不同密度红桦幼苗苗冠结构与竞争对CO2浓度升高的响应

研究了两个种植密度下,红桦（Betula albosinensis）苗冠结构特征对CO2浓度的响应,在此基础上探讨了CO2浓度升高对植物竞争压力的影响。结果表明,冠幅、冠高、苗冠表面积和苗冠体积均受CO2浓度升高的影响而增加,但是受密度增加的影响而降低。CO2浓度升高对苗冠的促进效应在低密度条件下大于高密度处理,高密度条件下苗冠基本特征部分地受到CO2浓度升高的促进作用;升高种植密度的效应则在高CO2浓度条件下大于现行CO2浓度处理。高CO2浓度和高密度条件下,LDcpa（单位苗冠投影面积叶片数）、LDcv（单位苗冠体积叶片数）和苗冠底部枝条的枝角均低于相应的现行CO2浓度处理和低密度处理,这主要是由于冠幅和冠高的快速生长所造成的。升高CO2浓度对枝条长度的影响与枝条在主茎上所处位置有关。总之,升高CO2浓度有利于降低增加种植密度对苗冠所带来的负效应,而增加种植密度降低了升高CO2浓度的正效应。LDcpa和LDcv的降低表明,红桦在升高CO2浓度和种植密度的条件下,会作出积极的响应,从而缓解由于生长的增加所带来的竞争压力的增加。     

Density-dependent responses of Picea purpurea seedlings for plant growth and resource allocation under elevated temperature

This study was conducted to determine whether plants in the presence or absence of competition differ in their responses to warming, and whether density modifies the effect of warming. Picea purourea seedlings were grown under ambient and warming (ambient +2.2 °C) conditions in climate control chambers with two different planting densities. After 4 years, seedlings were harvested and measured for height, stem diameter, leaf area, structural biomass, carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll and carbohydrate levels of needles, branches, stem and roots. At low density, warming increased height, stem diameter, total leaf area biomass production and carbohydrate concentration per seedling, while it decreased C/N ratio for all plant parts, but did not affect chlorophyll content. By contrast, at high density, although warming increased biomass and total leaf area, it did not affect plant height and stem diameter. At the same time, it had different effects on chlorophyll content, C/N ratio and carbohydrate levels among plant parts. On the other hand, high density limited plant growth and altered resource allocation pattern. Our study demonstrates that planting densities decreased the temperature-induced growth enhancement of P. purpurea seedlings and the effects of warming on resource allocation not only showed density-dependence, but also vary with tissue age classes and root diameter; the responses of plants to elevated temperature, acquired from plants growing as individuals, may not be applicable to plants grown under intraspecific competition as typically found in the field.     

Stem and leaf gas exchange and their responses to fire in a north Australian tropical savanna

We measured stem CO2 efflux and leaf gas exchange in a tropical savanna ecosystem in northern Australia, and assessed the impact of fire on these processes. Gas exchange of mature leaves that flushed after a fire showed only slight differences from that of mature leaves on unburned trees. Expanding leaves typically showed net losses of CO2 to the atmosphere in both burned and unburned trees, even under saturating irradiance. Fire caused stem CO2 efflux to decline in overstory trees, when measured 8 weeks post-fire. This decline was thought to have resulted from reduced availability of C substrate for respiration, due to reduced canopy photosynthesis caused by leaf scorching, and to priority allocation of fixed C towards reconstruction of a new canopy. At the ecosystem scale, we estimated the annual above-ground woody-tissue CO2 efflux to be 275 g C m(-2) ground area year(-1) in a non-fire year, or approximately 13% of the annual gross primary production. We contrasted the canopy physiology of two co-dominant overstory tree species, one of which has a smooth bark on its branches capable of photosynthetic re-fixation (Eucalyptus miniata), and the other of which has a thick, rough bark incapable of re-fixation (Eucalyptus tetrodonta). Eucalyptus miniata supported a larger branch sapwood cross-sectional area in the crown per unit subtending leaf area, and had higher leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthesis than E. tetrodonta. Re-fixation by photosynthetic bark reduces the C cost of delivering water to evaporative sites in leaves, because it reduces the net C cost of constructing and maintaining sapwood. We suggest that re-fixation allowed leaves of E. miniata to photosynthesize at higher rates than those of E. tetrodonta, while the two invested similar amounts of C in the maintenance of branch sapwood.     

CO2浓度升高条件下长白赤松幼苗种植密度对净光合速率的影响

1　引　　言自 19世纪 70年代工业革命以来 ,由于人类活动的影响 ,大气ＣＯ2 浓度不断升高 ,已由工业革命前的 2 80 μｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ-1增至目前的 35 0 μｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ-1.据预测 ,到 2 0 5 0年将比工业革命前增加 1倍 ,到本世纪末将增加到 70 0 μｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ-1左右[4 ,12 ,18] .大气ＣＯ2 浓度升高引起的温室效应对生物过程的影响 ,无疑是研究全球变化对陆地生态系统影响的基本问题 .目前 ,这方面的研究已成为国内外学者普遍关注的一个热点[2 ,3 ,5,6,9,17] .生态系统中的生物因子不是孤立存在的 ,每个有机体既处于无机环境之中 ,同…     

CO2浓度升高条件下长白赤松幼苗种植密度对净光合速率的影响

The effect of Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings density on net photosynthetic rate was studied under elevated CO₂. Atmospheric CO₂ concentration was controlled in OTC (Open Top Chamber). The results showed that elevated CO₂ not only made net photosynthetic rates (NPRs) of two Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings densities increased,but also mitigated their intra-specific competition. Meanwhile,the difference of seedling NPRs between100 and 400 plant·m^-2 under 500 μmol·mol^-1 air CO₂ concentration was less than that under 350 μmol·mol^-1 with the same PARlevels. When air CO₂ concentration reached 700 μmol·mol^-1, the NPRs of seedlings under both planting densities were close to each other with the same PARlevels. The intra-specific competition was minimized under air CO₂ concentration of 700 μmol·mol^-1.     

密度、种植方式和品种对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响

在豫北高产灌区的生产条件下,以郑单958和浚单20为试验材料,研究了不同密度和种植方式对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响。结果表明:密度和种植方式对两个品种的株高、茎粗、穗位、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、干物质积累量、穗部性状、籽粒产量和经济系数的影响达到极显著水平。郑单958在宽窄行种植方式和90000株/hm2的密度下产量最高,达到14236.97kg/hm2,浚单20在宽窄行种植方式和82500株/hm2的密度下产量最高,达到13333.51kg/hm2。     

Determination of the site of CO₂ sensing in poplar: is the area-based N content and anatomy of new leaves determined by their immediate CO₂ environment or by the CO₂ environment of mature leaves?

Exposure to an elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) generally decreases leaf N content per unit area (N(area)) and stomatal density, and increases leaf thickness. Mature leaves can 'sense' elevated [CO(2)] and this regulates stomatal development of expanding leaves (systemic regulation). It is unclear if systemic regulation is involved in determination of leaf thickness and N(area)-traits that are significantly correlated with photosynthetic capacity. A cuvette system was used whereby [CO(2)] around mature leaves was controlled separately from that around expanding leaves. Expanding leaves of poplar (Populus trichocarpa×P. deltoides) seedlings were exposed to elevated [CO(2)] (720 μmol mol(-1)) while the remaining mature leaves inside the cuvette were under ambient [CO(2)] of 360 μmol mol(-1). Reverse treatments were performed. Exposure of newly developing leaves to elevated [CO(2)] increased their thickness, but when mature leaves were exposed to elevated [CO(2)] the increase in thickness of new leaves was less pronounced. The largest response to [CO(2)] was reflected in the palisade tissue thickness (as opposed to the spongy tissue) of new leaves. The N(area) of new leaves was unaffected by the local [CO(2)] where the new leaves developed, but decreased following the exposure of mature leaves to elevated [CO(2)]. The volume fraction of mesophyll cells compared with total leaf and the mesophyll cell density changed in a manner similar to the response of N(area). These results suggest that N(area) is controlled independently of the leaf thickness, and suggest that N(area) is under systemic regulation by [CO(2)] signals from mature leaves that control mesophyll cell division.     

Effects of leaf and branch removal on carbon assimilation and stem wood density of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings

The rate of leaf CO₂ assimilation (A _l) and leaf area determine the rate of canopy CO₂ assimilation (A _c) can be thought proportional to assimilate supply for growth and structural requirements of plants. Partitioning of biomass within plants and anatomy of cells within stems can determine how assimilate supply affects both stem growth and wood density. We examined the response of stem growth and wood density to reduced assimilate supply by pruning leaf area. Removing 42% of the leaf area of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden seedlings did not stimulate leaf-level photosynthesis (A _l) or stomatal conductance, contrary to some previous studies. Canopy-level photosynthesis (A _c) was reduced by 41% immediately after pruning but due almost solely to continued production of leaves, and was only 21% lower 3 weeks later. Pruning consequently reduced seedling biomass by 24% and stem biomass by 18%. These reductions in biomass were correlated with reduced A _c. Pruning had no effect on stem height or diameter and reduced wood density to 338 kg m⁻³ compared to 366 kg m⁻³ in control seedlings. The lower wood density in pruned seedlings was associated with a 10% reduction in the thickness of fibre cell walls, and as fibre cell diameter was invariant to pruning, this resulted in smaller lumen diameters. These anatomical changes increased the ratio of cross-sectional area of lumen to area cell wall material within the wood. The results suggest changes to wood density following pruning of young eucalypt trees may be independent of tree volume and of longer duration.     

不同密度红桦幼苗苗冠结构与竞争对CO2浓度升高的响应

研究了两个种植密度下,红桦 (Betula albosinensis)苗冠结构特征对CO₂浓度的响应,在此基础上探讨了CO₂浓度升高对植物竞争压力的影响。结果表明,冠幅、冠高、苗冠表面积和苗冠体积均受CO₂浓度升高的影响而增加,但是受密度增加的影响而降低。CO₂浓度升高对苗冠的促进效应在低密度条件下大于高密度处理,高密度条件下苗冠基本特征部分地受到CO₂浓度升高的促进作用;升高种植密度的效应则在高CO₂浓度条件下大于现行CO₂浓度处理。高CO₂浓度和高密度条件下,LDcpa（单位苗冠投影面积叶片数）、LDcv（单位苗冠体积叶片数） 和苗冠底部枝条的枝角均低于相应的现行CO₂浓度处理和低密度处理,这主要是由于冠幅和冠高的快速生长所造成的。升高CO₂浓度对枝条长度的影响与枝条在主茎上所处位置有关。总之,升高CO₂浓度有利于降低增加种植密度对苗冠所带来的负效应,而增加种植密度降低了升高CO₂浓度的正效应。LDcpa和LDcv的降低表明,红桦在升高CO₂浓度和种植密度的条件下,会作出积极的响应,从而缓解由于生长的增加所带来的竞争压力的增加。     

Effects of elevated CO2 on the capacity for photosynthesis of a single leaf and a whole plant, and on growth in a radish

The atmospheric concentration of CO2 will probably rise to about 700 micromol mol(-1) by the end of this century. The effects of elevated growth CO2 on photosynthesis are still not fully understood. Effects of elevated growth CO2 on the capacity for photosynthesis of a single leaf and a whole plant were investigated with the radish cultivar White Cherish. The plants were grown under ambient ( approximately 400 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated CO2 ( approximately 750 micromol mol(-1)). The rates of net photosynthesis per leaf area with a whole plant and a single leaf of plants of various ages (15-26 d after planting) were measured under ambient and elevated CO2. The rates of photosynthesis were increased by 20-28% by elevated CO2. There was no effect of elevated growth CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis, clearly indicating no downward acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 increased dry weight accumulation by >27%. The effect of elevated CO2 on other growth characteristics will also be shown.     

Interactions between calcium and copper or cadmium in Norway spruce

The accumulation of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in roots and stem of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) was examined. Two-year-old Norway spruce seedlings were treated with elevated concentrations of Ca, Cd or Cu, or as combinations of Ca with Cu or Cd in nutrient solutions for three months. The stem was divided into bark, wood formed during the treatment period (new wood), and wood formed before the treatment period (old wood). The accumulation of the metals in stem and roots increased with addition of the respective metal into nutrient solution. Addition of Cu decreased the accumulation of Ca in roots and wood, and Ca addition decreased the accumulation of Cu in the new wood. By adding Ca in combination with Cu the accumulation of Cu in the stem was decreased even more by Ca and the negative effect of Cu on the Ca content in the stem was diminished. Addition of Cd decreased the accumulation of Ca in wood, especially the old wood, and Ca addition decreased the accumulation of Cd in roots, bark and new wood. By adding Ca in combination with Cd the Ca content was reduced in the bark, instead of in the old wood.     

Stem wood properties of mature Norway spruce after 3 years of continuous exposure to elevated [CO2] and temperature

The objective of the study was to investigate the interactive effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, [CO₂], and temperature on the wood properties of mature field-grown Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees. Material for the study was obtained from an experiment in Flakaliden, northern Sweden, where trees were grown for 3 years in whole-tree chambers at ambient (365 μmol mol⁻¹) or elevated [CO₂] (700 μmol mol⁻¹) and ambient or elevated air temperature (ambient +5.6 °C in winter and ambient +2.8 °C in summer). Elevated temperature affected both wood chemical composition and structure, but had no effect on stem radial growth. Elevated temperature decreased the concentrations of acetone-soluble extractives and soluble sugars, while mean and earlywood (EW) cell wall thickness and wood density were increased. Elevated [CO₂] had no effect on stem wood chemistry or radial growth. In wood structure, elevated [CO₂] decreased EW cell wall thickness and increased tracheid radial diameter in latewood (LW). Some significant interactions between elevated [CO₂] and temperature were found in the anatomical and physical properties of stem wood (e.g. microfibril angle, and LW cell wall thickness and density). Our results show that the wood material properties of mature Norway spruce were altered under exposure to elevated [CO₂] and temperature, although stem radial growth was not affected by the treatments.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters wood production, wood quality and wood strength of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) after three years of enrichment

Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were grown in open top chambers for three years under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. The trees were aged 3 y at the beginning of the CO₂ exposure, and the effects of the treatment on total stem volume, stem wood biomass, wood quality and wood anatomy were examined at the end of the exposure. The elevated CO₂ treatment lead to a 49% and 38% increase in stem biomass and stem wood volume, respectively. However, no significant effects of the elevated CO₂ treatment on wood density were observed, neither when green wood density was estimated from stem biomass and stem volume, nor when oven-dry wood density was measured on small wood samples. Under elevated CO₂ significantly wider growth rings were observed. The effect of elevated CO₂ on growth ring width was primarily the result of an increase in earlywood width. Wood compression strength decreased under elevated CO₂ conditions, which could be explained by significantly larger tracheids and the increased earlywood band, that has thinner walls and larger cavities. A significant decrease of the number of resin canals in the third growth ring was observed under the elevated treatment; this might indicate that trees produced and contained less resin, which has implications for disease and pest resistance. So, although wood volume yield in Scots pine increased significantly with elevated CO₂ after three years of treatment, wood density remained unchanged, while wood strength decreased. Whilst wood volume and stem biomass production may increase in this major boreal forest tree species, wood quality and resin production might decrease under future elevated CO₂ conditions.     

SURFACE AREA RELATIONS OF WOODY PLANTS AND FOREST COMMUNITIES

Surface area of wood and bark is an important dimension of forests, with implications for respiration rate, energy exchange, and water and mineral budgets. Surface area of stem wood and bark can be estimated effectively from linear regressions on conic surface (one-half basal circumference times tree height) or from regressions of the logarithm of area on the logarithm of diameter at breast height. Branch surface can be estimated from a formula using branch basal diameter, length, and number of current twigs, and from logarithmic regressions of branch bark surface on basal diameter of branches and breast-height diameter of trees. In temperate deciduous forests several square meters of plant surface occur above each square meter of ground surface; these plant surfaces include 0.3–0.6 m² of stem bark, 1.2–2.2 m² of branch bark, and 3.0–6.0 m² of leaf blades. Branch bark surface increases more rapidly than leaf surface with increasing size of branches and trees. Growth and aging of trees, and maturation of forests, imply increasing ratios of bark (and wood) surface to the photosynthetic leaf surface which supports its growth and respiration.     

Can fast‐growing plantation trees escape biochemical down‐regulation of photosynthesis when grown throughout their complete production cycle in the open air under elevated carbon dioxide?

Poplar trees sustain close to the predicted increase in leaf photosynthesis when grown under long-term elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this response, carbohydrate accumulation and protein expression were determined over four seasons of growth. No increase in the levels of soluble carbohydrates was observed in the young expanding or mature sun leaves of the three poplar genotypes during this period. However, substantial increases in starch levels were observed in the mature leaves of all three poplar genotypes grown in elevated [CO2]. Despite the very high starch levels, no changes in the expression of photosynthetic Calvin cycle proteins, or in the starch biosynthetic enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), were observed. This suggested that no long-term photosynthetic acclimation to CO2 occurred in these plants. Our data indicate that poplar trees are able to 'escape' from long-term, acclimatory down-regulation of photosynthesis through a high capacity for starch synthesis and carbon export. These findings show that these poplar genotypes are well suited to the elevated [CO2] conditions forecast for the middle of this century and may be particularly suited for planting for the long-term carbon sequestration into wood.     

底泥高磷浓度提高了喜旱莲子草的入侵性

植物通过改变自身的形态和生态生理特征对多变的环境因素做出响应,这种表型可塑性能增强外来物种的入侵能力。该文研究了入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)对底泥磷浓度、植株密度以及二者间交互作用的可塑性响应,探讨可塑性是否能使其获得更高的入侵能力。结果表明:低密度×底泥高磷浓度处理条件下的叶重、茎重、总重、叶数、分枝数和茎长等明显高于低、中磷浓度处理;高密度×底泥高磷浓度条件下的叶数、茎长和比茎长的值最大;植株的含磷量随底泥磷浓度的升高显著增加,说明喜旱莲子草响应底泥磷浓度变化时改变了自身的形态与生态生理性状。泥底含磷量对叶重比、叶数、茎长、茎磷含量、叶磷含量和植株总含磷量的影响都达到显著水平(p<0.05);植株密度对茎重、比茎长、叶磷含量和植株总磷含量的影响达到显著水平(p<0.05)。与入侵能力相关的叶重比、叶数、茎长在底泥高磷浓度处理中显著增加,说明底泥的高磷浓度增强了喜旱莲子草的入侵能力。     

单位面积杆数对温室标准切花菊品质影响的预测模型

通过对切花菊不同品种、不同单株主杆数、不同定植密度和不同定植日期的试验,定量分析了单位面积杆数对标准切花菊叶面积指数动态变化规律和各外观品质指标的影响,在此基础上,构建了以冠层吸收的生理辐热积为指标的可定量预测单位面积不同杆数对温室标准切花菊品质影响的预测模型,并用与建模相独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明：随单位面积杆数的增加,切花菊的叶面积指数增加,其植株的平均株高、茎粗、出叶数、花径均降低.所建模型对多杆栽培和不同密度单杆栽培的标准切花菊单杆地上部分鲜质量、株高、茎粗、出叶数、花径和单位面积出花枝数的预测值与实测值的决定系数（R²）分别为0.95、0.96、0.94、0.91、0.81和0.97,预测相对误差分别为16.1%、10.1%、12.8%、13.4%、15.9%和16.1%,模型模拟精度较高.该模型可为温室标准切花菊栽培密度和栽培杆数的优化以及品质的光温调控提供理论依据和决策支持.     

根际二氧化碳浓度对马铃薯植株生长的影响

以汽雾法栽培方式为基础,建立根际气体环境研究系统,研究了根际不同CO₂浓度连续处理36d对马铃薯植株生长的影响.结果表明,随着根际CO₂处理时间的延长,根际380～920 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂处理和380 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理之间马铃薯植株的株高、茎粗、叶面积、鲜重、根系长度、匍匐茎和块茎等生育指标生长变化比较一致,呈现明显的二阶段增长特点;与3 600 μmol·mol^-1高CO₂处理的根际比较,前2个处理植株生长发育旺盛,块茎产量明显增加,说明根际一定浓度CO₂富积,对马铃薯生长有促进作用,而根际过高浓度CO₂环境,则对马铃薯生长有抑制作用.根际3 600μmol·mol^-1高CO₂处理与沙培处理植株的地上茎粗和叶面积、地下匍匐茎和块茎数量等非常接近,表现在植株生长矮小,块茎产量较少,说明沙培处理植株生长发育比较弱,其原因可能与根际较高浓度CO₂的影响有关.     

Stem CO2 release under illumination: corticular photosynthesis,photorespiration or inhibition of mitochondrial respiration?

In illuminated stems and branches, CO2 release is often reduced. Many light-triggered processes are thought to contribute to this reduction, namely photorespiration, corticular photosynthesis or even an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. In this study, we investigated these processes with the objective to discriminate their influence to the overall reduction of branch CO2 release in the light. CO2 gas-exchange measurements of young birch (Betula pendula Roth.) branches (< 1.5 cm) performed under photorespiratory (20% O2) and non-photorespiratory (< 2%) conditions revealed that photorespiration does not play a pre-dominant role in carbon exchange. This suppression of photorespiration was attributed to the high CO2 concentrations (C(i)) within the bark tissues (1544 +/- 227 and 618 +/- 43 micromol CO2 mol(-1) in the dark and in the light, respectively). Changes in xylem CO2 were not likely to explain the observed decrease in stem CO2 release as gas-exchange measurements before and after cutting of the branches did not effect CO2 efflux to the atmosphere. Combined fluorescence and gas-exchange measurements provided evidence that the light-dependent reduction in CO2 release can pre-dominantly be attributed to corticular refixation, whereas an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in the light is unlikely to occur. Corticular photosynthesis was able to refix up to 97% of the CO2 produced by branch respiration, although it rarely led to a positive net photosynthetic rate.     

不同CO2浓度和N肥水平对粳稻茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物含量与积累的影响

为了解CO2浓度升高和N肥水平对水稻茎鞘内非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量和积累量的影响,利用开顶式气室(OTC),以常规粳稻"南粳9108"为试验材料,设置3个CO2浓度水平:对照T0(背景大气)、T0+120μmol·mol-1(T1)和T0+200μmol·mol-1(T2)。在OTC内采用盆栽方式,设置3个氮(N)肥水平:10 g N·m^-2(N1)、20 g N·m^-2(N2)和30g N·m^-2(N3)。分别于水稻抽穗期、灌浆期(抽穗后20 d)和成熟期对地上部分各器官生物量、茎鞘NSC含量以及顶部四张叶片的N含量进行分析。结果表明:CO2浓度升高对抽穗期叶N含量总体无显著影响,但显著降低灌浆期N2和N3水平的叶N含量;CO2浓度升高对抽穗期茎鞘NSC含量和积累量无显著影响,抽穗期置换到高CO2浓度环境使灌浆期茎鞘NSC积累显著增加,置换到低CO2浓度环境使NSC积累显著减少。同一CO2浓度条件下,NSC含量和积累量均为N1>N2>N3,且N1处理均显著高于N3处理,CO2浓度升高和N水平的交互作用对灌浆期茎鞘NSC含量影响显著。水稻产量在不同CO2浓度水平间无显著差异,但随施氮水平的提高而增加。抽穗期与灌浆期水稻茎鞘NSC含量和积累量与茎鞘干重呈极显著正相关,与叶N含量呈极显著负相关;叶N衰减越慢,灌浆期水稻茎鞘NSC残留比(RNSC)越低;结实率和产量与RNSC呈显著负相关,RNSC越大,茎鞘NSC转移的越少,结实率和产量越低。