油菜钙依赖蛋白激酶BnCDPK1的克隆和表达分析

根据转录组测序获得的钙依赖蛋白激酶基因的EST序列设计特异引物,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从油菜中克隆获得Bn CDPK1基因全长序列,NCBI登录号为KF740477,其c DNA和g DNA全长分别为2115 bp和2857 bp,含有11个内含子和12个外显子。生物信息学分析表明其开放阅读框为1581 bp,编码527个氨基酸,具有CDPKs家族典型的特征,含有1个激酶区域和4个钙离子手型结构域,与拟南芥At CDPK28同源性最高,属于第Ⅳ亚家族。Bn CDPK1在油菜的根、茎、叶、花、种子中均有表达,但表达丰度存在差异,叶片中表达量最高,其次为茎、根和种子,花中的表达量最低;在高抗和高感油菜品种中,菌核菌胁迫均能够诱导Bn CDPK1上调表达,但是高抗品种比高感品种反应更迅速,表达量更高。接种前、接种后12 h、接种后24 h,高抗品种的表达量相比高感品种分别提高1.4倍、4倍和3倍,推测其可能参与油菜的生长发育以及油菜对菌核菌侵染的应答和防御反应。     

新疆盐穗木GRAS转录因子基因克隆及表达分析

利用抑制消减杂交法从藜科盐穗木属盐生植物盐穗木中分离得到了一个盐胁迫响应的表达序列标签(EST)片段,结合SMARTTMRACE技术获得了盐穗木GRAS转录因子基因的cDNA。序列分析表明,该基因全长2 090bp,含有1 635bp的阅读框,294bp的5′-UTR和161bp的3′-UTR,编码544个氨基酸,分子质量为61.503kD,理论等电点为6.1。系统进化树和Blast同源序列比对分析结果显示,该基因编码的蛋白具有GRAS家族特有的C端保守结构域,并与葡萄GRAS家族蛋白VvSCL13聚集在一起,故将该基因命名为HcSCL13(GenBank登录号KC68640)。实时荧光定量qRT-PCR分析表明,HcSCL13基因在盐胁迫后表达呈明显上调,初步推测Hc-SCL13基因可能与盐穗木的耐盐性相关。     

蝴蝶兰几丁质酶基因的克隆及表达特性分析

利用RT-PCR及RACE技术,克隆到蝴蝶兰1个几丁质酶基因PhCHT(GenBank登录号为KT992851),该基因cDNA全长1 210bp,包含37bp的5′-UTR、933bp开放阅读框和240bp 3′-UTR,编码310个氨基酸;该蛋白为糖苷水解酶第19家族成员,兼具有溶菌酶活性;生物信息学分析显示,该蛋白具N-端信号肽和跨膜结构,为胞外分泌蛋白;该蛋白与海枣、谷子、油棕和拟南芥的几丁质酶类似蛋白相近,并且在系统进化树上与甘蔗和陆地棉的Ⅶ类几丁质酶同属一个分支。PhCHT基因的表达分析表明,PhCHT在蝴蝶兰营养器官和生殖器官中均有表达,根中表达量最高;13℃/8℃低温处理3、6、9和15d时该基因的表达被抑制,4℃低温处理1、2和4h表达量升高。研究表明,PhCHT基因能够响应短期的冷胁迫。研究结果为进一步研究蝴蝶兰几丁质酶的系统进化及抗性育种奠定了基础。     

盐胁迫对两种淫羊藿属植物生长及各器官总黄酮含量的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300和500 mmol/L)的Hoagland's培养液处理两种淫羊藿属植物--淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿幼苗,处理30 d后分别测定其株高、叶表面积、干物质生物量以及根、茎、叶的总黄酮含量,以明确淫羊藿属两种药用植物的抗盐特性.结果显示:(1)盐胁迫对淫羊藿和箭叶淫羊藿的生长均有影响,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿的株高和叶表面积均逐渐显著减小;各器官干物质生物量逐渐降低,但淫羊藿的干物质下降量较小(不显著),且同一处理下淫羊藿的生物量明显小于箭叶淫羊藿.(2)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,除淫羊藿茎的总黄酮含量一直呈下降趋势外,淫羊藿根、叶和箭叶淫羊藿根、茎、叶均呈现在低浓度范围内总黄酮含量增加,且箭叶淫羊藿的含量高于淫羊藿;而在高浓度盐胁迫下,其总黄酮含量均呈下降的趋势,且淫羊藿的含量高于箭叶淫羊藿.研究表明,淫羊藿的抗盐性明显高于箭叶淫羊藿,适于高盐土壤环境种植,但在低盐环境条件下,种植箭叶淫羊藿可显著提高总黄酮产量并提高经济效益.     

CDPK20基因表达及其对山药块茎膨大调控作用研究

为探讨钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPK)在山药块茎淀粉及内源激素合成中的作用,该研究以‘毕克齐’和‘大和长芋’山药为试验材料,测定了块茎的淀粉、糖、内源激素含量等指标并进行相关性分析;采用RT-PCR技术克隆了钙依赖性蛋白激酶基因(CDPK20),并进行生物信息学分析,构建CDPK∶GFP融合载体,对CDPK蛋白进行亚细胞定位,实时荧光定量PCR对CDPK20在山药块茎不同发育时期的表达进行分析。结果表明:(1)CDPK20基因开放阅读框长为1 047 bp,共编码348个氨基酸。(2)CDPK20蛋白定位于细胞核和细胞膜。(3)CDPK20的表达量在块茎种植后的105～165 d呈现先升后降的趋势。(4)CDPK酶活性与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性总糖含量和还原糖呈显著负相关,与ABA呈极显著负相关,与ZR呈极显著正相关。研究表明,CDPK参与块茎中的淀粉和糖代谢及植物内源激素ABA、ZR的合成。     

玉米亚硫酸氧化酶基因的克隆及其结构与表达分析

为明确亚硫酸氧化酶(sulfite oxidase,SO)基因的结构特征和进化关系及其在玉米不同组织器官发育过程中的表达和分布特性,采用RACE技术克隆了玉米SO基因(ZmSO)的全长cDNA。序列分析表明,获得的ZmSO全长1 492bp,其中5′-UTR 160bp,3′-UTR 138bp,开放阅读框为1 194bp,编码397个氨基酸组成的蛋白质。对该基因编码氨基酸保守结构域的分析发现,ZmSO包含1个钼辅因子结合域、1个自身二聚化域和1个过氧化物体靶信号序列。系统进化分析显示,SO在进化上较为保守,玉米与其它植物的SO相似性较高。荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,在玉米成株期,根、茎、叶、雄花和幼穗中,ZmSO在根部表达丰度最低,在叶片和幼穗中表达量较高。酶活性测定结果显示,不同器官中SO活性与其mRNA转录水平上的表达趋势相似。     

彩叶草羟基丙酮酸还原酶基因CbHPR的克隆及分析

为研究C3植物彩叶草的光呼吸作用,根据获得的HPR EST片段,采用RACE和文库结合的方法,克隆了HPR蛋白的全长cDNA,命名为CbHPR(GenBank accession No.EF125078).序列分析结果表明,该cDNA全长为1 393 bp,包含一个1 161 bp的ORF框,编码386个氨基酸;其5′-UTR区含有2个终止子TGA,3′-UTR区具有推测的加尾信号AATAAA;CbHPR蛋白C端具定位于微体的转运信号S-K-L,具有1个保守的2-Hacid_dh_C domain结构域(D-异构体-羟基酸脱氢酶-NAD结合结构域)、5个S磷酸化位点、4个T磷酸化位点和6个Y磷酸化位点.PSORT定位分析显示,CbHPR定位于叶的过氧化物酶体中.多序列比较和进化树分析表明,CbHPR与其他植物HPR一致性高达87%～90%,与拟南芥AtHPR具有相似的功能.CbHPR基因的克隆与分析,为进一步研究该基因在彩叶草的光呼吸作用中的表达调控奠定了基础.     

西伯利亚蓼钙调蛋白基因的克隆及其在盐胁迫下的表达

已从西伯利亚蓼叶中cDNA文库中获得的钙调蛋白EST序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆了具有完整编码区的钙调蛋白基因的cDNA序列（GenBank登录号GQ988382）,命名为PsCaM。该基因全长615bp,编码区为450bp,编码149个氨基酸,5＇非翻译区为63bp,3＇非翻译区为102bp。同源性分析表明,该蛋白与其他植物钙调蛋白高度保守,氨基酸同源性高达98%。用实时荧光定量PCR研究3%NaHCO3胁迫下西伯利亚蓼基因表达的结果显示,自然条件下,该基因在叶中表达量最高,地下茎次之,茎中最低;盐胁迫下CaM在西伯利亚蓼的地下茎、茎和叶中均有表达,表达模式不同。     

西伯利亚蓼铜伴侣蛋白基因在盐胁迫条件下的表达分析

铜伴侣蛋白是细胞质中负责传递铜离子的一种小分子转运蛋白,在逆境胁迫过程中铜伴侣蛋白的ATX1家族具有消除活性氧的作用．本研究应用RACE技术从西伯利亚蓼中克隆了具有完整编码区的铜伴侣蛋白全长cDNA序列,命名为PsATX-1．PsATX-1基因全长516 bp,其中开放读码框为228 bp,编码75个氨基酸,5′非编码区为83 bp,3′非编码区为204 bp．GenBank中登录号为EU620702．经比对发现,该基因所编码蛋白拥有重金属结合位点MXCXXC,缺少多数高等植物铜伴侣蛋白(CCH)所特有的C末端结构域（CTD）．实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,PsATX-1基因在西伯利亚蓼的地下茎、茎、叶中皆有表达,其中叶中表达量最高;PsATX-1基因受3% NaHCO3胁迫诱导,在不同部位表达模式有差异．     

大麦铁蛋白基因(HvFer1)cDNA的克隆和表达

根据玉米铁蛋白ZmFer1的氨基酸序列,采用同源序列法进行序列拼接和引物设计,RT-PCR扩增获得了1个源自二叶期大麦叶片mRNA的大麦铁蛋白基因cDNA片段,HvFer1(GenBank登录号为EF440353)。HvFer1全长1023 bp,5′非翻译区56 bp,3′非翻译区202 bp,开放阅读框编码254个氨基酸。序列分析表明,此蛋白与已知植物铁蛋白高度同源,相似性介于56.7%～83.7%之间,N端具27个氨基酸的信号肽,C端(84～247)具有1个类似铁蛋白的功能域。RT-PCR表达谱分析显示,HvFer1在大麦的茎、叶、幼穗和幼根均能表达,茎和幼穗中表达量略高些。此外,HvFer1受PEG和盐胁迫的强烈诱导表达,中度铁胁迫也可不同程度地增加HvFer1的表达量。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.