高原湖泊湿地以植被指示为主的环评指标初探

分析探讨高原湖泊湿地的环境评价中,如何应用一套由植被为主指示要素构成的环评指标,并以云南石林长湖湖泊湿地为实例。按植被及其植物区系组成、动物区系和生境方面所表现特征的现况,共设置以植被特征为主的10个评定指示要素。使用此类指标评价的前提是:所评的各个高原湖泊湿地,均在上述10个所规定的指示要素方面,已取得调查研究的定量和定性数据资料。所以本方案的使用,反而促成各高原湖泊湿地在以植被特征为主各评价要素的进一步考察和研究,以作为参评的依据。     

Über den Einfluß der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration und des Hydrogenkarbonatgehaltes auf die Ausbildung von Bergbachbiozönosen

On the basis of investigations of the diatom flora and the Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera fauna in two mountain brooks with different chemisms the different effects of the regional factors of the water chemism and the extraregional factors, current and temperature, on the biocoenosis is discussed. The zoocoenotic division of mountain streams is affected by the extraregional factors; the structure of the diatom associations and the distribution of individual species of the insect fauna are dependent on the regional effect of the water chemism. The correlation of the halobic indices as ecological characteristics of the diatom flora with the factors of the water chemism, pH and alkalinity, and their relationship with the distribution of some species of the insect fauna suggest that the halobic index is a useful criterion for the ecological classification of waters. Also for the judgement of the trophic conditions and the self-purification of waters the halobic index can be regarded as an additional criterion.     

Restoration of floodplain wetlands: Opening polders along a coastal river in Mediterranean France, Vistre marshes

Restoration of wetlands has become an increasing field of application of ecological research due to mitigation regulations, changes in agricultural practices and an increasing consideration of the role of wetlands in the water cycle. In areas where the history of human use of natural areas is old and intense, restoration projects must not only consider ecological objectives but also social aspects. The Vistre project was developed to answer a social demand of restoring the flood storage function of a riverine wetland, formerly drained and polderized for agriculture. The river is located in the Petite Camargue, southern France, and flows into the sea a few km downstream of the study site. Openings in the dykes, calculated after a preliminary study, partly restored the connection between the polder and the river basin. A monitoring program of flora and fauna was launched to test the hypothesis that the change in hydrological functioning would be sufficient to obtain the desired vegetation and fauna. During the first years of the project, high rainfall and uncontrolled openings of sluices due to difficulties with the local users caused abnormally high water levels. The vegetation changed to hydrophyte-dominated communities and was controlled mainly by the fluctuations in water level. The habitat objective for fish-eating birds was met and a large tree-nesting heron colony established. Solving the social problem and maintenance of the sills should allow most objectives to be reached, although more slowly than expected.     

From forest fires to fisheries management: Anthropology,conservation biology,and historical ecology

Human‐environmental relationships have long been of interest to a variety of scientists, including ecologists, biologists, anthropologists, and many others. 1 , 2 In anthropology, this interest was especially prevalent among cultural ecologists of the 1970s and earlier, who tended to explain culture as the result of techno‐environmental constraints. 3 More recently researchers have used historical ecology, an approach that focuses on the long‐term dialectical relationship between humans and their environments, as well as long‐term prehuman ecological datasets. 4 - 7 An important contribution of anthropology to historical ecology is that anthropological datasets dealing with ethnohistory, traditional ecological knowledge, and human skeletal analysis, as well as archeological datasets on faunal and floral remains, artifacts, geochemistry, and stratigraphic analysis, provide a deep time perspective (across decades, centuries, and millennia) on the evolution of ecosystems and the place of people in those larger systems. Historical ecological data also have an applied component that can provide important information on the relative abundances of flora and fauna, changes in biogeography, alternations in food webs, landscape evolution, and much more.     

Is the yellow-legged gull a superabundantbird species in the Mediterranean? Impacton fauna and flora, conservation measuresand research priorities

In the Mediterranean basin, the yellow-legged gull Larus cachinnans has undergone a widespread demographic increase for the past 30 years. Owing to its high ecological adaptability, its aggressive behaviour and its abundance, this gull is often considered to be a pest. The authors review and analyse the impacts of the expansion of the yellow-legged gull on fauna and flora in the Mediterranean area. Despite the relatively limited number of both intensive and general studies, it clearly appears that the population explosion has had a very diverse and severe effect on the ecosystem as a whole (flora, vertebrates, interspecific competition, extinction–colonization processes). The most serious damage has occurred around the largest breeding colonies to the detriment of fragile, rare or very restricted plant and animal species. Thus, from the point of view of fauna and flora conservation, the yellow-legged gull can, for the moment, be considered to be locally superabun dant. Control measures are often very onerous and necessitate heavy manpower and material resources. Additional extensive investigations will be necessary to assess the future development of yellow-legged gull populations and their impact on natural environments.     

我国东北森林土壤动物生态学研究现状与展望

土壤动物在生态系统养分循环和能量流动中起到重要的作用。近年来土壤动物生态学研究已成为当前生态学研究的热点与前沿领域。土壤动物生态学研究在国际上已有60多年的历史, 但在我国真正意义上的土壤动物生态学研究起始于20世纪70年代末东北长白山的研究。本文概述了东北森林土壤动物生态学研究的三个阶段, 并重点从以下方面总结了近10年的研究现状与进展: 土壤动物分布格局及多样性、土壤动物对环境因子的响应、土壤动物在生态系统中的功能作用研究。本文可为进一步拓展东北森林土壤动物生态学研究并为我国其他地区深入开展土壤动物生态学研究提供参考。未来东北森林土壤动物生态学研究应该关注: 土壤动物与微生物交互作用、土壤动物对全球变化的响应、地上与地下生态系统的交互作用以及分子生物学技术在土壤生物研究中的应用。     

The effect of prescribed burning on the soil fauna and on litter decomposition in Western Australian forests

The effect of mild fires on the soil fauna was examined in a Pinus pinaster plantation and in Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and Karri (E. diversicolor) forests. In the pine plantation, litter decomposition ceases until four years after burning. In both native forests, species diversity and density are reduced after burning and do not recover their pre-burning values during a normal prescribed burning rotation. Prescribed burning on a five to seven year rotation is likely to permanently simplify the litter fauna and flora, with far-reaching effects on forest and hygiene.     

土壤动物粒径谱研究进展

群落结构如何响应环境变化是生态学研究长期关注的核心问题之一。粒径谱由个体大小和多度构建而来,与营养级转换速率相关、反映生态系统过程动态以及表征生态系统稳定性,可以将其视为一个综合的功能多样性指标用于预测和表征群落的组成以及生态系统功能如何响应环境压力。粒径谱研究最初始于水生生态系统,近年来被引入到土壤动物群落生态学的研究中。简要回顾粒径谱的概念由来及理论基础,分析比较了当前粒径谱研究中的4种易混淆类型,介绍了常用的两类土壤动物粒径谱构建方法及其生态学意义,梳理了土壤动物粒径谱对环境梯度响应与生态化学计量学相结合的研究进展,并指出了应用粒径谱研究土壤动物群落的难点及限制条件。未来,在基础理论研究方面,土壤动物粒径谱应关注个体大小与营养级位置及能量利用关系;在应用方面,土壤动物粒径谱可结合传统的分类方法广泛应用于指示环境污染、生态恢复、保育生物以及土地利用变化等。     

Null model of biotic homogenization: a test with the European freshwater fish fauna

In recent years, there has been growing concern about how species invasions and extinctions could change the distinctiveness of formerly disparate fauna and flora, a process called biotic homogenization. In the present study, a null model of biotic of homogenization was developed and applied to the European freshwater fish fauna. We found that non-native fish species led to the greatest homogenization in south-western Europe and greatest differentiation in north-eastern Europe. Comparing these observed patterns to those expected by our null model empirically demonstrated that biotic homogenization is a non-random ecological pattern, providing evidence for previous assumptions. The place of origin of non-native species was also considered by distinguishing between exotic (originating from outside Europe) and translocated species (originating from within Europe). We showed that exotic and translocated species generated distinct geographical patterns of biotic homogenization across Europe because of their contrasting effects on the changes in community similarity among river basins. Translocated species promoted homogenization among basins, whereas exotic species tended to decrease their compositional similarity. Quantifying the individual effect of exotic and translocated species is therefore an absolute prerequisite to accurately assess the spatial dynamics of biotic homogenization.     

Ecological integrity of supraspecific taxa and the arctic biota

Some specific features of the development of concepts about integrity (systemic organization) of supraspecific taxa are considered. Several forms of integrity can be distinguished: taxonomic, or genealogical; evolutionary (considering a taxon as a developing system); ecological, or eco-adaptive (manifestation of the properties of a united system in the course of exploring the various conditions and types of environment by the phyletically specified biota). Taxa of different level “behave” as whole units or blocks, forming structural parts of the cenotic and biotic forms of life. The properties of integrity, systemic organization of supraspecific taxa can be displayed by analysis of changes in the structural parameters of the biota related to latitudinal gradients of climatic factors, in phenomena of individualistic distribution, ecological substitution (vicariance) of taxa, and preservation of their ecological functions (adaptive zone) despite the reduced species diversity. The variants of adaptive exploration of high-latitude landscape-zonal conditions are considered using examples from the Arctic flora and fauna.     

Active management of an artificial rocky coast

Some aspects of the flora and fauna of the Dutch artificial rocky shores are described, together with abiotic factors determining their distribution. This leads to recommendations for future management. It is shown that there are many ways for a multifunctional use of the dikes and its flora and fauna. Certain types of flora and fauna might be used to strengthen a seawall. Examples are given of the possible application of hard substrate flora and fauna for water purification purposes and for monitoring of water and substrate quality.     

Effects of an invasive plant on a desert sand dune landscape

Given the abundance of non-native species invading wildland habitats, managers need to employ informed triage to focus control efforts on weeds with the greatest potential for negative impacts. Our objective here was to determine the level of threat Sahara mustard, Brassica tournefortii, represents to meeting regional goals for protecting biodiversity. Sahara mustard has spread throughout much of the Mojave and lower Sonoran Deserts. It has occurred in southern California’s Coachella Valley for nearly 80 years, punctuated by years of extremely high abundance following high rainfall. In those years the mustard has clear negative impacts on the native flora. Using mustard removal experiments we identified reductions in native plant reproduction, shifting composition increasingly toward Sahara mustard while decreasing the fraction of native species. High between-year variance in precipitation may be a key to maintaining biodiversity as the mustard is less abundant in drier years. Sahara mustard impacts to the native fauna were much less evident. Of the animal species evaluated, only the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, Uma inornata, demonstrated a negative response to mustard abundance; however the impacts were short-lived, lasting no more than a year after the mustard’s dominance waned. Without control measures the long-term impacts to desert biodiversity may rest on the changing climate. Wetter conditions or increased periodicity of high rainfall years will favor Sahara mustard and result in reduced biodiversity, especially of native annual plants. Drier conditions will keep the mustard from becoming dominant but may have other negative consequences on the native flora and fauna.     

Climate change threatens protected areas of the Atlantic Forest

Only 7 % of the Atlantic Forest Biodiversity Hotspot is currently protected, though it holds 18 % of all amphibian species in South America. How effective would the Atlantic Forest network of protected areas (PAs) be in a changing climate? Are there some intrinsic features of PAs that drive species loss or gain inside them? We addressed these questions by modeling the ecological niches of 430 amphibian species in the Atlantic Forest and projecting their distributions into three future climate change simulations. We then assessed changes in species richness inside PAs for different time frames and tested their significance via null model. The number of species should decline within Atlantic Forest network of PAs under changing climate conditions. Only altitude was a good predictor of species gains or lost inside PAs. Therefore, we suggest that new PAs established in highlands would be more effective to alleviate the effects of climate change on this imperiled fauna.     

EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC MARINE BENTHIC ALGAL FLORA

There are many logistic difficulties associated with studying Antarctic marine algae and, as a consequence, the taxonomic information available is far from comprehensive and any generalizations should be regarded with caution. The Antarctic marine benthic flora is characterized by a low species richness. Biogeographical characteristics of the flora are outlined. There is a high degree of endemism, possibly around 35–40%. Other major floristic elements are a group of species with a distribution extending to Tierra del Fuego and subantarctic islands, a group spread through temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere, and a cosmopolitan group. Ecological observations show that ice has a major effect on the occurrence and distribution of algae, and ecophysiological studies indicate that Antarctic macroalgae possess various adaptations to ice, low temperatures, and strongly seasonal light conditions. Possible trends in the evolution of the Antarctic benthic marine flora, including a reduction in species richness and the origins of biogeographical links with subantarctic and temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere, are discussed in the context of tectonic and climatic changes over the past 100 million years. A comparison is made with studies on the evolution of shallow-water marine fauna.     

Biodiversity associated with an irrigated rice agro-ecosystem in Sri Lanka

Irrigated rice fields are temporary wetland agro-ecosystems, managed with a variable degree of intensity. A survey was carried out in Sri Lanka to document the overall biodiversity associated with this unique agro-ecosystem, using a combination of sampling techniques to document different groups of fauna and flora. The total number of biota recorded and identified from the rice field ecosystem during the entire study period consisted of 494 species of invertebrates belonging to 10 phyla and 103 species of vertebrates, while the flora included 89 species of macrophytes, 39 genera of microphytes and 3 species of macrofungi. Of the total species documented, 15 species of invertebrates and one weed species are new records to Sri Lanka. Arthropods were the dominant group of invertebrates (405 species), of which 55 species were rice pest insects, and 200 species were natural enemies of pest insects. The fauna and flora recorded from the rice field were observed to follow a uniform pattern of seasonal colonization and succession during successive rice cultivation cycles. The biodiversity of the irrigated rice agro-ecosystem interests both agroecologists and conservation biologists. Therefore, the integrated efforts of these two groups can result in the formulation of strategies based on biodiversity as an organizing principal in the sustainable management of the rice field agro-ecosystem.     

Non-indigenous species in the Great Lakes: were colonization and damage to ecosystem health predictable?

The Great Lakes ecosystem is home to at least 139 non-indigenous species of fauna and flora which have become established following invasions or intentional introductions. About ten percent of the exotic species have caused economic or ecological damage to the system. A sample of this group is reviewed to determine if ecological concepts are useful in helping to predict colonization and impacts to ecosystem health. Successful colonization by most of the species reviewed was predictable from habitat requirements and behaviour. Ecosystem disturbance was a factor in the success of some of the colonists but was not an overriding ecological requirement. Perturbations to ecosystem health are more difficult to predict and in most cases were not readily apparent from knowledge about the ecology of invaders or native communities. The main damage to ecosystem health by the species reviewed resulted from competition, predation and habitat modification. Difficulties in predicting both invasions and damage from successful colonists point to the need to prevent non-indigenous species from reaching the Great Lakes basin.     

Biodiversity in salt marshes: from patrimonial value to ecosystem functioning. The case study of the Mont-Saint-Michel bay

Until 1979, European salt marshes were known only through the inventories of fauna and especially of flora. On such criteria, the salt marshes of the Mont-Saint-Michel bay (France) were regarded as most significant of the French coasts. However, it took 20 years of research on the role of these wetlands of the estuaries-salt marsh systems to highlight the ecological, social and economic interest of this ecotone, between continental and marine systems, a long time considered as territory "without value", except for stock breeders or hunters.     

Environmental assessment of veterinary avermectins in temperate pastoral ecosystems

Avermectins and their metabolites are excreted mainly in the faeces; they do not readily move from the site of dung deposition because of their low solubility in water and their tight binding to organic matter. Avermectins degrade in the environment through photodegradation and aerobic breakdown by soil organisms. The dung mesofauna potentially exposed to avermectin residues includes insects, earthworms, springtails, mites and nematodes. These organisms occupy a variety of different niches within the ecosystem and the faunal composition changes as the pats age. Some members of this fauna act in concert with soil microbial flora and assist in the breakdown of dung and consequent nutrient re-cycling on pasture. There are marked seasonal patterns of faunal abundance and behaviour which affect their relative importance in the decomposer community. Some species of the coprophagous insect fauna, particularly in the larval stages, can be adversely affected by the presence of avermectin residues in the faeces. Veterinary use patterns of avermectins in temperate regions indicate that peak periods of insect activity and peak times of avermectin use are often asynchronous. When avermectin usage and insect activity do coincide, the heterogeneous patterns of administration to livestock and the focus of treatment on young animals result in the deposition on pasture of faeces which are predominantly free of avermectin residues. Results of large scale, long term studies indicate that, even under conditions of relatively high levels of avermectin use in cattle, the impact on non-target insect populations and their function is limited.     

Effects of anthropogenic factors on spider communities (Arthropoda: Araneae) in Chréa National park (Blida,Algeria)

Chréa National Park, one of the 11 national parks in Algeria, is natural and diverse but under different pressures: urbanisation, fires caused by the high flux of visitors. Several ecological and systematic studies have been conducted on the Araneae, the most important epigeal fauna, but no attention was given to the anthropogenic parcels of the Park. To assess the effects of urbanisation and fires on the ecology of this fauna, spiders were collected monthly for 2 years, using ‘Pitfall’ traps in three disturbed stations: burned, urbanised and reforested and three natural sites as control. In total, 1,476 specimens were sampled (19 families, 42 genera and 68 species). Zodarion algericum was the dominant species (13.25%), particularly in the burned station. Mann–Whitney U test showed a significant difference between urbanised and nonurbanised sites in contrast to other ones and no significant differences with the control. Our results show that fires transform the forest into a mosaic of habitats, with open gaps of different stages of succession. In addition, the reforestation of cedars without any agricultural practices has no negative effects on the Park. No loss of biodiversity was observed; this would encourage the restoration of the forest to protect its fauna and flora.     

Ecosystem response to different management options in Marine Protected Areas (MPA): A case study of intertidal rocky shore communities

Marine Protected Areas (MPA) can be powerful coastal management tools with several specific goals, although there is debate concerning their effectiveness. There is no consensus regarding the ideal size of MPAs, and actually there is some evidence that perhaps size is not as critical as other specific factors in determining their success in terms of populations’ protection and ecological functions conservation. On the other hand, depending on the objectives, zones with different classification regimes in terms of rules and uses might enable the maintenance of the intended uses.At this light, we examined the case of the small (605 002 m²) rocky shore area of Avencas, near Lisbon, on the Atlantic western Coast of Portugal, which was classified as Biophysical Interest Zone (ZIBA) in 1998, due to its exceptional intertidal biodiversity, after what its protection status became controversial, leading to conflicts with the local population and incompliance with extant regulations. From 2010 efforts were carried out by local authorities to reclassify Avencas as Marine Protected Area, which was achieved in 2016.Monitoring intertidal communities in a MPA and adjacent areas is an effective and low-cost procedure to evaluate the evolution of the biodiversity of rocky shores. Therefore, antedating the creation of the new MPA, assessments of the ZIBA biodiversity were conducted from January 2013 to December 2015 on a monthly basis. This timeline was selected as a function of a change in visitors’ behavior induced from 2013 by several management and outreach initiatives, which increased in a certain extent the user’s compliance with regulations.A positive evolution was expected for density and/or species diversity of the different groups analysed (flora, sessile fauna and mobile fauna) in this three years period. However, a very strong storm occurred in 2014 produced a significant impact and changed large areas of the Avencas rocky shore. As a consequence, results did not display a recognizable recovery pattern of the intertidal communities, and following that extreme event are not even consistent with a hypothesized enhanced recovery capability of the ecosystem in a protected area. This suggests that longer data series are necessary to obtain more robust data regarding natural variability, since alterations caused by extreme events are always likely to occur. Additionally, results illustrate that indeed size matters because it influences the MPA openness, expressed as the ratio of periphery to area, and therefore its susceptibility to external driving forces. Such considerations must be taken into account in any management plan, which in this case should encompass an increase in the intertidal protected area, a new conditioned small-scale fishing regime, and an adequate monitoring programme to evaluate the effectiveness of the new management scheme.