我国大陆黄檗潜在分布区及分布适宜性评价

黄檗为我国国家二级重点保护野生植物,多散生于阔叶林中,数量稀少,近年来,无论是从国家层面,还是地方政府层面都采取了一系列保护措施,人为破坏大大减少,然而其种群数量仍没有显著增加,拟从生态学的角度分析我国黄檗的潜在分布区,并进行了适宜性评价,为我国野生黄檗种群的就地保护和迁地保护提供技术支撑。通过实地调查和文献资料整理,获得69个包括准确经纬度信息的分布点,同时在世界气候数据库(World-Clim)中下载中国大陆的3个地形变量(alt、slo、asp),5个土壤变量(grav、pH、radi、rub、oc)和19个生物气候变量(bio1—bio19),利用多重共线性分析来检验环境因子之间的相关性,剔除出部分相关性高的环境因子,最终得到包括6个气候变量(bio1、bio3、bio4、bio12、bio15、prec1)、3个地形变量(alt、asp、slo)及5个土壤变量(grav、pH、radi、rub、oc)的14个环境因子作为环境变量,进而应用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,预测了黄檗在我国的潜在分布区,并评价分布区的适宜等级;分析了影响黄檗分布和适生性的关键因子及其适生区间。1)黄檗潜在分布区主要集中在我国东北地区和京津冀大部分区域,以及河南北部、内蒙古东南部等区域,黄檗潜在分布区总面积为117.51万km~2,占全国总面积的12.27%,其中高度适宜分布区面积为189400 km~2,占全国总面积的1.97%,主要包括黑龙江中东部,吉林大部分区域,辽宁东南部和北京大部分区域。2)温度季节性变化的标准差(35.7%)、年均降水量(28%)、坡度(6.5%)、年均温(6.7%)和有机碳含量(5.8%)是影响黄檗分布的5个最主要的环境因子,总的贡献率为82.7%。温度季节性变化标准差在14000—16000范围内,年均降水量在600—800 mm范围内,坡度在2°—8°范围内,年均温在1—7℃范围内,土壤有机碳含量在25—65 g/kg范围内为黄檗适宜分布的环境因子区间。我国野生黄檗分布还远远没有达到其潜在的分布范围,山东、山西、河南、内蒙古等目前资料显示分布并不广泛的省份也是进行野生黄檗迁地保护和人工种植的可选区域。对影响黄檗分布和适生性的关键因子进行分析后表明,温度季节性变化标准差越大其适生程度越高(14000—16000),说明黄檗对于温度的承受范围较大;年均降水量处于700 mm左右其适生程度最高,说明黄檗对于水分要求为中等水平;坡度为2°—8°范围内野生黄檗的适生程度最高,说明黄檗多分布在缓坡地带,年均温在4℃其适生程度最高;土壤有机碳含量在50 g/kg左右其适生程度最高。     

唇形科苣叶鼠尾草的新分布及适生分布区预测

在野外调查的基础上,报道了苣叶鼠尾草在贵州和广西的省级新分布。基于苣叶鼠尾草16个分布数据和11个环境因子参数,运用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对其适生分布区进行预测,并通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线对模型精度进行验证。结果表明:(1)ROC曲线下面积(AUC)均值为0.999,模型预测结果准确性较高,适合苣叶鼠尾草的潜在适生区预测。苣叶鼠尾草的适生区主要分布于中国西南地区以及与中国南部相邻国家的部分地区。核心适宜区集中在中国滇黔桂、四川东部和滇东南中越边境的石灰岩山区。(2)刀切法(Jackknife)检测结果表明,影响苣叶鼠尾草适生分布区的主要环境因子包括:最暖季降水量、最冷月最低温、平均气温日较差以及最冷季降水量等。适生区环境因子的统计分析结果显示,苣叶鼠尾草适宜生长在最暖季降水量650~1500 mm、最冷月最低温0~10℃、平均气温日较差6.5~8.5℃、最冷季降水量0~250 mm的地区。研究结果可为苣叶鼠尾草的资源调查和相关研究提供有利依据。     

基于MaxEnt濒危植物独叶草的中国潜在适生分布区预测

独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora Balf.f.et W.W.Smith)属毛茛科独叶草属多年生草本植物,属国家二级濒危保护植物。近年来,随着森林采伐和人类活动加剧生境的破碎化,独叶草自然分布区迅速缩减,存在濒临灭绝的风险。预测独叶草潜在的适宜分布区,对于合理保护和利用独叶草具有重要意义。本文结合64份独叶草的标本地理信息和14个环境因子参数,应用最大熵模型(Max Ent)和地理信息技术(GIS),对独叶草在中国的潜在适生分布区和影响分布的关键环境因子进行了预测。受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)分析法的AUC值为0.990,表明Max Ent模型预测可靠性极高。预测结果显示,独叶草最适潜在分布区主要在陕西秦岭北坡(眉县,太白县)、四川省的邛崃山(理县,马尔康县)和大凉山(马边彝族自治县),云南东北部和贵州西北部交界的大娄山(金沙县)和乌蒙山(赫章县)部分地区(适生指数0.5)。刀切法检测(Jackknife test)分析表明,影响独叶草适生分布的关键环境因子包括年均降水量(贡献率33.1%)、海拔(22.3%)、温度季节性变化的标准差(11.4%)、降水量变异系数(7.2%)、土壤p H(5.4%)、1月最低温(5.1%)和土壤碎石百分比(4.9%)。适生区环境参数综合统计分析表明,独叶草最适宜生长在高海拔(1646~2810 m)、年均降水量大(856 mm)、1月最低温适中(-7.2℃)和土壤偏酸性(p H 6.89)的地区。上述研究结果将为在最适生区通过合理规划自然保护区来保护独叶草野生资源提供理论依据。     

四川省岷江冷杉对气候变化的响应及其潜在分布格局

四川省是我国气候变化的敏感区之一,区域气候的暖干化趋势严重影响植物物种组成与分布。岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)作为我国特有种,其分布的动态变化对气候变化具有十分重要的指示作用。基于现有岷江冷杉分布数据、气候、土壤、地形等环境因子,运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测当代气候条件下岷江冷杉潜在分布区,并分析未来时期(2050s和2070s)不同气候变化情景下(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5)岷江冷杉潜在适生分布区,筛选影响岷江冷杉分布的主导环境因子及阈值,探讨岷江冷杉分布对气候变化的响应机制。结果表明：(1)当前岷江冷杉的高适生区集中分布于岷江流域上游地区,在未来两个时期岷江冷杉潜在中、高适生区的面积较当代气候条件下适生区面积均有所增加,且适生区总体向四川南部扩张,北部适宜生境丧失。(2)岷江冷杉潜在中适生区在低排放浓度下(RCP2.6)面积占比最高,而潜在高适生区在高排放浓度下(RCP8.5)的面积占比最高。(3)影响岷江冷杉分布的主要环境因子分别是：降水季节性变异系数、气温年变化幅度、年降水量和海拔(累计贡献>70%)。适宜岷江冷杉潜在分布的环境条件是气温...     

基于最大熵模型的中国兜兰属植物潜在分布模拟

基于已知分布点和20个环境因子,该研究利用MaxEnt模型模拟在现在(1970—2000年)气候条件和2种不同共享经济路径情景下(SSP1-2.6、SSP5-8.5)未来(2081—2100年)兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)植物的潜在分布格局,找出影响物种分布的环境因子。结果表明,兜兰属植物的最适宜分布区位于滇东南地区、贵州西南、广西西部、广东南部、海南北部。影响该属植物分布的主要环境因子是年降水量、年温度变化和最干旱季降水量。随着全球变暖,适生区有向北和西北方向扩张的趋势,逐渐往西北亚热带方向延伸。在SSP5-8.5的情景下,高适生区出现大幅度收缩。在未来气候情景下,不同种群的分布区变化规律并不一致,其分布格局响应气候变化的趋势也有所不同,因此该文针对分布区变化趋势不同的物种提出了不同的保护策略。     

基于Maxent模型的冬虫夏草中国潜在适生区预测

冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)是分布在青藏高原高寒地区稀缺的可再生生物资源, 是我国传统名贵中药材, 具有很高的药用价值和经济价值。目前对冬虫夏草的潜在适生区研究较少, 对虫草资源的空间分布格局尚不清晰。明确冬虫夏草在我国的地理分布, 对其保护及有效利用具有重要意义。研究共收集了175个分布点及24个环境因子数据, 最终筛选出12个环境变量数据参与模型训练, 利用Maxent模型预测冬虫夏草中国潜在适生区, 通过ROC曲线分析模型预测效果, 结合贡献率、置换重要值和刀切法检验分析环境变量对冬虫夏草分布的影响。结果显示: 我国虫草主要分布于西藏、青海、甘肃、四川和云南五省, 适生区总面积(高适宜分布区与中适宜分布区)为8.82927×105 km2。ROC评价结果显示, Maxent模型训练数据的AUC值高达0.959, 表明预测结果准确度极高。对环境变量进行分析, 影响冬虫夏草地理分布的主要环境因子是海拔, 最暖季度平均温度, 最暖季度降水量。本研究明确了冬虫夏草在我国的潜在适生分布区, 为虫草的资源明确及生境保护提供了理论依据。     

新疆贝母潜在分布区域及生态适宜性预测

基于新疆贝母的62个自然分布点和15个环境因子,利用Arc GIS软件和最大熵模型(MAXENT),预测、分析了该植物在基准气候1961—1990及2050 (2041—2060,基于RCP2.6和RCP6.0情景)条件下的潜在适生区、驱动因子及其生态位参数。结果表明:(1)基准气候下,新疆贝母的适生区主要集中在阿勒泰地区、准噶尔盆地西部、南部、阿拉山口西南部、伊犁河谷南部及吐鲁番盆地西部地区。其中,最适宜的分布主要集中在准噶尔盆地西南部、塔城地区和伊犁河谷中部和南部;(2)新疆贝母在2050时段气候情境下的潜在分布范围与基准气候相比,将分别增加0.94%和0.23%,新增的潜在生境主要分布在准噶尔盆地西部。但最适生的分布区将在伊犁河谷中部、南部及塔城地区略有减少(0.42%和0.39%);(3)年平均降水量、最干月降水量、最干季平均气温和海拔主要限制了新疆贝母的潜在分布,累积贡献率之和达88.58%;基准气候下该植物最适宜分布区的生态位参数为:年平均降水量248—469 mm,最干月降水量3—19 mm,最干季平均气温-22.7—-2.0℃,海拔1350—2100 m。     

基于MaxEnt模型预测细叶小羽藓在中国的潜在分布区

应用Max Ent模型、Arc GIS 10.0和DIVA-GIS 7.5软件,基于96个地理分布记录,预测了细叶小羽藓在末次盛冰期、当代和2070年的潜在分布区。Max Ent模型模拟当代潜在分布区准确度极高,受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC值)达0.94。当代细叶小羽藓的最适分布区在四川盆地和长江中下游平原。相较于当代的分布,末次盛冰期时该物种的适生区局限在35°N以南,而未来(2070年)的分布范围呈现西进北扩的趋势。Jackknife检验表明,影响细叶小羽藓分布的最主要环境因子(阈值)是年均温(-0.97~22.86℃)、年均降水量(445~2238 mm)和最干月降水量(1~93 mm)。     

中国珍稀药用植物白及的潜在分布与其气候特征

基于白及（Bletillastriata）地理分布信息和影响白及分布的主导气象因子,利用最大熵模型和地理信息系统预测了中国白及的潜在分布与其气候特征。结果表明：所建模型经ROC曲线验证,预测效果非常好（AUC〉0．9）：中国白及潜在分布区主要位于秦岭、淮河以南大部分地区,白及主要适生省份为云南、湖北、四川、湖南、江西、浙江;刀切法测试表明,4月和10月最低气温、年温度变化范围、11月平均降水量为影响白及潜在分布的最主要气象因子。研究结果可为白及资源的调查、保护与人工种植产业的发展提供理论指导。     

四川省猕猴桃溃疡病潜在分布预测及适生区域划分

为探明猕猴桃溃疡病在四川的适生性,选用MaxEnt模型,基于分布信息和环境变量,对该病在四川潜在分布区进行预测,分析主要环境变量对其分布的影响,并利用受试者工作特征曲线对模拟准确度进行评价.结果表明: 10次重复模拟的曲线下面积平均值为0.914,预测结果准确.猕猴桃溃疡病在四川的高适生区主要位于成都市、德阳市、绵阳市、广元市、巴中市、达州市和雅安市,中适生区在四川21地市州均有分布.刀切法筛选出影响猕猴桃溃疡病潜在分布的主要环境变量及其指标为:最冷月最低气温(-6.8～7.5 ℃)、最暖季度平均气温(15.6～32.3 ℃)、最干季度平均气温(-0.8～21 ℃)、年降水量(709～950.9 mm)和气温季节性变化标准差(4.7～9.6 ℃).本研究对制定猕猴桃溃疡病早期监测、预警及控制措施意义重大.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.