酵母PAP1与PHO85激酶复合物对YLR190w的磷酸化

酵母基因Pho85编码一个依赖于细胞周期蛋白 (cyclin)的蛋白激酶 (CDK) ,参与多种调控途径。PHO85功能的多效性归于其相关的细胞周期因子 ,现已经鉴定了 10个与PHO85相关的细胞周期因子 (PCL)。为了筛选PAP1 PHO85激酶复合物的特异底物 ,以PAP1为靶分子 ,利用酵母双杂交 (two hybrid)系统从酵母cDNA文库中克隆到一个与PAP1相互作用的蛋白质因子的基因 ,Ylr190w。Ylr190w编码 491个氨基酸的多肽链。体外翻译的YLR190w与纯化的融合蛋白GST PAP1可以被谷胱甘肽亲和柱共同吸附 ,这表明PAP1与YLR190w在体外也可以结合。用免疫沉淀获得的PAP1 PHO85复合物可以磷酸化在大肠杆菌中表达GST YLR190w ;并受到无机磷浓度影响 :高磷条件时磷酸化程度高 ,低磷条件时磷酸化程度低。它能与酵母细胞内YAF9结合 ,YAF9是人具有转录调控活性蛋白质因子AF9的酵母同源物。YLR190w与YAF9的相互作用受到磷条件影响 ,突变YLR190w蛋白S/TP位点的S和T后 ,它们的相互作用明显减弱 ,且不再受到磷条件影响     

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶活化激酶(CAK)的研究进展

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)的基本功能是对细胞周期进行调控。CDKs的激活需要与特异性亚基cyclins结合,并被CDK7-cyclinH-MAT1三元复合物(CAK)磷酸化。此外,CDK7-cylinH-MAT1还是转录因子ⅡH(TFⅡH)的亚基组成部分,磷酸化RNA聚合酶Ⅱ(RNAPⅡ)大亚基的羧基末端结构域(CTD)。CAK因为在细胞周期过程中的重要作用,而受到越来越广泛的关注。本文主要就CAK自身活性调节及其对细胞周期的调控进展作一综述。     

细胞周期负调控

调控细胞周期的关键是调节细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CDK)的活性。细胞周期蛋白可结合并激活CDK,CDK活性还可通过磷酸化作用调节。因此细胞周期负调控包括以下3点:①细胞周期蛋白降解速度;②CDK磷酸化状态;③CDK抑制蛋白(CKI)。酵母中CKI包括FAR1,p40、PHO81,哺乳动物CKI有p21家族(包括p21、p27)及p16家族(包括p16、p15)。细胞周期负调控与抑癌基因密切相关,是不同抗肿瘤因子作用的共同途径。     

血管抑制素功能结构域K1与PKA底物磷酸化基序的融合表达及磷酸化标记

通过 RT- PCR,从人肝组织中扩增出血管形成抑制素 ( angiostatin) c DNA的 K1片段 ,经DNA序列分析证实其正确性 ;将 K1与 GST融合并带上 1 7个氨基酸的 PKA底物磷酸化基序 ,IPTG诱导表达 ,以还原型谷胱甘肽偶联的琼脂糖凝胶亲合层析直接从细菌裂解上清中纯化融合蛋白 ;以 PKA催化单位将 3 2 P通过磷酸化作用标记至纯化的蛋白 ,再用凝血酶切去 GST,进行SDS- PAGE.放射自显影结果显示 ,GSTag- K1和 Tag- K1分别在 40 k D和 1 7k D处有信号强而特异的显影条带 ,表明带有磷酸化序列的蛋白能够被 PKA特异地磷酸化标记     

鉴定人甲基化CpG结合结构域蛋白4为蛋白激酶X的底物

人蛋白激酶X(PrKX)是由X染色体编码的一种cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶,但是到目前为止已鉴定到的PrKX底物还很少.为了鉴定蛋白激酶X的底物,我们以蛋白激酶X为诱饵进行了酵母双杂交实验,结果发现甲基化CpG结合结构域蛋白4(MBD4)与PrKX在酵母细胞内相互作用较强.GST融合蛋白沉降和细胞内蛋白质的免疫共沉淀证实PrKX与MBD4之间确实存在相互作用.进一步研究表明,大肠杆菌中表达的重组MBD4在体外可以被PrKX磷酸化,而且MBD4蛋白的磷酸化能明显增强它在体外与甲基化DNA探针的结合活性.     

酵母Pho80对Pho85蛋白激酶活性的调节

酵母pho80和pho85基因编码的蛋白质是阻遏型酸性磷酸酯酶基因表达调控系统中的2种负调控因子.其中pho85基因编码产物己被证明是1种类似于p34~(^cdc2/CDC28)的蛋白激酶,磷酸化该调控系统中的正调控因子Pho4,并使之失活,用抗pho85抗体从啤酒酵母YPH499及其衍生菌株的细胞抽提液中得到Pho85免疫复合物,对大肠杆菌表达的Pho4蛋白进行了体外磷酸化分析,证实酵母Pho80是Pho85蛋白激酶活力所必需,pho80基因的表达水平直接影响Pho85免疫复合物对Pho4蛋白的磷酸化程度.根据基因序列推导的Pho80蛋白氨基酸序列中,含有一段与几种cyclin同源的区域,通过寡核苷酸的插入或小片段缺失而对该区域及邻近部位在基因水平进行的微小改变均可导致Pho80丧失阻遏酸性磷酸酯酶基因表达的能力.     

DNA损伤生物学反应中ATM对p21~(WAF1/CIP1)蛋白的直接磷酸化

毛细血管扩张性共济失调症突变蛋白 (mutatedinataxiatelangiectasia ,ATM)是直接感受DNA双链断裂损伤并起始诸多DNA损伤信号反应通路的主开关分子 .已有研究发现 ,DNA损伤生物学反应中 ,ATM可通过磷酸化活化p5 3,继而转录活化细胞周期检查点蛋白p2 1WAF1 CIP1的表达 ,而对于ATM是否直接参与p2 1WAF1 CIP1的早期活化迄今尚无实验证明 .通过免疫共沉淀反应 ,检测到细胞电离辐射 (ionizingradiation ,IR)反应早期ATM与p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白存在相互作用 .将p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白编码基因全长克隆入原核表达载体pGEX4T 2 ,经诱导表达及亲和层析纯化获取GST p2 1融合蛋白作为磷酸化底物 .体外磷酸化实验检测证明 ,IR活化的ATM具磷酸化p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白的功能 ,并且此磷酸化功能可被PI3K家族特异性抑制剂Wortmannin所抑制 .结果揭示了IR后ATM可通过直接磷酸化p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白 ,在IR致DNA损伤生物学反应早期调控p2 1WAF1 CIP1蛋白的快速活化过程     

HCMV IE86蛋白与转录激活因子的相互作用

将人巨细胞病毒IE86 cDNA克隆入pGEX-2T表达载体, 在大肠杆菌中表达出GST-IE86融合蛋白. SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表明, GST-IE86融合蛋白存在于细胞裂解上清中, 为可溶性蛋白, 分子量为92 ku. 通过亲和层析柱纯化, 分别获得纯化的GST和GST-IE86融合蛋白. 采用特异性亲和层析共分离技术研究HCMV IE86 蛋白与转录调控蛋白及转录因子相互作用, 表明IE86能与直接结合启动子DNA的转录激活因子SP1, AP1, AP2及转录因子TFⅡB相互作用而形成异源蛋白复合物. 该转录激活因子及转录因子与IE86蛋白同时被吸留在亲和层析柱中, 但IE86蛋白不能与NF-κB相互作用. 提示IE86蛋白与转录激活因子及转录因子相互作用的活性与IE86蛋白的糖基化无关;IE86蛋白激活多种基因转录是由于IE86蛋白具有两个蛋白质结合位点, 它们与激活转录的调控蛋白和转录因子结合, 这种相互作用加速了转录起始复合物的装配.     

蛋白质体外磷酸化方法的建立

蛋白质的磷酸化与去磷酸化调节方式在细胞信号传递过程中占有极其重要的位置. 建立鉴定蛋白质磷酸化的可靠方法具有重要意义. 毛细血管扩张性共济失调症突变蛋白(ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ATM）是直接感受DNA双链断裂损伤,并起始诸多DNA损伤信号反应通路的主开关分子. 电离辐射（IR）细胞学反应中,ATM激酶可通过磷酸化活化p53蛋白,原核表达p53融合蛋白,免疫沉淀IR活化的野生型ATM蛋白,进行蛋白质的体外磷酸化反应. 实验验证了ATM对p53蛋白的磷酸化作用. 这一方法的建立可为研究细胞信号转导途径中蛋白激酶对底物的磷酸化作用及筛查激酶底物提供标准化的技术手段.     

抑癌基因p53蛋白产物与DNA相互作用的研究进展

抑癌基因p53蛋白产物是一种多功能的转录调控因子,其C-末端含DNA结合区,N-末端含转录激活区。它能通过磷酸化或构象变化来激活其DNA结合活性,从而与某些基因的启动子区结合而激活它们的转录,而对不具有与其结合位点基因的转录起抑制作用。p53蛋白还能作为一种DNA复制因子,通过与某些基因的复制起始区结合而对它们的复制或修复进行调控。对基因转录或复制的调控都最终反映在对细胞周期的调控上。     

聚己内酯在组织工程中的应用进展

聚己内酯(PCL)以其具有的良好生物相容性及其力学特点,在组织工程领域已经成为主要的生物支架材料之一。利用生物支架材料,组织工程的目的是对组织、器官的丧失或功能障碍进行修复与重建。本文综述了对生物支架材料聚己内酯(PCL)的研究进展以及其在组织工程中的应用。     

红花菜豆凝集素的荧光光谱学研究

利用荧光光谱方法研究了红花菜豆凝集素（Ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｃｏｃｃｉｎｅｕｓｖａｒ．ｒｕｂｒｏｎａｎｕｓｌｅｃｔｉｎ,简称ＰＣＬ）,结果表明ＰＣＬ分子各亚基中的两个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基分别位于ＰＣＬ分子表面和分子内。标记了ＤＮＳ的ＰＣＬ荧光偏振研究指出,致使ＰＣＬ在１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＳＤＳ条件下失活的主要原因可能是亚基解离。荧光偏振研究还表明,甲状腺球蛋白、甘露聚糖、海参多糖硫酸酯可与ＰＣＬ结合。荧光探针ｂｉｓ－ＡＮＳ与ＰＣＬ的结合可引起明显的荧光增强和发射谱蓝移,表明ＰＣＬ分子中存有疏水区域。结合了的ｂｉｓ－ＡＮＳ还可和ＰＣＬ中的Ｔｒｐ发生能量传递。     

Preparation of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber mats loaded with microalgal extracts

Sustainable, ecological, and biocompatible materials are emerging for the development of novel components for tissue engineering. Microalgae being one of the unique organisms on Earth to provide various novel compounds with certain bioactivities are also a good source for the development of novel tissue scaffold materials. In this study, electrospinning technique was utilized to fabricate nanofibers from polycaprolactone loaded with microalgal extracts obtained from Haematococcus pluvialis (vegetative and carotenoid producing form) and Chlorella vulgaris. The FTIR results showed that, blending microalgae with polycaprolactone give unique bands rooted from microalgae and polycaprolactone structure. The samples were not diversified from each other, however stable bands were observed. SEM analysis revealed a uniform fiber fabrication with an average diameter of 810 ± 55 nm independent from microalgal extracts. MTT assay was done on HUVEC cell lines and results showed that nanofiber mats helped cell proliferation with extended time. Biodegradation resulted with mineral accumulation on the surface of same samples however the fiber degradation was uniform. With slow but stable biodegradation characteristics, microalgal extract loaded nanofiber mats holds great potential to be novel tissue scaffold material.     

Purification and characterization of cutinase from Bacillus sp. KY0701 isolated from plastic wastes

A total of approximately 400 bacterial strains were isolated from 73 plastic wastes collected from 14 different regions. Nineteen isolates that form clear zones both on tributyrin and poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) agar, were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Among these, Bacillus sp. KY0701 that caused the highest weight loss of PCL films in minimal salt medium, was selected for cutinase production. The highest enzyme activity (15 U/mL) was obtained after 4 days of incubation at 50°C, pH 7.0 and 200?rpm in a liquid medium containing 1.5% (w/v) apple cutin and 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract. The purified enzyme was stable at high temperatures (50–70°C) and over a wide pH range (5.5–9.0). The relative activity of cutinase was at least 75% in the percent of various organic solvents. The apparent K_m and V_max values of the cutinase for p-nitrophenyl butyrate were 0.72?mM and 336.8?µmol p-nitrophenol/h/g, respectively. In addition, it showed high stability and compatibility with commercial detergents. These features of cutinase obtained from Bacillus sp. KY0701 make it a promising candidate for application in the detergent and chemical industries. In our best knowledge, this is the first report for cutinase production and characterization produced by a Bacillus strain.     

The Origin of the Second Centriole in the Zygote of Drosophila melanogaster

Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM). However, the sperm and the oocyte modify or lose their centrosomes. Consequently, how the zygote establishes its first centrosome, and in particular, the origin of the second zygotic centriole, is uncertain. Drosophila melanogaster spermatids contain a single centriole called the Giant Centriole (GC) and a Proximal centriole-like (PCL) structure whose function is unknown. We found that, like the centriole, the PCL loses its protein markers at the end of spermiogenesis. After fertilization, the first two centrioles are observed via the recruitment of the zygotic PCM proteins and are seen in asterless mutant embryos that cannot form centrioles. The zygote’s centriolar proteins label only the daughter centrioles of the first two centrioles. These observations demonstrate that the PCL is the origin for the second centriole in the Drosophila zygote and that a paternal centriole precursor, without centriolar proteins, is transmitted to the egg during fertilization.     

A coarse-grained model for PCL: conformation,self-assembly of MePEG-b-PCL amphiphilic diblock copolymers

Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable hydrophobic polyester that has been widely used in medical devices, tissue engineering and nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) has been employed to study and gain insights into the conformational, structural and self-assembly behaviour of polymers, lipids and amphiphilic macromolecules. In this work, we developed a model for PCL within the framework of the MARTINI coarse-grained force field. The non-bonded interactions were based on the existing MARTINI bead types, while the bonded interactions were mapped onto a PCL rendition obtained from atomistic simulations. The model accurately reproduces the structural and dynamic properties of the PCL homopolymer and shows very reasonable temperature and solvent transferability. We also studied self-assembly of MePEG-b-PCL linear diblock copolymers using an existing MARTINI model for MePEG (Methoxy Polyethylene glycol), by analysing the critical micelle concentration (CMC), as well as the shape, size and morphology of the nano-polymeric micelles. We obtained excellent agreement of the CMC, while the size was under-predicted compared to experimental data. This robust model paves the way for CGMD modelling of PCL and serves as a starting point for future designs of PCL-related polymeric systems .     

兔后交叉韧带断裂后外侧胫骨平台退变的组织学研究

目的：探讨兔后交叉韧带（Posterior cruciate ligament,PCL）断裂对外侧胫骨平台组织学的影响。方法：48只家兔膝关节随机配对为实验侧和对照侧造模,造模后第4、8、16、24周各随机处死12只,行外侧胫骨平台大体观察、HE染色、免疫组化检测基质金属蛋白酶13（matrix metalloproteinase-13,MMP-13）、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1（Tisse inhibitor-1 of matrix metalloproteinasel,TIMP-1）表达。结果：①大体观察,随时间延长,实验组外侧胫骨平台软骨出现磨损,呈灰黄色,弹性差,骨赘形成。②组织学观察,随时间延长,胫骨平台软骨纤维化,细胞排列紊乱,簇聚细胞出现频率增加。⑧实验组MMP-13、TIMP—1表达均高于对照组,有显著性差异。P〈0．05。④实验组MMP-13、TIMP-1表达阳性率第4、8、16周逐渐升高,24周下降,各组比较有显著性差异,P〈0．05。结论：①兔膝关节PCL断裂会引起外侧胫骨平台软骨退行性变,且该退变随着时间的推移逐渐加重。②MMP-13与TIMP-1在PCL断裂膝关节外侧胫骨平台中的表达呈现先高后低的变化规律,造成MMP-13与T1MP-1的失衡,加速软骨退变。⑨MMP-13与T／MP-1表达增高提示MMP-13与TIMP—1可能参与了PCL断裂后外侧胫骨平台软骨的退变过程。     

Preparation of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(trimethylene carbonate) blend nanofibers by electrospinning

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) blend nanofibers have been prepared for the first time using an electrospinning process. The mixed dichloromethane (DCM) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (75/25, v/v) was found to be the most suitable solvent for electrospinning. Various blends of PCL/PTMC solutions were investigated for the formation of nano-scale fibers and it was found that the average diameter of the fibers was reduced and the morphology became finer when PTMC content was increased. FT-IR and DSC analysis indicated that the molecular interactions between PCL and PTMC were weak and they were phase-separated in the fibers. Due to the biocompatible properties of PCL and PTMC, the spun nanofibers developed here could have applications in the biomedical field.     

Synthesis and characterization of the biodegradable polycaprolactone-graft-chitosan amphiphilic copolymers

A novel synthetic approach to biodegradable amphiphilic copolymers based on poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and chitosan was presented, and the prepared copolymers were used to prepare nanoparticles successfully. The PCL-graft-chitosan copolymers were synthesized by coupling the hydroxyl end-groups on preformed PCL chains and the amino groups present on 6-O-triphenylmethyl chitosan and by removing the protective 6-O-triphenylmethyl groups in acidic aqueous solution. The PCL content in the copolymers can be controlled in the range of 10-90 wt %. The graft copolymers were thoroughly characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and DSC. The nanoparticles made from the graft copolymers were investigated by 1H NMR, DLS, AFM and SEM measurements. It was found that the copolymers could form spherical or elliptic nanoparticles in water. The amount of available primary amines on the surface of the prepared nanoparticles was evaluated by ninhydrin assay, and it can be controlled by the grafting degree of PCL.     

Poly ε -Caprolactone Microparticles Containing Biosurfactants: Optimization of Formulation Factors

The objective of this research was to optimize the formulation factors and evaluate the release profiles of ε -polycaprolactone microparticles containing rhamnolipid biosurfactant (RhBS). Microparticles were prepared by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Optimization was studied through the effects of the volumes and concentrations of the internal and external phases of the microparticles on percent yield, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and biosurfactant loading. Manipulation of the formulation factors yielded microparticles that were statistically the same size and generally classified as small. An increase in the volume of the internal phase above 1 ml caused a general decrease in yield and encapsulation efficiency and an increase in biosurfactant loading. When the volume of the external phase increased above 50 ml, decreases in percent yield and encapsulation efficiency and increases in biosurfactant loading were observed. Formulations with the highest encapsulation efficiencies and percentage yield and the lowest biosurfactant loading efficiencies were selected for further evaluation in release studies. Release studies were conducted in 15 and 32 ppt artificial seawater and deionized water. After 30 days microparticle formulations gradually released 80% to 100% of the encapsulated RhBS in all release media, with no significant differences in release rates in the different release media.