多毛类底栖动物在莱州湾生态环境评价中的应用

多毛类底栖动物常作为环境扰动的指示生物.对2011年莱州湾20个站位的多毛类底栖动物群落生态特征及其与沉积物理化特征的相互关系进行了研究,以期应用于莱州湾生态环境质量状况评价.结果表明,莱州湾多毛类共60种,4季平均生物密度为548.7个/m2,平均生物量为2.79 g/m2,机会种种类数量占优势种种类37.5％.种类多样性较高站位主要集中在湾东部,较低站位集中在湾西部和南部.ABC曲线表明多毛类动物处于中等扰动状态.BOPA指数显示,春季,站位S15和S16为中度污染,夏季,S14站位为重度污染.BIO-ENV分析结果显示,5个最佳环境变量组合相关系数ρs＞0.8,表明沉积物理化性质对多毛类动物群落结构的影响是显著的,沉积物粒度是最主要环境因子.因此,可通过多毛类种类、数量组成的时空变化特征及其与环境因子的生态关系,评价莱州湾生态环境质量状况,为环境污染控制和海洋生态环境保护提供基础信息和科学依据.     

基于生态系统服务价值的莱州湾-黄河三角洲海岸带区域生态连通性评价

基于最小累积费用模型(MCR)和生态连接度指数(ECI),对莱州湾-黄河三角洲海岸带区域的生态连通性进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)莱州湾-黄河三角洲海岸带区域生态连通性存在明显的陆海梯度变化特征,以海岸滩涂地带为中心向两侧辐射呈条带状递减;(2)2000—2015年生态连通性指数整体呈现明显的下降趋势,下降幅度达12.69%;城市化和交通等基础设施建设使区域人工障碍物集聚化和扩张趋势明显,加剧陆域生态景观的破碎化和孤岛化趋势,从而导致生态系统服务功能退化、生态连通性降低;(3)莱州湾-黄河三角洲海岸带区域生态连通性整体处于较低水平,极低连通性和低连通性分布面积占比最大,较高连通性区域呈现向次一级或更低等级连通性转变的趋势。不同等级生态连通性分布区域的转移变化反映了人类活动和自然因素双重干扰下莱州湾-黄河三角洲海岸带生态系统格局及其物质、能量、生物、信息流等的变化规律。研究将为莱州湾-黄河三角洲生态系统保护与海岸带综合管理提供相关科学参考。     

基于Ecopath模型的莱州湾中国对虾增殖生态容量

通过增殖放流,增加优质渔业资源、改善种群结构是渔业资源养护的重要手段,而增殖生态容量的研究是科学实施增殖放流的前提.本文根据2009-2010年的渔业资源与生态环境数据,构建了由26个功能群组成的莱州湾生态系统Ecopath模型,利用该模型分析了生态系统的总体特征、营养相互关系与关键种,计算了放流品种中国对虾的增殖生态容量.结果表明：系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR)为1.53,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B)为24.54,同时具有较低的循环指数(FCI=0.07)、较高的剩余生产量（434.41 t·km^-2·a^-1）和较低的系统连接指数(CI=0.29),该系统目前处于发育的早期阶段.中国对虾目前不是莱州湾生态系统的关键种,当前中国对虾的生物量为0.1143 t·km^-2,有较大的增殖潜力;当生物量增长25.8倍时,仍不会超过增殖生态容量2.9489 t·km^-2.     

集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的评价方法

集中集约用海是一种相对高效、生态和科学的用海方式,但也不可避免会干扰海洋生态系统,甚至带来海洋环境污染和生态破坏。因此,将集约用海工程对海洋生态环境的影响降到最低,进行集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的科学评价是十分重要的。通过分析集约用海工程对海洋生态系统的影响,提出了集约用海工程对海洋生态环境影响评价的主要内容、思路和流程,从海洋生态系统的非生物因子和生物因子两个方面构建了基于"生境质量"和"生态响应"的集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的评价指标体系。"生境质量"指标反映了集约用海工程影响海域的海洋生物栖息环境质量状况的变化,主要包括水环境、沉积环境和典型物种的生物质量指标,"生态响应"指标反映了集约用海工程影响的海域不同营养级的生物对变化环境的生态响应,它主要包括生物群落结构指标和生态敏感区结构、功能指标。在此基础上,结合我国海洋生态环境监测和评估现状,研究并确定了生态环境影响的各评价因子的权重、标准及评价等级,建立了集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的综合指数法评价模型,通过集约用海工程建设前后生态环境综合指数的变化量ΔE来定量地衡量其对海洋生态环境影响的程度。以期为适宜的集约用海工程规模和科学选址提供技术支撑。     

基于生境质量的唐县生态安全格局构建

生态安全格局作为景观生态学的重点及热点,其识别与构建对维持区域生态安全及实现区域可持续发展具有重要作用.本研究以河北省唐县为研究区,基于2016年土地利用现状数据,利用InVEST模型评估生境质量,确定生态源地;然后选取土地利用类型、生境质量指数、植被覆盖度、距水域距离、距居民点距离、距道路距离等阻力因子构建阻力表面,并采用阻力阈值法进行生态安全分区;最后运用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)判定生态廊道,从而综合构建唐县生态安全格局.结果表明: 唐县生态源地占总面积的3.3%,主要分布在斑块面积较大的林地和水域中,河北省四大水库之一的西大洋水库也位于生态源地范围内;根据耗费阻力突变点,将研究区划分为禁止开发区、限制开发区、优化开发区和重点开发区,各区占地百分比分别为18.9%、43.6%、27.6%和9.9%;唐县潜在生态廊道总长度为333.52 km,优化后生态廊道总长度为263.91 km,有助于各种生态交流.研究结果对唐县土地资源的合理可持续利用具有重要指导意义,可为唐县土地规划布局决策提供理论和技术支撑.     

基于生境质量和生态安全格局的阿勒泰地区生态保护关键区域识别

随着生态文明建设上升为国家战略,生态安全与保护修复格局的识别成为国土空间规划战略中关于生态空间保护的重要内容。为了促进区域生态系统的保护修复及有效管理,从空间尺度上对区域生态安全和修复区域的识别必不可少。利用InVEST模型的Habitat Quality模块分析了阿勒泰地区1995年、2005年和2018年的生境质量变化状况,从生态环境保护的角度出发构建区域生态安全格局,结果发现：（1）1995-2018年阿勒泰地区生境质量处于中等水平,总体呈下降趋势,说明当地生态系统有不断退化趋势;（2）以生态结构系统性和生态过程完整性为目标,通过MSPA分析结合景观连通性识别出15块生态源地,处于阿勒泰北部的山间林地和乌伦古湖区域;利用ArcGIS软件的Cost Distance工具识别出阿勒泰地区有效生态廊道38条,长约2466km,总面积约80.08km²,其中草地和林地是生态廊道穿越的重点区域;识别出最小阻力路径与生态廊道交叉处的生态节点52个,主要分布在草地和林地区域;（3）通过生境质量与最小累积阻力值识别出三类生态保护关键区域,分别为生态涵养区、生态维护区和生态保育区,结合各类生态保护关键区域的存在的生态问题提出不同的生态保护方向。研究结果为阿勒泰地区生态保护修复按照三类生态保护分区分别提出了不同的保护方向,可为阿勒泰地区国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别和为保障区域生态系统整体保护及可持续发展政策制定提供参考。     

挠力河流域河流生境质量评价

选择挠力河流域6个河段21个样点进行河流生境质量调查和评价。采用包括河水、河道和人类干扰等3大项目共11项评价指标,涵盖河流水量、水质和速度与深度组合,河道形状、结构、侵蚀程度和植被状况,河岸人类活动、周围土地利用以及水工设施等河流生境质量评价指标系统,进行河流生境质量评价。结果显示,全流域47.6%的样点河流生境质量处于优等或良好等级,33.3%的样点为一般等级,约19.1%的样点为较差等级,没有最差等级的样点。研究表明,挠力河流域河流生境质量整体状况良好,个别样点生境质量较差;河流生境质量受到周围土地利用的重要影响;河流生境质量与河流水质及河流生物完整性密切相关。有关河流生境评价的指标与标准以及参照系等研究有待深入。     

基于生态位模型的艾比湖鹅喉羚生境评价

明确物种生境空间分布格局及其与环境因素的关系,对了解该物种的生境需求和适宜生境空间分布至关重要。生境评价和预测是对物种进行有效保护的基础。以鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)为研究对象,以其重要栖息地新疆博州艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区为研究区域,选取115个鹅喉羚分布点数据和23个环境变量因子,应用MAXENT模型分析其生境空间分布及主要影响因子,划分了鹅喉羚在研究区域的适宜生境,并对它的栖息地特征进行了分析。探讨了鹅猴羚生境选择与环境因子的关系。结果表明:气温日较差是影响鹅喉羚生境分布的主要环境因子。植被类型,坡度和最干月降水量对艾比湖鹅喉羚的生境选择影响不大。除了温度和降水在内的19项生物气候变量是鹅猴羚选择生境的重要因素之外,海拔和坡向等地形特征也影响鹅猴羚的生境选择性。鹅喉羚的高度适宜生境区主要分布在研究区域的北部和东部,中度及低度适宜生境区则分布于高度适宜生境区的边缘,而非适宜生境区主要集中在西部地区。研究不仅提供了鹅喉羚在艾比湖的实际分布状况及其栖息地特征,也为鹅喉羚在栖息地方面的研究,即鹅猴羚的栖息地选择和环境因子的关系方面提供了一个重要的依据。     

基于生境质量的粤港澳大湾区生态网络识别

快速城市化导致我国出现局域生态退化、生态空间被大量挤占等问题,生态安全面临严重威胁,东部沿海地区尤甚。识别生态网络可以维护生态系统的完整性和稳定性,对于保障脆弱生态系统和城镇化程度高的区域生态安全具有重要意义。已有研究较少考虑生境质量变化对研究区的影响,以及确定生态廊道宽度的方法尚未成熟,准确性和空间精度存疑。使用InVEST模型对2000年、2010年和2020年粤港澳大湾区生境质量的时空演化特征进行研究,并基于形态学空间格局分析的景观要素识别选取生态源地,根据长时间序列的景观连通性和生境质量评估划分生态源地等级;运用电路理论方法提取生态廊道位置和宽度范围,以及判别生态“夹点”与生态障碍点。研究发现：(1)2000—2020年粤港澳大湾区生境质量总体呈下降趋势,并呈现从中心向边缘递减的空间格局态势;(2)识别出117个生态源地,包括7个一级生态源地,13个二级生态源地和97个三级生态源地,总面积2597.72km²,占大湾区的46.39%;(3)生态廊道共243条,其中,一级廊道104条,二级廊道139条,总长度1273.84km;(4)生态“夹点”88个、生态...     

莱州湾渔业资源群落结构和生物多样性的变化

通过1959～1999年间4次按季节进行的底拖网调查,分析了莱州湾渔业资源和优势种组成以及群落结构的变化。结果表明,1998年平均渔获量大幅度下降,分别仅为1959、1982和1992～1993年的3.3％、7.3％和11.0％;虽然季节间优势种有一定的变动,但鳀鱼、黄鲫、斑鰶和赤鼻稜鳀等小型中上层鱼类自80年代以来已替代了带鱼、小黄鱼成为优势种;渔业资源群落结构也随时间发生了较大的变化,多样性自1959～1982年增加,然后呈下降趋势。 外部的扰动特别是捕捞,在中等强度下会使鱼类多样性增加,但过高的捕捞强度又会使多样性下降。目前莱州湾渔业资源群落结构简单,处于较不平衡状态,群落演替将继续,在外部扰动大幅度降低的情况下,具有较强恢复力的小型中上层种类资源能够很快恢复和增长。     

莱州湾地区防治海水入侵灾害的农田生态工程试验研究

针对莱州湾地区面临的干旱缺水、海水入侵严重、土地生产力下降的严峻现状,在莱州和寿光两地进行了以良种选育、结构调整、轮作套种、地膜覆盖、节水灌溉、改土培肥和林农间作等技术为主的农田生态工程试验示范研究,取得了显着生态效益和经济效益。为防治海水入侵灾害,实现农业可持续发展,建立了可供借鉴的典型样板.     

莱州湾多毛类底栖动物生态特征及其对环境变化的响应

研究了2010年莱州湾15个站位的多毛类底栖动物群落生态特征及其对主要海水化学、沉积物环境变化的响应,并与1998年的相关研究进行了对比,以期对莱州湾生态质量现状进行健康评价。结果表明:与1998年相比,2010年底栖动物种类组成和生物多样性发生了较大的变化,底栖动物中绝对优势种为小头虫(Capitellacapitata)。夏季,H’与硝酸盐、石油类、重金属铅、铜、锌、铬呈负相关,说明多毛类动物多样性随着富营养化程度的提高而相应降低,营养物质氮的大量输入,重金属的污染,对莱州湾多毛类动物群落产生了一定负面影响。ABC曲线和BOPA指数结果显示,底栖动物的丰度优势度曲线高于生物量曲线,表明莱州湾底栖动物群落处于重度扰动状态,并且以小头虫为主的多毛类动物显著增加预示了莱州湾已经受到了一定程度的污染。加强海水养殖管理,合理利用海洋生物资源,对底栖动物群落的稳定性和环境的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Study on coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian, China

Coastal wetland is located in the active interface between land and sea, which is one of the richest biodiversity habitats, while it is seriously disturbed and destroyed by anthropogenic activities in both terrestrial and marine parts. Habitat serves as the basis for organism survival, providing food, shelter, water, space and so on, and habitat degradation and loss caused by intense anthropogenic activities is widely considered as the main reason for biodiversity decline and loss. However, there is still limited study on the evaluating methods of coastal wetland habitats, especially for those in a large scale. In this study, methods for evaluating coastal wetland habitat quality, including selecting indicators, setting value assignment criteria and weights were discussed systematically, a method of coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation was established, and the habitat quality in Quanzhou Bay was also evaluated as a case study. The present study provided a new concept and method to assess quantitatively habitat status, indicate the ecological status and its change, and also reflect and predict indirectly the ecological impact of human activities.
Referring to the habitat evaluation system (HES) developed by United States in the mid 1970s, the evaluation method was established by thorough analysis of the characteristics of coastal wetland. The habitat indicators were selected in terms of three habitat factors as follows: chemical factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate in seawater, sulfide in sediment, and regional priority pollutants; physical factors, including landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index; biological factors, including invasive species risk and area ratio of invasive alien species. Weights were established by Analytic Hierarchy Process, combined with several-round expert evaluation. Evaluation criteria providing principles for value assignment of each indicator, were established referring to previous standards and related researches. The final result for assessing habitat quality was indicated and stated by the value of Habitat Quality Index (HQI), which is the weighted sum of each indicator. Habitat quality increased with the HQI value, with value ranging from 0 to 100.
The established evaluating method was applied to assess the habitat quality of Quanzhou Bay, located in the southeast coastal zone of Fujian Province, with a total area of 136.4 km², which is an important bay in Fujian. Quanzhou Bay wetland is a typical coastal wetland with diverse wetland habitats, including mangrove, estuary, island, aquaculture ponds, salt pan, shallow sea, mud flat and so on. The Quanzhou Bay is now seriously suffering environmental problems, e.g. eutrophication due to great discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater, rapid urbanization and reclamation resulting in decreased wetland area, and the invasion of alien species. The evaluation results showed that the habitat quality index value was 68.13, 57.99 and 51.23 in 1989, 2002 and 2008, respectively, indicating that the habitat degraded gradually. The five major factors that led to decline of HQI value were phosphate in seawater, lead in sediment, landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index and area ratio of invasive alien species. Therefore, in order to improve and maintain habitat quality, it is urgent to control pollution, large-scale reclamation and Spartina invasion in Quzhou Bay.     

Study on coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian, China

Coastal wetland is located in the active interface between land and sea, which is one of the richest biodiversity habitats, while it is seriously disturbed and destroyed by anthropogenic activities in both terrestrial and marine parts. Habitat serves as the basis for organism survival, providing food, shelter, water, space and so on, and habitat degradation and loss caused by intense anthropogenic activities is widely considered as the main reason for biodiversity decline and loss. However, there is still limited study on the evaluating methods of coastal wetland habitats, especially for those in a large scale. In this study, methods for evaluating coastal wetland habitat quality, including selecting indicators, setting value assignment criteria and weights were discussed systematically, a method of coastal wetland habitat quality evaluation was established, and the habitat quality in Quanzhou Bay was also evaluated as a case study. The present study provided a new concept and method to assess quantitatively habitat status, indicate the ecological status and its change, and also reflect and predict indirectly the ecological impact of human activities.Referring to the habitat evaluation system (HES) developed by United States in the mid 1970s, the evaluation method was established by thorough analysis of the characteristics of coastal wetland. The habitat indicators were selected in terms of three habitat factors as follows: chemical factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate in seawater, sulfide in sediment, and regional priority pollutants; physical factors, including landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index; biological factors, including invasive species risk and area ratio of invasive alien species. Weights were established by Analytic Hierarchy Process, combined with several-round expert evaluation. Evaluation criteria providing principles for value assignment of each indicator, were established referring to previous standards and related researches. The final result for assessing habitat quality was indicated and stated by the value of Habitat Quality Index (HQI), which is the weighted sum of each indicator. Habitat quality increased with the HQI value, with value ranging from 0 to 100.The established evaluating method was applied to assess the habitat quality of Quanzhou Bay, located in the southeast coastal zone of Fujian Province, with a total area of 136.4 km², which is an important bay in Fujian. Quanzhou Bay wetland is a typical coastal wetland with diverse wetland habitats, including mangrove, estuary, island, aquaculture ponds, salt pan, shallow sea, mud flat and so on. The Quanzhou Bay is now seriously suffering environmental problems, e.g. eutrophication due to great discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater, rapid urbanization and reclamation resulting in decreased wetland area, and the invasion of alien species. The evaluation results showed that the habitat quality index value was 68.13, 57.99 and 51.23 in 1989, 2002 and 2008, respectively, indicating that the habitat degraded gradually. The five major factors that led to decline of HQI value were phosphate in seawater, lead in sediment, landscape naturalness index and coastline artificialization index and area ratio of invasive alien species. Therefore, in order to improve and maintain habitat quality, it is urgent to control pollution, large-scale reclamation and Spartina invasion in Quzhou Bay.     

基于地面调查的植被生态质量综合评估指标体系构建

植被是陆地生态系统的主体,是保障生态质量的基础,也是基于自然的生态系统增汇、实现“碳中和”的重要利器。植被是生态质量评价的核心要素,但目前的生态质量评价研究中所用到的植被指标多是通过遥感反演或者气象指数模型计算得到的,而基于典型生态系统尺度地面调查的植被观测数据更直接、更准确,数据也很丰富,却很少用于生态质量评价,也缺乏系统的评价指标体系。通过文献研究、专家研讨和问卷调查,并借鉴群落退化演替和生态系统长期监测研究的理论基础,构建基于地面调查的植被生态质量综合评估指标体系。该指标体系整体分为三级,一级综合指数由群落结构指数、物质生产指数、生物多样性指数、群落发展或者演替趋势4个二级分项指标构成,二级分项指标由12—14个三级指标组成,不同植被类型各有其特征指标。该体系将完善我国多尺度陆地生态系统的生态质量评价指标体系,为新时期国家生态质量评价提供科学建议,为我国生态文明建设提供技术支撑。