长白山水曲柳种群动态

通过对长白山水曲柳种群的调查,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用空间代替时间的方法,对水曲柳种群的年龄结构、静态生命表以及种群时间动态预测进行了分析。结果显示:长白山水曲柳种群幼龄个体偏少,中老龄个体较多。其中阔叶红松林中水曲柳种群主要依靠中老龄植株维持,幼龄个体缺乏;白桦次生林中水曲柳植株龄级较阔叶红松林幼龄,但仍然存在幼树缺乏现象。长白山水曲柳种群的存活曲线基本属于偏正态DeeveyⅢ型,总体呈现衰退趋势。种群时间动态预测显示,随着水曲柳老龄个体短暂增多后的逐渐减少,水曲柳种群逐渐衰退。因此建议在立足现有种群的维持保护上,研究水曲柳濒危机制,采取适当人工抚育措施,保证种群持续稳定发展。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳种群性比及空间分布

雌雄异株植物的性比和空间分布格局对其繁殖策略、种群进化及发展起着至关重要的作用。黄柳是浑善达克沙地重要的固沙先锋植物,但针对其种群性比方面的研究却鲜有报道。采用点格局分析的方法,对黄柳4个天然种群的性比、空间分布格局以及空间关系进行了调查分析。结果表明:黄柳雌雄群体间在形态上的差异与种群所处环境条件密切相关;在调查样地内(50 m×50 m)种群性比(雌/雄)均极显著偏雌性(P0.01)。决定性比的主要组成部分为第I径级和第II径级雌雄个体的数量;随着年龄的增长,性比由原本的偏雌性转变为接近于1∶1。4个种群的雌雄群体在全部尺度范围内主要以聚集分布为主,偶尔在小尺度内呈随机分布。扎格斯台、饮马井、巴格来3个种群雌雄群体的空间关系均表现为相互独立,说明性别之间对资源的竞争不激烈;而宝绍岱种群两性的空间关系为相互排斥,即存在性别空间分离现象。研究结果揭示了天然黄柳雌雄群体的组成、结构及分布特征,为提高人工黄柳林群落稳定性奠定了理论基础。     

濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析

为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64％),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种     

濒危植物水青树的种群结构与数量动态

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制四川草坡自然保护区水青树Tetracentron sinense种群特定时间生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合时间序列模型,分析该种群数量的动态变化。结果表明：(1)草坡自然保护区的水青树的年龄结构表现为稳定型,虽然幼苗较多,但幼树死亡率高,种群处于衰退早期;(2)水青树种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅲ龄级出现一高峰,即幼树死亡率较高;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(3) 4个生存函数曲线表明,水青树种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定和末期衰退的特点,其种群处于衰退早期;(4)种群的时间序列预测模型分析表明,在未来9年水青树种群数量将下降,老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数更显不足,呈衰退势态。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态

为了对濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态评价和预测,通过样地调查和数据统计,研究了秦岭冷杉种群的年龄结构、静态生命表及其与环境因子关系,运用时间序列模型预测了种群数量动态.结果表明,多数秦岭冷杉种群幼龄级个体数较少,中老龄个体数量较大,呈衰退趋势.仅处于低海拔地区的秦岭冷杉-木蓝-苔草群丛中的种群(D种群)由于立地条件较好,幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群稳定.不同秦岭冷杉种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管生境条件差异,但存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型;不同种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般Ⅲ～Ⅴ龄级死亡率较高.时间序列分析表明,在未来20、40和80年中,不同秦岭冷杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增后减的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.对影响秦岭冷杉种群增长的10个环境因子通过主成分分析(PCA)发现,乔木层盖度、土壤有机质含量和空气湿度对种群发挥有利影响,而人为干扰和光照强度对秦岭冷杉种群增长发挥不利影响.应充分利用秦岭冷杉性喜荫、耐寒、种子活力较强的特点,加强现有林分就地保护,重点是具有结实能力的中老龄个体;在阴坡地带,对林下灌木比较密集的群丛,通过砍灌、清理林下活地被物等抚育措施,为幼苗发育创造良好的环境条件;就地采种育苗,扩大人工种群.     

桂林岩溶石山阴香种群的年龄结构

研究了阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)种群的年龄结构及其年龄与胸径的关系,绘制了阴香种群的存活曲线和年龄结构图。结果表明阴香种群的年龄与胸径呈明显的线性相关,种群幼龄个体较多,中老龄个体较少,年龄结构呈增长型和稳定型两类,存活曲线呈现出DeeveyⅢ型和DeeveyⅡ型。生境条件和人为干扰是影响阴香种群年龄结构和动态的重要因素。因此,对于阴香群落要加强保护、减少人为干扰和加强抚育管理。     

独叶草种群年龄结构及动态分析

对太白山不同生境条件下的独叶草种群年龄结构、生命表及存活曲线进行了研究,结果表明,不同生境的独叶草种群在3～6年生阶段个体数量最多。幼年个体和老年个体数量较少,生命表中。幼龄级的dx、qx、Kx等为负数,可以反映种群幼龄个体缺乏程度．以无性繁殖独叶草不同与以有性生殖为主的植物,它可产生不同龄级的无性系分株,幼龄个体少的年龄结构并不代表种群必然衰退．随海拔升高,种群密度增加,个体寿命延长,反映了种群在适应性方面的调整．独叶草种群根状茎生存于腐殖质层中,仅有叶片露出地面;种群所在的牛皮桦、巴山冷杉和太白红杉群落人为干扰较少。生境相对稳定,种群可以长期维持．对种群保护应注重所处的环境及森林群落保护。     

濒危植物银杉的种群统计与年龄结构

通过对银杉主要群落种群的数量统计和年龄组成的分析,编绘了银杉种的特定时间生命表,存活曲线和年龄结构图,结果表明,银杉种群年龄超过２００ａ后,出现植株个体死亡高峰,种群的平均生命期望陡降,预示着种群的生理衰退。银杉种群的存活曲线介于ＤｅｅｖｅｙＩ和ＩＩ型曲线之间整个银杉种群在４０龄级以上的年龄结构基本表现为增长型,但不同的银杉群落种群的年龄结构差异很大,大部分种群都存在的幼龄个体缺乏的现象,其中花坪     

小五台山天然青杨林雌雄群体的生长差异

通过对小五台山天然青杨种群的野外调查,并使用胸径与株高的异速生长模型来分析其雌雄群体间的生长差异,以探究雌雄异株植物青杨在性成熟条件和形态特征中是否存在性间差异。结果表明:(1)在青杨生长过程中,胸径随年龄呈指数型增长,而株高随年龄呈对数型增长;(2)雌雄植株的性成熟条件不同。雌株进入性成熟阶段的最低年龄和胸径都小于雄株;(3)青杨高径生长过程存在性别差异。雌株的异速生长指数显著大于雄株(P=0.024)。表明天然青杨种群中雌株一般性成熟较早,成熟后营养生长偏重于胸径增粗;而雄株性成熟较晚,营养生长偏重于植株增高。相对于雄株,雌株具有较高的树干机械强度。     

西藏极小种群野生植物密叶红豆杉种群的性比及雌雄空间格局

雌雄异株植物种群具有性比和雌雄个体空间分布格局, 这对个体成功繁殖、种群生存潜力、天然更新能力和遗传多样性的维持都是重要的, 对于珍稀濒危雌雄异株植物种群尤其如此。密叶红豆杉(Taxus fuana)为国家I级重点保护植物, 是首批列入《全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程规划》的120种极小种群野生植物之一, 具有重要的生态和经济价值。但目前关于密叶红豆杉种群生态学方面的研究, 尤其是性比结构与空间分布格局在国内外鲜有报道。本文对西藏吉隆地区的6个天然密叶红豆杉种群(吉普、多甫、朗久、吉隆、开热和唐蕃)进行了实地调查, 研究其性比结构及其空间分布格局。结果表明, 调查的6个种群中总计雄株1,651株, 雌株1,231株, 仅吉普(雄/雌 = 1.89)与吉隆(雄/雌 = 1.39)两个种群有显著的性别偏倚现象且显著偏雄性(P < 0.001)。6个种群雌雄植株间的空间相关性不强, 整体趋于相互独立。不同径级间, 吉隆和开热种群的性比格局相似, 均在小径级上性比显著偏雄性, 而吉普种群则在中等径级上显著偏雄性。综上, 不同密叶红豆杉种群的大小、性比、雌雄个体的大小级结构以及空间分布格局等均表现出不同。因此, 需要结合各个种群本身的发展动态、受干扰的类型以及各区域环境因子的差异进行有针对性的保护。     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Ovule and seed anatomy ofCistaceae and relatedMalvanae

Ovule and especially seed anatomy of eight species ofCochlospermaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Monotoideae, Pakaraimaeoideae (two subfamilies ofDipterocarpaceae), andSarcolaenaceae were investigated. All representatives show a bixoid chalazal region in the seed as probable exclusive synapomorphy among angiosperms. The palisade layer of the exotegmen is curved inwards at its proximal end and forms a dome-shaped structure. A plug of hypostase tissue with an annulus/core structure fits into this dome. Moreover, two additional tissue types in the hypostase can be found in some representatives of the group. These and other micromorphological, wood anatomical, and floral morphological characters, indicate that the taxa form a monophyletic group close toMalvales s. str. The form of the starch grains in the endosperm is compared and is described for the first time forPakaraimaea (Dipterocarpaceae) andLeptolaena (Sarcolaenaceae). The position ofDiegodendron close toBixa and the presumably more distant positions ofMuntingia andNeuradaceae are discussed.     

Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina,Casuarina and Eucalyptus

The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.     

Amino acids and sugars in nectar,and their putative evolutionary significance

Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.Dedicated to Prof. Dr.L. van der Pijl, Den Haag, in honour of his 80th birthday.     

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries

Anthocyanins from tart cherries, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Balaton and Montmorency; sweet cherries, Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae); bilberries, Vaccinum myrtillus L. (Ericaceae); blackberries, Rubus sp. (Rosaceae); blueberries var. Jersey, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae); cranberries var. Early Black, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Ericaceae); elderberries, Sambucus canadensis (Caprifoliaceae); raspberries, Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae); and strawberries var. Honeoye, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rosaceae), were investigated for cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The presence and levels of cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside 1 and cyanidin-3-rutinoside 2 were determined in the fruits using HPLC. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from cherries was comparable to the commercial antioxidants, tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, and superior to vitamin E, at a test concentration of 125 microg/ml. Anthocyanins from raspberries and sweet cherries demonstrated 45% and 47% cyclooxygenase-I and cyclooxygenase-II inhibitory activities, respectively, when assayed at 125 microg/ml. The cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of anthocyanins from these fruits were comparable to those of ibuprofen and naproxen at 10 microM concentrations. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 are present in both cherries and raspberry. The yields of pure anthocyanins 1 and 2 in 100 g Balaton and Montmorency tart cherries, sweet cherries and raspberries were 21, 16.5; 11, 5; 4.95, 21; and 4.65, 13.5 mg, respectively. Fresh blackberries and strawberries contained only anthocyanin 2 in yields of 24 and 22.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 were not found in bilberries, blueberries, cranberries or elderberries.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Pollen morphology ofSonchus and related genera,and a general discussion

The pollen morphology of the taxa belonging to the generaAetheorhiza Cass.,Launaea Cass.,Reichardia Roth andSonchus L. in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied with light and electron microscopy. The pollen is 3(-4)-zonocolporate and echinolophate (without polar lacunae, but in general with prelacunae), with equatorial ridges and 15–20 lacunae: 3–4 poral, 6–8 abporal and 6–8 paraporal. Small to medium size, P × E = 19–36 × 23–42 µm; sometimes two different sizes have been found. Exine 3–9 µm thick and ornamentation microreticulate and echinate. The results clearly show the relationships between genera. Moreno-Socías, E., Mejías, J. A., Díez, M. J., 1994: Morfología polínica deLactuceae (Asteraceae) en la Península Ibérica, I.Lactuca y géneros relacionados. — Acta Bot. Malacitana.19: 103–113.