川西亚高山暗针叶林不同恢复阶段红桦、 岷江冷杉土壤种子损耗特征

在川西亚高山米亚罗林区海拔3 100—3 600 m阴坡、半阴坡,以立地条件基本一致的箭竹和藓类林型不同恢复阶段(20—40年生的箭竹-阔叶林、藓类-阔叶林,50年生的箭竹-针阔混交林、藓类-针阔混交林、160—200年生的箭竹-暗针叶老龄林、藓类暗针叶老龄林)的群落为研究对象,于种子成熟散落前(8月)采集土壤样品,应用网筛分选法结合体视显微镜挑选种子,实验室发芽试验法和四唑染色法对种子生活力进行测定,分析了土壤内先锋树种红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)和顶极树种岷江冷杉(Abiesfaxoniana)的残余种子总数、组分及其分布格局;采用样方法调查了红桦和岷江冷杉的1年生幼苗密度。结果表明:1)随着森林的恢复,红桦的残余种子总数、外形完整种子数、发育不全种子数、空粒种子数和腐烂种子数呈减少的趋势,而岷江冷杉则相反。箭竹林型不同恢复阶段红桦的残余种子总数、外形完整种子数、发育不全种子数、空粒种子数和腐烂种子数总体上大于藓类林型相应恢复阶段。岷江冷杉的残余种子总数、外形完整种子数、发育不全种子数、空粒种子数、腐烂种子数的最大值均出现在藓类-暗针叶老林龄;2)在阔叶林和针阔混交林阶段,红桦和岷江冷杉的种子组分所占比例最高的分别为腐烂种子和发育不全种子,在暗针叶老龄林阶段,红桦的腐烂种子和空粒种子的比例位居前列,而岷江冷杉的外形完整种子比例最大;3)随着土层深度的增加,红桦和岷江冷杉的外形完整种子数、发育不全种子数、空粒种子数和腐烂种子数均呈减少的趋势。红桦和岷江冷杉不同组分的种子在枯枝落叶层所占地比例在72.85%—94.28%;4)红桦的1年生幼苗密度随着森林的恢复逐渐减小,而岷江冷杉的1年生幼苗密度随着森林的恢复逐渐增大。在8月份,土壤中已经不存在红桦和岷江冷杉有生活力的种子,两种植物的种子只能形成短暂土壤种子库。     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子

在川西亚高山米亚罗林区海拔3 100~3 600 m阴坡、半阴坡, 以立地条件基本一致的箭竹和藓类林型不同恢复阶段(20~40 a生的箭竹阔叶林、50 a生的箭竹针阔混交林、160~200 a生的箭竹原始暗针叶老龄林; 20~40 a生的藓类阔叶林、50 a生的藓类针阔混交林、160~200 a生的藓类原始暗针叶老龄林)的群落为研究对象, 共设置了50个样方(20 m×20 m), 采用空间代时间的方法分析了岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的天然更新状况, 并采用通径分析法对其影响因子进行分析。结果表明: 箭竹和藓类两种森林类型岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树和小树的密度偏低。对于箭竹林型不同恢复阶段, 岷江冷杉幼苗密度＜幼树密度＜小树密度; 对于藓类林型不同恢复阶段, 藓类阔叶林幼树密度大于幼苗和小树密度, 藓类针阔混交林小树密度大于幼苗和幼树密度, 而藓类原始暗针叶老龄林幼苗密度大于幼树和小树密度。藓类林型岷江冷杉天然更新状况好于箭竹林型。对箭竹林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为母树密度、倒木蓄积量、箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度, 其中母树密度和倒木蓄积量对岷江冷杉天然更新起着促进作用, 箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度对岷江冷杉天然更新起着阻碍作用; 对于藓类林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为灌木盖度和苔藓层厚度。灌木和苔藓有利于幼苗的发生, 但不利于幼苗向幼树、小树的过渡。     

川西亚高山天然林岷江冷杉的更新结构与数量动态

岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)的天然更新是川西亚高山地区天然次生林生态恢复的关键。为揭示川西亚高山4种典型天然林林型(杜鹃-岷江冷杉林、箭竹-岷江冷杉林、红桦-岷江冷杉林和红桦林)中岷江冷杉的更新结构和其幼龄植株的生存过程,基于4块1 hm²样地的调查,通过单因素方差分析和多重比较对比不同林型中岷江冷杉的更新结构和更新质量;通过对数回归建立了岷江冷杉幼龄植株高度与年龄间的关系;通过建立幼龄植株的静态生命表、绘制存活曲线和计算数量动态指数分析其生存特征和存活瓶颈期。结果表明：4种林型中岷江冷杉的更新质量和幼龄植株存活状态依次为杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>红桦林>红桦-岷江冷杉林>箭竹-岷江冷杉林。各林型中岷江冷杉幼龄植株的死亡率与相邻龄级间的个体数量动态(V_n指数)随龄级增加的波动大。综合死亡率与V_n指数的龄级差异,杜鹃-岷江冷杉林和箭竹-岷江冷杉林中幼龄植株存活的年龄瓶颈期分别为第21—25年(树高0.66—1.04 m)和第11—15年(树高0.46—0.73 m);红桦-...     

川西亚高山次生林恢复过程中乔木层优势种变化及其影响因子

川西亚高山森林在20世纪下半叶遭受长时期连续砍伐,形成了采伐迹地上天然次生林恢复演替序列。该研究采用空间代替时间方法,以立地条件相似的暗针叶林作为对照,分析川西亚高山暗针叶林采伐迹地上次生林自然恢复过程中乔木层优势种组成及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)研究区亚高山天然次生林恢复演替过程中,不同演替阶段土壤各养分差异显著,其中土壤总氮、土壤总磷、土壤有效磷、土壤有效氮均在针阔混交林阶段最高,土壤pH值的变化在5.42～7.39范围波动,土壤有机碳随恢复的进行而增加,土壤C/N主要集中在15左右,只有针叶林达到18.62。(2)研究区次生林以16个乔木树种为主,针叶树种主要有粗枝云杉、岷江冷杉,阔叶树种主要有红桦、青榨槭等,且不同恢复阶段的群落乔木层优势种差异显著(R_(ANOSINM)=0.439,P0.001)。(3)多元回归树分析发现,次生林乔木层优势种组成主要受林龄、土壤有机碳和总氮的影响,其中在次生林恢复演替后期(80a后),乔木层组成可能主要由于种间竞争导致,在次生林恢复演替前、中期(80a前),环境选择可能是影响乔木层组成差异的主导因素。(4)反向选择筛选结果显示,土壤总氮、海拔高度、土壤有效磷和土壤有机碳是影响乔木层优势种差异的主要因子。     

川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征

在林分和小流域尺度上,应用模型研究了四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林冠层的降水截留特征.结果表明:生长季节(5—10月),箭竹-岷江冷杉原始林冠层截留系数在33%～72%之间,平均48%;冠层截留量与降水量之间呈显著的线性关系,截留系数与降水量之间呈负指数函数关系;试验小流域内,植被冠层最大截留量的平均值为1.74mm,不同林分间的差异显著,其顺序为藓类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>草类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>藓类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>草类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>杜鹃灌丛;冠层最大截留量与叶面积指数(LAI)之间呈极显著的线性关系;冠层截留量、冠层最大截留量、附加截留量分别占同期降水量的39%、25%和14%.所选模型对整个生长季平均截留量的模拟效果较好,相对误差为9%～14%.     

川西北甘南云冷杉林的DCA排序、环境解释和地理分布模型的研究

 本文应用DCA排序的方法进行了四川西北部和甘肃南部云冷杉林的梯度分析,建立了植物群落梯度环境解释的数学模型和植物群落地理分布的数学模型。研究结果表明：影响川西北甘南云冷杉林植物群落地理分布的生态梯度中最显著并起主导作用的是温度梯度和水分梯度。在水分梯度上,大致有这样的植被序列,由较湿的藓类和杜鹃冷杉及云杉林,中生性的箭竹冷杉林和云杉林,偏旱的高山栎冷杉林和云杉林;处于恢复中期的桦木林的生境也偏旱,但一般不如高山栎林。冷杉林比云杉林更趋于阴湿的生境。 在温度梯度上,呈现出灌木云杉林—桦木林—落阔冷杉林—高山栎云杉林—箭竹云杉林—箭竹红桦林—高山栎冷杉林—藓类红桦林—藓类云杉林—箭竹冷杉林—藓类云冷杉林—藓类冷杉林—小叶章云杉林—杜鹃冷杉林的排序。基本特征是：川西北和甘南的云杉林的温度需求高于冷杉林。川西北云冷杉林与甘南云冷杉林在DCA排序轴上没有明显的区别。虽然川西北地区云冷杉林的海拔分布高于甘南地区,但是其纬度也低于甘南,故在温度条件上基本一致。在水分梯度上,川西北云冷杉林的湿度要稍大于甘南云冷杉林。利用植物地理分布的数学模型和有关的图、表,详细地分析了植物群落的空间分布,进行了环境解释,并找出了主导的环境因子。     

青藏高原东缘红桦-岷江冷杉次生林中大径级保留木对其他林木的影响

为了研究森林采伐后保留木在次生群落恢复过程中对其他林木的影响, 采用Hegyi单木竞争指数(CI)和标记相关点格局k_d(r)函数对4 hm ²红桦-岷江冷杉(Betula albosinensis-Abies faxoniana)次生林样地中大径级保留木与其他林木的空间关系进行了分析。结果表明: 1)优势树种红桦(Betula albosinensis)与岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的种间、种内竞争中, 种间Hegyi单木竞争指数(CI) (2.484) >红桦种内CI (1.711) >岷江冷杉种内CI (1.548); 2)大径级保留木与其他径级林木间的竞争指数中, 红桦大径级保留木与红桦小树的竞争指数最大, 红桦大径级保留木与岷江冷杉小树、岷江冷杉大径级保留木与红桦小树和岷江冷杉小树这三组的竞争指数之间无显著差异, 且三者的值最小; 3)在14.5-15.5 m尺度上, 红桦大径级保留木与岷江冷杉幼树呈显著的空间正关联; 在6.5-7.5 m的尺度上, 岷江冷杉大径级保留木与岷江冷杉幼树呈显著的空间负关联; 0-100 m尺度上, 岷江冷杉幼苗(树龄≥4年)与两种大径级保留木均呈相互独立的空间关系。     

四种亚高山针叶林树种的表型可塑性对不同光照强度的响应

以青藏高原东缘亚高山针叶林群落演替后期种岷江冷杉、演替中后期种粗枝云杉和青榨槭、及先锋树种红桦为材料,研究了不同光强下生长的4种树苗生长、生物量分配、叶片形态和光合特性,探讨植物幼苗的形态和生理特征的表型可塑性与光适应的关系。结果表明：（1）弱光环境中生长的4种植物的基茎、相对生长速率、叶片厚度、根重比、最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率较低,而比叶面积、地上／地下生物量、茎长／茎重、叶重比和茎重比较高。（2）大部分光环境下岷江冷杉幼苗的最大净光合速率和暗呼吸速率低于粗枝云杉,青榨槭幼苗的最大净光合速率和暗呼吸速率略低于红桦。（3）高光强下生长的粗枝云杉和红桦幼苗的相对生长速率分别大于岷江冷杉和青榨槭,但在低光强下则与之相反。（4）粗枝云杉和红桦幼苗的11种可塑性指数平均值则分别大于岷江冷杉和青榨槭。岷江冷杉适应弱光环境的能力略强于粗枝云杉和红桦,但适应强光的能力较差。生理适应的可塑性指数大于形态适应的可塑性指数,表明前者在4种植物幼苗光适应方面起到了重要的作用。研究结果支持树种的生理生态特性决定了其演替状况和生境选择的假说。     

米亚罗林区不同森林恢复方式下中小型土壤动物多样性

为了查明川西不同森林恢复方式下中小型土壤动物多样性,2008年11月对米亚罗林区的次生红桦林、人工云杉林和次生冷杉林的中小型土壤动物进行了调查.共获得中小型土壤动物15234个,隶属于3门9纲10目97科144个类群.线虫纲个体数占总体的71.85%,弹尾目占13.16%,蜱螨目占9.49%,其他类群占0.36%.3种森林中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和个体密度大小顺序均为次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林＞人工云杉林;Shannon多样性指数为次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林=人工云杉林;Margalef丰富度指数和密度-类群指数为次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林＞人工云杉林;Pielou均匀性指数为人工云杉林＞次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林;Simpson优势度指数为次生冷杉林＞次生红桦林=人工云杉林.不同群落间的个体密度无显著差异(P＞0.05),但相似性系数表明人工云杉林的中小型土壤动物群落结构组成与天然次生林有较大差异.红桦林土壤动物的垂直分布的表聚性程度低于云杉林和冷杉林.研究表明,次生红桦林比人工云杉林和次生冷杉林能更有效地提高土壤动物多样性,促进地下生态功能恢复.     

暗针叶林下华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）对岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群动态的影响

通过不同华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）环境中岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群生命表及存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群动态趋势,并根据野外取样分析华西箭竹对岷江冷杉幼龄植株生物量分配的影响。结果表明：在暗针叶林下,岷江冷杉幼龄植株总的种群结构呈明显的金字塔型,存活曲线DeeveyⅢ型,幼苗个体丰富,死亡率高,进入小树阶段后有较高的生命期望。小密度华西箭竹增大了岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树的死亡率,该环境下的岷江冷杉幼龄植株种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,而无竹环境为DeeveyⅢ型。大密度华西箭竹环境中岷江冷杉小幼苗叶重比显著增大,异速生长显著增高。过于密集的华西箭竹严重抑制了岷江冷杉幼苗的定居,而小密度华西箭竹的存在对岷江冷杉的更新并非完全不利。     

Secondary succession and effects of clear-logging on diversity in the subtropical forests on Okinawa Island,southern Japan

In order to clarify the recovery process of the subtropical forest on Okinawa Island, southern Japan, biomass accumulation and the successional trend of species diversity with time were investigated by comparing plots of old-growth and clear logged secondary forests. Self-thinning was an important factor in the development of young secondary forests, and the small variance in tree size within a stand was related to the stand not being fully stratified after clear-cutting. A large variance of size structure in old secondary and old-growth forests implies re-initiation of the understorey. Additionally, the trajectory of stand development indicated that the subtropical forest quickly recovered aboveground biomass, which reached its upper limit at about 50 years after disturbance. However, there was a large distinction in species diversity between the secondary forests and old-growth forests. The diversity of forest floor plants did not recover well after being clear-cut. This indicates that management of the subtropical forest should not only take timber-oriented tree species into account, but also the biodiversity in ground flora. The secondary forests were characterized by Castanopsis sieboldii and Schima wallichii, and the monopolization of C. sieboldii through secondary succession had a negative influence on species diversity. Distylium racemosum dominated at the late development stage and was considered a long-lived competing species that reduced the dominance of C. sieboldii and facilitated the co-occurrence of understorey species. Light-demanding pioneer tree species such as S. wallichii that regenerated after logging should be replaced by competitive effects of climax species, and thus relayed floristic change might increase species diversity along secondary succession.Nomenclature: Hatushima and Amano (1994).     

海南岛热带低地雨林刀耕火种弃耕地自然恢复过程中的群落构建

研究群落构建机制是群落生态学的一个重要目标, 群落动态过程中的构建规律对于了解群落演替机理有重要的作用。该文以海南岛刀耕火种干扰后自然恢复的10 hm ²热带低地雨林为研究对象, 通过比较不同恢复阶段的次生林(15年、30年和60年)和老龄林在幼苗、幼树和成年树群落的物种组成, 揭示次生演替过程中的群落构建规律。研究结果表明, 老龄林中不同径级群落的物种多样性及不同径级间的物种相似度显著高于各恢复阶段的次生林, 但优势种在群落中的比例低于各恢复阶段的次生林。随着自然恢复过程的进行, 次生林群落物种组成与老龄林的相似性也逐渐增大, 支持演替平衡理论。所有恢复阶段样地中幼苗的个体、物种丰富度和基于多度涵盖估计量(ACE)都低于幼树和成年树群落, 幼苗层物种组成与幼树、成年树也有较大差异, 说明新增到幼苗群落可能是一个难于预测的过程。研究结果说明了确定过程和随机过程共同决定了次生演替的群落构建。     

Microfungal diversity associated with Kindbergia oregana in successional forests of British Columbia

Species richness and species composition of microfungi associated with Oregon beaked moss (Kindbergia oregana) were studied at two forest chronosequences on southeast Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The purposes were to investigate the effects of clear-cutting and the transformation of old-growth forests into secondary forests on microfungi and the succession of microfungi in relation to long-term stand development. Green and brown parts of moss were collected from the forest floor of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of four age classes: post-harvest regeneration (13–14 years), immature (50–51 years), and mature (85–101 years) stands, and a control old-growth (296–324 years) stand, and used for the isolation of microfungi. A total of 49 microfungal species were recorded. Study site, stand age, and moss parts significantly affected the species richness and species composition of microfungi. The species richness of microfungi was significantly greater on brown than on green moss parts and lower in post-harvest regenerations than in forest stands of the other age classes. The species composition of major microfungal species changed gradually along the seral stages. Possible environmental and biological factors that could account for the succession of microfungi were discussed.     

浙江古田山次生与老龄常绿阔叶林群落特征的比较

常绿阔叶林为东亚亚热带地区的地带性植被, 对该地区的生物多样性维持和社会发展具有重要的意义。由于长期人类活动的影响, 目前我国分布的常绿阔叶林绝大部分为次生常绿阔叶林。探究次生与老龄常绿阔叶林群落特征的差异, 有利于了解人类干扰对亚热带常绿阔叶林的影响, 为其保护和恢复提供依据。本研究在古田山老龄与次生常绿阔叶林内共设置了29个0.04 ha样地, 比较两者在优势种组成、物种和功能多样性以及生物量等方面的差异。结果表明: (1)次生林与老龄林优势种组成相似, 二者均以甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)等典型常绿阔叶林优势种为主, 但这些树种在次生和老龄常绿阔叶林中的优势度次序不同。(2)整体而言, 次生林的Shannon-Wiener指数和功能离散度高于老龄林; 次生林与老龄林的物种Bray-Curtis指数和功能Sørensen指数均无显著差别。(3)就垂直层次而言, 次生林与老龄林在Shannon-Wiener指数和Bray-Curtis指数的差异主要体现在乔木层和灌木层。(4)就群落结构而言, 次生林的植株密度高于老龄林, 但群落水平和个体水平的生物量均显著小于老龄林。上述结果表明, 人类干扰改变了古田山常绿阔叶林群落的多个重要特征, 不同群落特征的恢复过程并不同步。因此, 对常绿阔叶林生物多样性和生态系统功能的保护和恢复需要从多个角度着手。     

Successional shifts in tree demographic strategies in wet and dry Neotropical forests

Aim

Tropical forest succession and associated changes in community composition are driven by species demographic rates, but how demographic strategies shift during succession remains unclear. Our goal was to identify generalities in demographic trade-offs and successional shifts in demographic strategies across Neotropical forests that cover a large rainfall gradient and to test whether the current conceptual model of tropical forest succession applies to wet and dry forests.

Location

Mexico and Central America.

Time period

1985–2018.

Major taxa studied

Trees.

Methods

We used repeated forest inventory data from two wet and two dry forests to quantify demographic rates of 781 tree species. For each forest, we explored the main demographic trade-offs and assigned tree species to five demographic groups by performing a weighted principal components analysis to account for differences in sample size. We aggregated the basal area and abundance across demographic groups to identify successional shifts in demographic strategies over the entire successional gradient from very young (<5 years) to old-growth forests.

Results

Across all forests, we found two demographic trade-offs, namely the growth–survival trade-off and the stature–recruitment trade-off, enabling the data-driven assignment of species to five demographic strategies. Fast species dominated early in succession and were then replaced by long-lived pioneers in three forests. Intermediate and slow species increased in basal area over succession in all forests, but, in contrast to the current conceptual model, long-lived pioneers continued to dominate until the old-growth stage in all forests. The basal area of short-lived breeders was low across all successional stages.

Main conclusions

The current conceptual model of Neotropical forest succession should be revised to incorporate the dominance of long-lived pioneers in late-successional and old-growth forests. Moreover, the definition of consistent demographic strategies that show clear dominance shifts across succession substantially improves the mechanistic understanding and predictability of Neotropical forest succession.     

Investigating above-ground biomass in old-growth and secondary montane forests of the Cameroon Highlands

Tropical montane forests can store and sequester substantial amounts of carbon in above-ground biomass (AGB), but variations in this storage related to location or degradation have not been quantified in the Cameroon Highlands. We established 25 permanent plots (20 m × 40 m) and sampled all trees ≥10 cm diameter following standard RAINFOR protocols. We estimated AGB and investigated variations related to taxonomic and structural forest attributes, including the height–diameter allometry in five forest types (four old-growth dominated by different species and one secondary forest). Secondary forests had significantly lower AGB than old-growth forests (49.4 ± 2.5 vs. >476.3 ± 168.7 Mg/ha, respectively), mostly related to lower basal area and tree height. Significant differences in species composition but not in forest structure or AGB were found between the four types of old-growth forests studied, located at different altitudes and mountains. We discuss the importance of these montane forests for carbon storage and, considering their high diversity and current threats, their potential for carbon finance mechanisms related to both avoided deforestation and forest restoration.