell separation with a thinner and defective septum. As does Rgf3, Art1 concentrates to the contractile ring starting at early anaphase and spreads to the septum during and after ring constriction. Art1 localization depends on its C-terminus, and Art1 is important for maintaining Rgf3 protein levels. Biochemical experiments reveal that the Rgf3 C-terminus binds to Art1. Using an Rgf3 conditional mutant and mislocalization experiments, we found that Art1 and Rgf3 are interdependent for localization to the division site. As expected, active Rho1 levels at the division site are reduced in art1∆ and rgf3 mutant cells. Taken together, these data reveal that the arrestin family protein Art1 regulates the protein levels and localization of the Rho-GEF Rgf3, which in turn modulates active Rho1 levels during fission yeast cytokinesis.     

Electrophysiological Correlation of the Degree of Self-Reference Effect

The present study investigated neural correlations underlying the psychological processing of stimuli with various degrees of self-relevance. Event-related potentials were recorded for names that differ in their extent of relevance to the study participant. Participants performed a three-stimulus oddball task. ERP results showed larger P2 averaged amplitudes for highly self-relevant names than for moderately self-relevant, minimally self-relevant, and non-self-relevant names. N2 averaged amplitudes were larger for the highly self-relevant names than for the moderately self-relevant, minimally self-relevant, and non-self-relevant names. Highly self-relevant names elicited larger P3 averaged amplitudes than the moderately self-relevant names which, in turn, had larger P3 values than for minimally self-relevant names. Minimally self-relevant stimuli elicited larger P3 averaged amplitudes than non-self-relevant stimuli. These results demonstrate a degree effect of self-reference, which was indexed using electrophysiological activity.     

苹果轮纹病病害名称之规范

苹果轮纹病(apple ring rot)为苹果重要病害,严重危害果实和枝干,甚至造成幼树枯死等。苹果轮纹病可引起果实腐烂、枝干疣突、溃疡、粗皮等症状,导致苹果轮纹病病害汉语名称使用混乱,如苹果轮纹病、苹果干腐病、苹果果实轮纹病、苹果枝干轮纹病、轮纹烂果病等。病原拉丁学名的使用亦相当混乱,葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea、贝林格葡萄座腔菌B. berengeriana、贝林格葡萄座腔菌梨生专化型B. berengeriana f. sp. pyricola、七叶树壳梭孢Fusicoccum aesculi、锹冢大茎点霉Macrophoma kuwatsukai、梨生囊孢Physalospora pyricola和梨生球座菌Guignardia pyricola等学名都在被使用。本文根据近些年来国内外的研究新进展,认为苹果轮纹病是一类复合病害,与欧美国家发生的白腐病为同一种病害,其病原包括葡萄座腔菌B. dothidea和锹冢葡萄座腔菌B. kuwatsukai。建议将该复合病害汉语统称为苹果轮纹病,英文采用apple ring rot。鉴于两种病原在我国苹果产区的普发性,建议在病害发生规律及抗病育种等研究中,对于葡萄座腔菌和锹冢葡萄座腔菌均需充分重视。     

The taxonomic name resolution service: an online tool for automated standardization of plant names

Background

The digitization of biodiversity data is leading to the widespread application of taxon names that are superfluous, ambiguous or incorrect, resulting in mismatched records and inflated species numbers. The ultimate consequences of misspelled names and bad taxonomy are erroneous scientific conclusions and faulty policy decisions. The lack of tools for correcting this ‘names problem’ has become a fundamental obstacle to integrating disparate data sources and advancing the progress of biodiversity science.

Results

The TNRS, or Taxonomic Name Resolution Service, is an online application for automated and user-supervised standardization of plant scientific names. The TNRS builds upon and extends existing open-source applications for name parsing and fuzzy matching. Names are standardized against multiple reference taxonomies, including the Missouri Botanical Garden's Tropicos database. Capable of processing thousands of names in a single operation, the TNRS parses and corrects misspelled names and authorities, standardizes variant spellings, and converts nomenclatural synonyms to accepted names. Family names can be included to increase match accuracy and resolve many types of homonyms. Partial matching of higher taxa combined with extraction of annotations, accession numbers and morphospecies allows the TNRS to standardize taxonomy across a broad range of active and legacy datasets.

Conclusions

We show how the TNRS can resolve many forms of taxonomic semantic heterogeneity, correct spelling errors and eliminate spurious names. As a result, the TNRS can aid the integration of disparate biological datasets. Although the TNRS was developed to aid in standardizing plant names, its underlying algorithms and design can be extended to all organisms and nomenclatural codes. The TNRS is accessible via a web interface at http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org/ and as a RESTful web service and application programming interface. Source code is available at https://github.com/iPlantCollaborativeOpenSource/TNRS/.     

Are species names proper names?

The nature of species names has been a source of controversy, and has played a role in developing ideas about the status of species, such as the species‐as‐individuals hypothesis. Some argue that species names are Millian proper names: names that have no meaning. Others have countered that species names are Millian general names that have stipulative definitions. Here I argue that species names belong to neither category. In particular, unlike Millian proper names, species names have unique referents and are connotative. Further, species names are names of intension that, unlike Millian general names, refer to specific collective entities. Because species names have unique properties not associated with Millian general or proper names, but recognizing the similarity to proper names in most respects, I propose that they be categorized as extra‐proper names.
     

The role of the calponin homology domain of smoothelin-like 1 (SMTNL1) in myosin phosphatase inhibition and smooth muscle contraction

Arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (Art) catalyzes the mono-ADP-ribosylation, in which it transfers a single ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to the arginine residue(s) of target proteins, and may regulate the function of the proteins or peptides in cellular processes. In vertebrates, Art family is consisted of seven members (Arts1-7), and these Arts are distributed among various tissues except B lymphocytes. Previously, we described molecular cloning, characterization and distribution of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored Arts, Art7.1 and Art7.2 (formerly, we referred as cgArt1 and cgArt2, respectively) in chicken tissues (Terashima et al (2005) Biochem J 389:853-861). Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Art7.1 was predominantly expressed on the surface of B cells from the bursa of Fabricius as a GPI-anchored form, as well as on T cells from the thymocytes. Furthermore, we show that the expression of Art7.1 molecules on B cells could modulate the B cell receptor (BCR) signalling and direct the B cell fate to maturation. Thus, our present observation sheds light on the Art molecule expressed on B cells and its possible functional role in BCR signalling.