P16^INK4、Rb基因表达在肺癌发生中协调性研究

采用mRNA原位双杂交和免疫组织化学方法对31例非小细胞肺癌组织进行P16^INK、Rb基因、Rb基因表达水平及其相关性的研究。结果显示,以Dig-碱性磷酸酶－NBT／BCIP系统检测P16^INK4基因转录,阳性结果呈蓝色,阴性杂交率为22．6％（7／31）;以Bio－辣根过氧化物酶－AEC系统检测Rb基因转录,阳性结果为红色,阴性率为16．1％（5／31）。免疫组织化学检测显示P16^INK4蛋白质阴性率为42％（13／31）;Rb蛋白表达阴性率为19．4％（6／31）。Rb、P16^INK4基因在非小细胞肺癌发生中起协同调控作用,以P16^INK4基因表达异常为主。     

p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白在大肠癌中的表达及相关性

目的 检测p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白在大肠癌中的表达,并探讨其相关性.方法 选取78例大肠癌组织,距癌灶3 cm以外的癌旁组织,进行组织切片,HE染色进行病理分型,应用S-P免疫组化法对组织中的p-MAPK、Cyclin D1和CDK4进行检测.结果 病理分型后,78例大肠癌中p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白的阳性表达率分别为67.9 %（53/78）、57.7 %（45/78）和39.7 %（31/78）;78例相应癌旁组织中阳性表达率分别为6.4 %（5/78）、10.3 %（8/78）和19.2 %（15/78）.三者阳性表达率和阳性强度均以大肠癌中为高（P＜0.01）;大肠癌中p-MAPK与CyclinD1表达呈明显正相关（P＜0.01）,而与CDK4蛋白表达无明显相关性（P＞0.05）,CyclinD1和CDK4表达呈正相关（P＜0.05）,RT-PCR检测结果与免疫组化相似,p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白的阳性表达率分别为8.2 %（61/78）、67.9 %（53/78）和53.8 %（42/78）;相应癌旁组织中阳性表达率分别为3.8 %（3/78）、2.6 %（2/78）和6.4 %（5/78）.结论 MAPK活化可能是cylinD1激活的原因之一,并在大肠癌发生过程中可能起重要作用;而Cyclin D1 在细胞周期中可与CDK4 结合,从而促进细胞周期进程.     

人脑胶质瘤CDK4、CyclinD1和P16基因蛋白表达的免疫组织化学研究

采用检测人脑胶质瘤中CDK4、CyclinD1和P16基因蛋白的表达情况,探讨G1→S期细胞周期调节蛋白在胶质瘤发生,发展过程中的作用。对39例近期手术的胶质瘤标本和8例瘤旁正常脑组织标本进行免疫组织化学检测。结果显示：CDK4蛋白在良性、交界性胶质瘤和瘤旁正常脑组织中的表达差异没有显性意义（P＞0.05）,在恶性胶质瘤中的表达却有明显地增高,与前两比较差异均有显性意义（P＜0.05）。P16蛋白在恶性胶质瘤中的表达显低于在瘤旁正常脑组织和良性、交界性胶质瘤中的表达（P＜0.01）,但在后两中的表达差异没有显性意义（P＞0.05）。CyclinD1蛋白在三中的表达水平均较低且差异无显性意义（P＞0.05）。结果表明：CDK4蛋白的表达增高和P16蛋白的表达下调发生在胶质瘤的较晚期阶段,与胶质瘤的恶性变和恶性胶质瘤的发生有关,而CyclinD1蛋白的表达可能与胶质瘤的发生和发展无关。     

p16、cyclin D1在消化道癌细胞周期调控中的关系探讨

P16和cyclinD1是参与细胞周期调控及维持细胞正常增殖的关键蛋白,通过G1/S监测点即R点（restriction point）发挥调控作用。cyclinD1与CDK4/6（细胞周期依赖性激酶）结合形成cyclinD1/CDK4/6复合物,促使CDK4/6活化,细胞越过G1/S监测点进入细胞分裂周期。P16可重复地和特异性地与cyclinD1竞争调控CDK4/6,抑制两者的激酶活性,使细胞不能快速通过G1/S转换。由此可见,两者相辅相成、相互制约,其适时适度的表达是细胞周期得以正常运转的前提。近年来,大量的研究结果显示,P16基因的缺失及cyclinD1过度表达与恶性肿瘤发生、发展、及恶化关系密切。因此,对P16和cyclinD1的深入研究将有助于胃肠道肿瘤的分期、疗效判断、预后、转移、复发和治疗。     

细胞周期调控因子的表达与肺癌预后关系的研究

应用细胞周期调控因子P^27kipl,Rb单克隆抗体和CDK4多克隆抗体,对54例肺鳞状细胞癌的纤支镜活镜标本和10例正常肺组织进行免疫组织化学染色研究。结果发现：54例肺鳞癌中,P^27kipl阳性表达率为928/54）51.9%。表达水平与患预后呈正相关。P^27kipl表达是影响肺癌患预后的主要因素。CDK4阳性表达率（26/54）为48.1%,Rb阳性表达率（33/54）为61.1%。表达水平与患预后呈正相关。结果表明：P^27kipl低表达可作为判断肺鳞癌患预后差的一个独立的有效标记指标,CDK4表达对鉴别良恶性病变有一定意义,Rb表达可作为判断肺鳞癌预后的有意义指标。     

HMGB1对小鼠系膜细胞细胞周期及细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响

该实验以小鼠系膜细胞MMC为研究对象,以重组HMGB1为刺激物,通过检测细胞周期的变化及细胞PCNA、CyclinD1、CDK4和p16的表达水平,初步探讨HMGB1对系膜细胞的细胞周期及其相关调控因子的影响。选取小鼠系膜细胞MMC为研究对象,随机分为对照组及0.05mg/LHMGB1刺激组,经流式细胞术检测发现HMGB1能够上调小鼠系膜细胞中S期细胞所占比例;免疫细胞化学检测显示,PCNA蛋白在小鼠系膜细胞中的表达上调;通过RT-PCR技术及Western blot技术检测到小鼠系膜细胞中CyclinD1 mRNA和蛋白以及CDK4蛋白的高表达情况,而p16蛋白的表达呈时间依赖性降低。由此可见,HMGB1可能是通过上调CyclinD1/CDK4的表达,并下调p16的表达,促进细胞从G_0/G_1期进入S期,介导了小鼠系膜细胞的异常增殖,可能是HMGB1参与狼疮性肾炎发病的可能机制之一。     

CyclinD1、CDK4、P16和结核菌L型感染在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨CyclinD1、CDK4和P16在前列腺癌中的表达以及结核菌L型感染率及临床意义。方法应用免疫组化和抗酸染色等方法检测了65例前列腺癌（carcinoma of prostate,PCa）和30例良性前列腺增生（benignprostatic hyperplasia,BPH）中的CyclinD1、CDK4和P16的表达,以及结核菌L型的检出率。并对前列腺肿瘤主要临床资料和病理分级参数进行比较,用χ^2检验进行统计学处理。结果 CyclinD1、CDK4阳性表达前列腺癌明显高于前列腺增生（P〈0.01）;并与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01-0.05）呈正相关。P16阳性表达前列腺增生明显高于前列腺癌（P〈0.01）;与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01-0.05）呈负正相关。结核菌L型检出率前列腺癌明显高于前列腺增生;与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CyclinD1、CDK4和P16在前列腺肿瘤中不同程度异常表达以及结核菌L型检出率与肿瘤的临床分期、病理分级和转移相关,因此研究CyclinD1、CDK4和P16的阳性表达和结核菌L型感染与前列腺癌发生发展中可能有协同作用,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

survivin在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其与bcl-2、p63表达的关系

目的：探讨survivin在非小细胞肺癌组织（non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）中的表达,及其与bcl2、p63蛋白表达的相关性。方法：应用二步法免疫组织化法,检测survivin、bcl-2、p63蛋白在60例NSCLC组织和20例正常肺组织中的表达。结果：肺癌组织中的survivin蛋白阳性率（56．67％）明显高于正常肺组织15％）,有显著性差异;（p〈0．05）Ⅲ期surviving蛋白阳性表达率72．73％（16／22）明显高于Ⅰ＋Ⅲ期survivin47．37％（18／38）。有显著差异;（p〈0．05）survivin蛋白表达与患者年龄、病理类型、组织分化程度,淋巴结转移情况无关（P〉0．05）NSCLC组织bc 1-2蛋白表达阳性、阴性组中,survivin蛋白阳性表达率分别为66．67％（18／27）和48．48％（16／33）,两者比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;p63蛋白表达阳性、阴性组中,survivin蛋白阳性表达率分别为53-33％（16／30）和60％（18／30）,两者比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）survivin,蛋白与bc1．2蛋白的表达呈正相关。survivin蛋白与p63蛋白的表达呈正相关。结论：survivin在NSCLC组织中表达上调,通过抑制细胞凋亡,在NSCLC的发生和发展中起到重要作用。survivin,bcl-2与p63它们分别在肺癌发生发展过程中不同途径上抑制肺癌细胞的凋亡,对肺癌早期诊断有一定的意义。对3种蛋白进行联合检测,更有利于肺癌的早期诊断和判断肺癌的分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结是否转移及病人的预后。survivin与bcl-2及survivin与p63可能起协同作用、并可能会成为NSCLC基因治疗的新靶点。     

金葡菌L型感染致小鼠肿瘤中CyclinD1、CDK4和P16的表达及意义

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)L型感染C57小鼠致瘤后,CyclinD1、CDK4和P16在小鼠肿瘤及癌前病变中的表达及相关性研究。方法动物实验观察发现金葡菌L型感染90只C57小鼠后11.1%(10/90)发生肿瘤;14.4%(13/90)引起癌前病变。革兰染色、免疫组化染色,检测小鼠肿瘤和癌前病变中金葡菌L型感染率和CyclinD1、CDK4和P16蛋白的阳性表达。结果 10只小鼠肿瘤及13只小鼠癌前病变中金葡菌L型检出率与正常对照组比较差异有明显统计学意义(P0.01)。CyclinD1、CDK4和P16蛋白的阳性表达与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01～0.05),呈正相关。结论金葡菌L型感染可能与CyclinD1、CDK4和P16蛋白在小鼠肿瘤发生和发展中有协同作用。     

本期重点推介

正Ras信号通路通过调控细胞周期蛋白E(CycE)和细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶2(CDK2)及上下游核内周期调节者来影响核内复制进程;而Myc作为细胞生长的转录调控因子,可调控CycD1,Cyclin-D2,CycE和CDK4等因子,促进细胞周期由G0/G1向S期过渡。为了明确果蝇体内Ras信号通路与Myc的关系以及对核内复制细胞的调控机理,华南师范大学     

大鼠发育过程中海马细胞周期相关蛋白的表达与分布

目的观察正常SD大鼠发育过程中海马细胞周期相关蛋白表达及分布特点,探讨其与脑老化的关系.方法采用免疫组织化学方法观察不同发育时期(1周,2月,4月,10月,15月)Cyclin D1、CDK4、P16、NeuN表达的规律.结果在各年龄组Cyclin D1、CDK4、P16、NeuN阳性细胞层的厚度随着增龄而逐渐变薄.各阳性细胞的排列逐渐由紧密变得松散,胞体逐渐增大,各阳性细胞逐渐伸出轴突进入分子层.P16随月龄的增长在海马各区染色增强,但P16阳性细胞数目减少.结论 Cyclin D1、CDK4、P16、NeuN在海马发育的各个时期均有表达,老龄大鼠海马内Cyclin D1、CDK4、P16表达的下调提示细胞增殖活性受限,这可能与脑老化有关.     

Pin1和Cyclin D1在人类5种常见肿瘤中的表达及其意义

目的研究人类的肽基脯氨酰异构酶(Pin1)在人类几种重要的肿瘤(肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌和胃癌)中的表达及与细胞周期蛋白CyclinD1的关系,并探讨它们在肿瘤的发病机制、诊断和治疗中的意义。方法随机收集33例正常组织和171例癌组织(包括37例肺癌、35例前列腺癌、31例乳腺癌、36例宫颈癌和32例胃癌)。采取免疫组织化学Envision法显示Pin1和CyclinD1的表达。结果Pin1和CyclinD1在正常组织中不表达或者低表达,而在各种癌组织中有普遍性的高表达,在肺癌组织、前列腺癌组织、乳腺癌组织、胃癌组织和宫颈癌组织中,Pin1的表达率分别为48·7%、65·7%、48·4%、15·6%和69·4%,CyclinD1的表达率分别为56·8%、60·0%、54·8%、40·6%和58·3%。Pin1和CyclinD1在癌组织中的表达明显高于正常组织中的表达(P<0·05)。Pin1和CyclinD1蛋白在肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和宫颈癌中表达呈显著正相关(P<0·05)。而Pin1和CyclinD1蛋白在胃癌中的表达相关性不显著(P>0·05)。结论Pin1和CyclinD1在多种肿瘤的发生、发展过程中具有重要作用,如肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌和胃癌,Pin1与细胞周期代谢或调控有关。Pin1在某些肿瘤(如肺癌、前列腺癌等)中可作为肿瘤标记的参考指标。     

Overexpression of TRIM24 correlates with tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer

The objective of the current study was to investigate the expression pattern and clinicopathological significance of TRIM24 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The expression profile of TRIM24 in NSCLC tissues and adjacent noncancerous lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. TRIM24 was found to be overexpressed in 81 of 113 (71.7%) human lung cancer samples and correlated with p-TNM stage (p = 0.0006), poor differentiation (p = 0.004), Ki67 index (p<0.0001), cyclin D1(p = 0.0096) and p-Rb expression (p = 0.0318). In addition, depleting TRIM24 expression by small interfering RNA inhibited growth and invasion in lung cell lines. Moreover, TRIM24 depletion induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary and induced apoptosis. Western blotting analysis revealed that knockdown of TRIM24 decreased the protein levels of Cyclin A, Cyclin B, Cyclin D1, cyclin E and p-Rb and increased P27 expression. These results indicate that TRIM24 plays an important role in NSCLC progression.     

Cell cycle regulators in bladder cancer: relationship to schistosomiasis

Dysregulation of cell cycle control may lead to genomic instability, neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. In terms of the particular roles in regulation of the cell-cycle, p21(WAF1) causes growth arrest through inhibition of cyclin-dependant kinases required for G1/S transition. P16 (INK4A) and p15 (INK4B) are thought to act as tumor suppressors, since their inactivation and/or deletion are observable in various types of malignancies. Cyclin D1 is hypothesized to control cell cycle progression through the G1-S check point. The present study evaluated p21 expression, p16 and p15 gene deletion and cylin D1 expression in bladder carcinoma among Egyptian patients, in relation to different clinicopathological features of the tumors and presence or absence of bilharziasis. Tissue specimens were obtained from 132 patients with bladder carcinoma and 50 normal tissue samples from the same patients served as control. P21 was determined by Western blot (WB) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), p16 and p15 gene deletions were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Cyclin D1 was detected by WB. Levels of p21 were lower in malignant tumors than in normal tissues. Lower expression of p21 was evident in lymph node positive, well differentiated tumors and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in lymph node negative, poorly differentiated tumors and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In all normal samples, p15 and p16 genes were detected while cyclin D1 was not detected. P16 and p15 genes were deleted in 38.7% (41/106) and 30.2% (32/106) of bladder tumors respectively. The deletion of both genes was associated with poor differentiation grade and presence of bilharziasis. P16 deletion was also correlated to advancing tumor stage. Cyclin D1 was expressed in 57.5% of bladder tumors (69/120), where its expression was correlated to early stage, well differentiation grade, schistomiasis, and low levels of p21. Cell cycle is dysregulated in bladder carcinoma. This was evident from the increased expression of cyclin D1, the decreased levels of p21 and the deletion of p15 and p16 genes. Moreover, p16 and p15 gene deletion was related to tumor progression and might have a role in bilharzial bladder carcinogenesis. Cyclin D1 over-expression appears to be an early event in bladder cancer and might explain bilharzial associated bladder carcinogenesis.     

Cyclin D1 regulates lung cancer invasion and metastasis

Cyclin D1, as a regulatory factor in cell cycle, is highly expressed in many tumors, such as lung cancer, breast cancer and thyroid cancer. The aim of the present study was to study the role of Cyclin D1 in invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells. Lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and squamous cell line SK-MES-1 were selected as the objects, because A549 expresses Cyclin D1 highly, and SK-MES-1 expresses lowly. Nude mice were injected with A549 or SK-MES-1 via tail vein, and were sacrificed after 4 weeks for cancer tissue isolation. The harvested cancer cells were reinjected into another nude mouse. After one more time of such seeding, highly metastatic lung cancer model was established. After A549 and SK-MES-1 were transfected with Cyclin D1 RNAi and expression vector respectively, transwell migration assay was used to analyze transferring capacity of lung cancer cells. Western blot was used to detect Cyclin D1 and WNT/TCF pathway proteins expressions in parental cell lines and cancer tissue from metastasis model animals. The results showed that, along with the increase of seeding times, lung cancer cells from model animals, no matter A549 or SK-MES-1, exhibited augmented metastasis activity and up-regulated Cyclin D1 expression. The transferring capacity was weakened significantly in A549 cells where the Cyclin D1 was interfered by RNAi, and it was enhanced significantly in SK-MES-1 cells which were transfected with the expression vector of Cyclin D1. The expressions of WNT/TCF pathway proteins, including β-catenin, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF) and T cell factor (TCF), increased significantly in highly metastatic model animals. The parental cell lines showed lower expressions of WNT/TCF pathway proteins compared with cancer tissue from metastasis model animals. These results suggest that Cyclin D1 is closely related with the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells, and the WNT/TCF signal pathway may promote the expression of Cyclin D1.     

Cyclin B1、P34cdc2在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及意义

目的为了研究非小细胞肺癌组织中Cyclin B1及P34cdc2的表达,探讨Cyclin B1及P34cdc2的表达与非小细胞肺癌临床病理特征的关系.方法随机收集非小细胞肺癌(含癌旁细支气管和/或小支气管增生组织和正常肺组织)标本100例.采用免疫组织化学SP法.结果显示在癌组织与癌旁细支气管和/或小支气管上皮增生组织及正常肺组织中Cyclin B1及P34cdc2表达差异有显著性(P＜0.01).在癌组织中有过表达;在癌旁细支气管和/或小支气管上皮增生组织中的表达较正常肺组织中的表达增强.100例非小细胞肺癌组织中Cyclin B1及P34cdc2表达呈正相关(P＜0.01),相关系数为0.966.癌旁细支气管和/或小支气管上皮增生组织中,Cyclin B1及P34cdc2的表达也呈正相关(P＜0.01),相关系数为0.638.组织类型、分化程度和淋巴结转移与Cyclin B1及P34cdc2的表达均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).不同临床分期的非小细胞肺癌,其Cyclin B1及P34 cdc2的表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 Cyclin B1及P34cdc2在非小细胞肺癌中有过表达现象,二者在M期前形成过多的促成熟因子(maturation promoting factor, MPF)从而加速非小细胞肺癌细胞跨越G2/M期关卡进入分裂期.过表达的Cyclin B1及P34cdc2可作为反映非小细胞肺癌细胞分裂增殖能力和临床分期的指标之一.     

HPV感染、FHIT蛋白表达与非小细胞肺癌的相关性研究

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒感染在NSCLC发生中的病因学意义,同时分析FHIT蛋白表达与NSCLC发生及HPV感染的关系.方法采用PCR方法选用通用型引物和HPV16、18型特异性引物分别对42例NSCLC及14例肺良性病变组织进行检测.免疫组化SP法检测FHIT蛋白的表达水平.结果 HPV DNA检出率肺癌组为42.9%,肺良性病变组为7.1%,二者有显著性差异(P<0.05).HPV感染率在肺鳞癌(53.6%)显著高于腺癌(21.4%),且随着分化程度降低,其感染率增高,在吸烟患者(57.7%)显著高于不吸烟患者(18.8%);FHIT蛋白异常表达率肺癌组为61.9%,与肺良性病变组(28.6%)比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).肺癌中HPV阳性组FHIT蛋白异常表达率为83.3%,明显高于HPV阴性组(45.8%,P<0.05).结论 HPV感染与NSCLC组织学类型、分化程度及吸烟有关,它可能是导致NSCLC发生的重要病因学因素之一;FHIT蛋白异常表达与NSCLC发生及HPV感染有关,HPV可能通过诱导FHIT表达异常参与NSCLC的发生发展过程.     

Overexpression and refolding of human Cyclin D3. A reliable method or not?

Cyclin D3 is a regulatory protein associated in a variety of human tumors. Despite several studies involving Cyclin D1 and D2, there are few articles that investigate the role of Cyclin D3. Therefore, this study aimed to produce and characterize Cyclin D3 using the Escherichia coli expression system and a protein refolding protocol. The anionic detergent SDS was used to solubilize the protein, then the solution were kept at 4 °C to precipitate SDS. After removing the precipitate by centrifugation, the supernatant was applied to the Ni-NTA column to purify His- tagged Cyclin D3. The recombinant protein shown to be refolded in a denaturation study by fluorescence spectroscopy at increasing concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride. The protein secondary structure, evaluated by circular dichroism, is composed of 39 % α helix and 15 % β-strands. In addition, the study aimed to validate the refolding protocol used to obtain Cyclin D3 from E. coli inclusion bodies.