抗癌胚抗原免疫毒素生物学功能的研究

为了研究免疫毒素发挥生物学作用的全过程,构建了两种不同形式的基于假单胞菌外毒素(Pseudomonas exotoxin A,PE)的抗癌胚抗原（carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA）免疫毒素CEA(Fv)/PE38/KDEL和PE35/CEA(Fv)/KDEL.用流式细胞术经间接免疫荧光法测定免疫毒素的抗原结合活性.免疫毒素的内化(internalization)通过间接免疫荧光标记的方法在激光共聚焦显微镜下进行检测,采用流式细胞术进行免疫毒素内化的定量分析.细胞凋亡采用FITC-annexin V/PI双荧光染色方法进行分析.用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定免疫毒素的靶细胞杀伤功能.对两种形式的免疫毒素在各个功能阶段的性质进行研究和比较,全面展现了免疫毒素发挥生物学功能的过程及各个生物作用过程之间的相互影响,为详尽的机制研究和免疫毒素的进一步优化改造提供了重要的依据.     

Human lymphocyte polymorphisms detected by quantitative two-dimensional electrophoresis.

A survey of 186 soluble lymphocyte proteins for genetic polymorphism was carried out utilizing two-dimensional electrophoresis of 14C-labeled phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocyte proteins. Nineteen of these proteins exhibited positional variation consistent with independent genetic polymorphism in a primary sample of 28 individuals. Each of these polymorphisms was characterized by quantitative gene-dosage dependence insofar as the heterozygous phenotype expressed approximately 50% of each allelic gene product as was seen in homozygotes. Patterns observed were also identical in monozygotic twins, replicate samples, and replicate gels. The three expected phenotypes (two homozygotes and a heterozygote) were observed in each of 10 of these polymorphisms while the remaining nine had one of the homozygous classes absent. The presence of the three phenotypes, the demonstration of gene-dosage dependence, and our own and previous pedigree analysis of certain of these polymorphisms supports the genetic basis of these variants. Based on this data, the frequency of polymorphic loci for man is: P = 19/186 = .102, and the average heterozygosity is .024. This estimate is approximately 1/3 to 1/2 the rate of polymorphism previously estimated for man in other studies using one-dimensional electrophoresis of isozyme loci. The newly described polymorphisms and others which should be detectable in larger protein surveys with two-dimensional electrophoresis hold promise as genetic markers of the human genome for use in gene mapping and pedigree analyses.     

Human spermatogenic cell marker proteins detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis

Highly homogeneous populations of human pachytene spetmatocytes and round spermatids have been obtained from normal adult testis using unit gravity (STA-PUT) sedimentation. Contaminating Leydig cells have been removed by density centrifugation in discontinuous Percoll gradients to yield resultant germ cell purities of 90–95% for pachytene spermatocytes and 89–96% for round spermatids. The total cellular polypeptide composition of separated human germ cells has been analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to compare 1) human and mouse pachytene spermatocytes (species specificity), 2) samples of human spermatocytes obtained from different individuals (allo specificity), and 3) pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids from the same patients (stage specificity). Mouse and human germ cells have been found to exhibit extensive homology, but identified marker proteins limited to human spermatocytes include a group of polypeptides at p45/5.9 as well as a protein at p67/5.2. Proteins unique to mouse germ cells include component p65/5.5. Comparisons between different preparations of human pachytene spermatocytes have revealed about 90% electrophoretic homology, but some striking allotypic variations have been noted including the proteins at p45/5.9. Finally, presumptive stage-specific spermatogenic cell markers have been identified including the p45/5.9 polypeptides that are present only in human spermatocytes. Although the physiological roles of particular marker proteins have not yet been determined, the present findings indicate that purified spermatogenic cell populations may be analyzed biochemically to identify constituents important in the regulation of sperm development in man.     

Mn-SOD与抗癌胚抗原单链抗体基因的融合及高效表达

将Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ与抗癌胚抗原（ＣＥＡ）单链抗体基因（Ｓｃ－Ｆｖ ｇｅｎｅ）融合,重组到含Ｔ７启动子的表达载体ｐＥＴ－２２ｂ（＋）中,构建表达质粒ｐＥＴＭｎ－ＳＯＤ－ＳｃＦｖ,并转化大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）,进行高效表达,表达物占菌体可溶性总蛋白的２４％。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和蛋白质和迹图谱显示表达物分子量为４５ｋＤ与融合基因编码蛋白质的理论值相符。该蛋白质在大肠杆菌中为泌型表达有利于纯化。ＲＩＡ测定表     

Mn-SOD与抗癌胚抗原单链抗体基因的融合及高效表达

将Mn-SOD与抗癌胚抗原(CEA)单链抗体基因(ScFv gene)融合,重组到含T7启动子的表达载体pET-22b(+)中,构建表达质粒pETMnSOD-ScFv,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),进行高效表达,表达物占菌体可溶性总蛋白的24%。SDSPAGE和蛋白质印迹图谱显示表达物分子量为45kD与融合基因编码蛋白质的理论值相符。该蛋白质在大肠杆菌中为分泌型表达有利于纯化。RIA测定表明表达产物能特异性的与抗原CEA结合,同时邻苯三酚法测定也表明表达产物具有SOD酶的活性,该融合蛋白为分泌CEA肿瘤的靶向性治疗提供新的途径。     

Cross-Homologies and Structural Differences Between Human Cholinesterases Revealed by Antibodies Against cDNA-Produced Human Butyrylcholinesterase Peptides

To study the polymorphism of human cholinesterases (ChEs) at the levels of primary sequence and three-dimensional structure, a fragment of human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) cDNA was subcloned into the pEX bacterial expression vector and its polypeptide product analyzed. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the clone-produced BuChE peptides interact specifically with antibodies against human and Torpedo acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies prepared against the purified clone-produced BuChE polypeptides interacted in immunoblots with denatured serum BuChE as well as with purified and denatured erythrocyte AChE. In contrast, native BuChE tetramers from human serum, but not AChE dimers from erythrocytes, interacted with these antibodies in solution to produce antibody-enzyme complexes that could be precipitated by second antibodies and that sedimented faster than the native enzyme in sucrose gradient centrifugation. Furthermore, both AChE and BuChE dimers from muscle extracts, but not BuChE tetramers from muscle, interacted with these antibodies. To reveal further whether the anti-cloned BuChE antibodies would interact in situ with ChEs in the neuromuscular junction, bundles of muscle fibers were microscopically dissected from the region in fetal human diaphragm that is innervated by the phrenic nerve. Muscle fibers incubated with the antibodies and with 125I-Protein A were subjected to emulsion autoradiography, followed by cytochemical ChE staining. The anti-cloned BuChE antibodies, as well as anti-Torpedo AChE antibodies, created patches of silver grains in the muscle endplate region stained for ChE, under conditions where control sera did not. These findings demonstrate that the various forms of human AChE and BuChE in blood and in neuromuscular junctions share sequence homologies, but also display structural differences between distinct molecular forms within particular tissues, as well as between similarly sedimenting molecular forms from different tissues.     

Antigenic Pattern of Human Brain Glycoproteins as Described by Monoclonal Antibodies

A battery of monoclonal antibodies was raised against a preparation of lentil lectin-binding membrane glycoproteins from human brain. Out of 26 established hybridomas, nine produced antibodies against the human Thy-1 antigen. For the remaining 17 lines, reactivity with at least six other antigens could be identified after immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Several of the antigens were di- or trimeric, mainly in the molecular weight range of 60-120 kDa. Two of the antibodies were reactive with high-molecular-weight aggregates and four targets for the antibody reactivity were not identifiable by immunoprecipitation of iodinated antigens. Three of the identified antigens were shown by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests on various human tissues to be specifically expressed in the brain.     

Human carcinoma-associated and salivary mucins detected by anti-bovine submaxillary mucin antibodies

Polyclonal rabbit anti-bovine submaxillary mucin antibodies, anti-BSM IgG, were analyzed by autoradiography and densitometry (after SDS electrophoresis and blotting), ELISA, and IRMA assays for reactivity against native antigen BSM, deglycosylated and desialylated BSM, and human salivary and carcinoma-associated mucins. Known human tumor marker CA19-9 antigen reacted with rabbit anti-BSM IgG under different conditions, either soluble or immobilized. As soluble antigen, in IRMA it reacted with anti-BSM antibodies used both as a catcher and a tracer, as well as in combination with monoclonal anti-CA19-9 antibodies as a catcher. MUC1 mucin is a carrier of this carbohydrate antigen, CA19-9, or sialyl-Lewis(a), as well as of CA15-3 antigen, a known breast tumor marker. Autoradiography and densitometry demonstrated binding of anti-BSM IgG to intact MUC1 in a sample of commercial standard preparation of CA19-9 antigen. The same method and analysis demonstrated binding of anti-BSM IgG to MUC1 and to smaller antigens of 85-120 kD in samples containing CA15-3 antigen: commercial standard preparation, human breast tissue, and human milk. In a sample of whole human saliva, reactions of both isoforms of MUC7 were detected by autoradiography, as bands of 85 and 115 kD, and densitogram analysis also demonstrated reaction with MUC5B. Chemical modifications performed as periodate oxidation and desialylation of the BSM demonstrated carbohydrate (i.e., sialic acid) epitope sensitivity for anti-BSM IgG. The results presented in this work indicate that polyclonal anti-BSM antibodies are specific for sialylated carbohydrate structure on mucins and could serve as a tool for investigation of human carcinoma-associated and salivary mucins.     

Human carcinoma-associated and salivary mucins detected by anti-bovine submaxillary mucin antibodies

Polyclonal rabbit anti-bovine submaxillary mucin antibodies, anti-BSM IgG, were analyzed by autoradiography and densitometry (after SDS electrophoresis and blotting), ELISA, and IRMA assays for reactivity against native antigen BSM, deglycosylated and desialylated BSM, and human salivary and carcinoma-associated mucins. Known human tumor marker CA19-9 antigen reacted with rabbit anti-BSM IgG under different conditions, either soluble or immobilized. As soluble antigen, in IRMA it reacted with anti-BSM antibodies used both as a catcher and a tracer, as well as in combination with monoclonal anti-CA19-9 antibodies as a catcher. MUC1 mucin is a carrier of this carbohydrate antigen, CA19-9, or sialyl-Lewis^a, as well as of CA15-3 antigen, a known breast tumor marker. Autoradiography and densitometry demonstrated binding of anti-BSM IgG to intact MUC1 in a sample of commercial standard preparation of CA19-9 antigen. The same method and analysis demonstrated binding of anti-BSM IgG to MUC1 and to smaller antigens of 85–120 kD in samples containing CA15-3 antigen: commercial standard preparation, human breast tissue, and human milk. In a sample of whole human saliva, reactions of both isoforms of MUC7 were detected by autoradiography, as bands of 85 and 115 kD, and densitogram analysis also demonstrated reaction with MUC5B. Chemical modifications performed as periodate oxidation and desialylation of the BSM demonstrated carbohydrate (i.e., sialic acid) epitope sensitivity for anti-BSM IgG. The results presented in this work indicate that polyclonal anti-BSM antibodies are specific for sialylated carbohydrate structure on mucins and could serve as a tool for investigation of human carcinoma-associated and salivary mucins.     

Antibodies against HBV, HCV and HAV detected by using microparticle enzyme immunoassay in hepatitis outpatients

The presence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), of the antibodies against HBc, HCV and HAV was determined in outpatients in the period September 2005 - December 2006. The serum samples were analyzed by using Enzyme Immunoassay microparticles (Abbott AxSYM System). At least one test was positive in 238 patients (15.4%) of the total of 1547 patients. Of the 238 positive subjects, in 130 positive subjects (54.6%) the existence of HBV infection could be ascertained based on the presence of HBsAg or of the antibodies against HBc or of their association; 83 patients (34.9%) presented antibodies against HCV and in other 12 patients the antibodies against HCV were associated with HBsAg or with antibodies against HBc, suggesting the coexistence of HCV and HBV infection. The antibodies against HCV and the associations between HCV and HBV were mostly detected in subjects with the diagnosis of cirrhosis, liver failure or chronic hepatitis. Of the 13 (5.46%) patients with antibodies against HAV, 6 patients presented the associations: in 2 cases antibodies anti-HAV with positive HBsAg, in 1 case antibodies anti-HAV and anti-HBc with positive HBsAg, in 2 cases antibodies anti-HAV and anti-HBc and in 1 case antibodies anti-HAV and anti-HCV.     

人心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ单克隆抗体及多克隆抗体的制备

目的:以重组人心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)为抗原制备鼠源单克隆抗体(McAb)及兔源多克隆抗体,并鉴定抗体的特性。方法:以纯化的重组人cTnⅠ为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取鼠脾细胞同Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,利用选择培养基筛选融合的杂交瘤细胞,用有限稀释法分离获得能够稳定分泌抗cTnⅠ的McAb阳性克隆,并利用体内诱生法大规模制备McAb,用辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法纯化抗体;兔多抗制备以cTnⅠ为抗原常规免疫后取其血清;用间接ELISA和Western印迹鉴定抗体的性质。结果:经ELISA鉴定,筛选出5株能分泌cTnⅠMcAb的杂交瘤细胞株,即C5B2、C5B3、C5B4、C5B1、B1A6,效价最高的B1A6株分泌的McAb为IgG3型,纯化后效价为1∶10000,亲和常数为1.08×10-9mol/L,Western印迹鉴定表明cTnⅠMcAb有良好的特异性;兔多抗纯化后的效价为1∶8000。结论:制备了具有良好特性的cTnⅠMcAb和多克隆抗体。     

Next-Generation Techniques for Discovering Human Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies have found wide applications in the treatment of cancer, as well as of autoimmune, infectious, and other diseases. Several dozen new antibodies are currently undergoing different stages of clinical trials, and some of them will soon be added to the list of immunotherapeutic drugs. Most of these antibodies have been generated using hybridoma technology or a phage display. In recent years, new methods of obtaining human monoclonal antibodies have been actively developing. These methods rely on sequencing immunoglobulin genes from B lymphocytes, as well as on the creation of antibody-secreting stable B-cell lines. The term next-generation antibody-discovery platforms has already been established in the literature to refer to these approaches. Our review focuses on describing the results obtained by these methods.     

Analysis of Serotonin Transporter in Human Platelets by Immunoblotting Using Site-Specific Antibodies

We have produced a panel of site-specific antibodies recognizing different regions of the human serotonin transporter (SERT). This panel included: 1) monoclonal antibodies 23C5 (mAbs 23C5) to the C-terminal region (amino acid residues 597-630); 2) polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) to the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 69-83); 3) pAbs to the region (amino acid residues 86-100) in the beginning of the first transmembrane domain (TMD). The antibodies were produced using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides (containing certain sequences of SERT) as antigens. These antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and used for immunoblotting analysis of SERT in extracts of human platelets. Sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts were prepared under conditions preventing non-specific proteolytic degradation of the proteins. In platelet extracts, all antibodies were able to detect the 67 kD protein, apparently corresponding to full-length SERT molecule (its theoretical mass is about 70 kD). These antibodies also detected several polypeptides of smaller size (56, 37, 35, 32, 22, and 14 kD), apparently corresponding to N-terminal, C-terminal, and non-terminal SERT fragments. Specificity of immunostaining was confirmed by preincubation of HRP-labeled anti-SERT antibodies with excess of corresponding antigen, which resulted in disappearance of protein band staining. It is suggested that SERT undergoes a programmed proteolytic cleavage (processing) resulting in formation of several SERT-derived polypeptides of smaller size. It is possible that one of the cleaved SERT species is required for serotonin transport activity. Possible sites for specific proteolysis may be located in the region near TMD1 and in the intracellular loop between TMD4 and TMD5.     

抗P-选择蛋白人源性单克隆抗体的制备

目的:获得人源性抗P-选择蛋白(selectin)特异性抗体,为相关疾病治疗奠定基础。方法:在HEK293细胞中真核分泌表达人P-选择蛋白功能性片段,以此蛋白片段作为抗原,利用本室构建的大容量全合成人源性噬菌体抗体库进行筛选,经过3轮固相筛选后,阳性克隆得到富集;将其中富集效果最好的一株单链抗体A1改造成全抗体(IgG1),重组质粒转染H293细胞后,抗体得到表达;表达后在全抗体水平上用ELISA和Western印迹分别验证了A1抗体的特异性,并通过非竞争ELISA方法初步测定这株抗体的亲和力。结果:3轮筛选得到3株特异性噬菌体抗体,其中富集效果最好的单链抗体A1改造成全抗体形式后特异性良好,抗体亲和力Kd=2×10-8 mol/L。结论:筛选得到一株特异性较好的抗P-选择蛋白人源性单克隆抗体A1,其特异性和亲和力较好,有继续开发的价值。     

Single-Batch Production of Recombinant Human Polyclonal Antibodies

We have previously described the development and implementation of a strategy for production of recombinant polyclonal antibodies (rpAb) in single batches employing CHO cells generated by site-specific integration, the Sympress^TM I technology. The Sympress^TM I technology is implemented at industrial scale, supporting a phase II clinical development program. Production of recombinant proteins by site-specific integration, which is based on incorporation of a single copy of the gene of interest, makes the Sympress^TM I technology best suited to support niche indications. To improve titers while maintaining a cost-efficient, highly reproducible single-batch manufacturing mode, we have evaluated a number of different approaches. The most successful results were obtained using random integration in a new producer cell termed ECHO, a CHO DG44 cell derivative engineered for improved productivity at Symphogen. This new expression process is termed the Sympress^TM II technology. Here we describe proof-of-principle data demonstrating the feasibility of the Sympress^TM II technology for single-batch rpAb manufacturing using two model systems each composed of six target-specific antibodies. The compositional stability and the batch-to-batch reproducibility of rpAb produced by the ECHO cells were at least as good as observed previously using site-specific integration technology. Furthermore, the new process had a significant titer increase.     

Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Myelin Basic Protein

SJL/J and (SJL X PL) F1 hybrid mice were immunized with intact human myelin basic protein (MBP) or the three major peptic fragments of MBP, residues 1-38, 39-89, and 90-170. Immune spleen cells were fused with mouse myeloma P3 X 63Ag8 (NS1) cells in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Hybridoma supernatant culture fluids were screened for antibody to MBP by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). The specificity of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) was characterized by RIA using the three major MBP peptic fragments and subfragments as well as MBP and MBP fragments of different species with known amino acid sequence differences. Six MBP mAbs were generated, one of them IgM isotype and the remainder IgG isotypes. One mAb each reacted against regions of residues 22-38, 39-69, 70-89, 90-116, and two reacted against residues 118-157. Immunoblots also showed that the five IgG mAbs were reactive against MBP and the peptic fragment of MBP containing the epitope. Immunohistochemical studies showed the IgG mAbs specifically stained myelinated fiber tracts in human brain tissue.     

Human population genetic structure detected by pain-related mu opioid receptor gene polymorphisms

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Mu Opioid Receptor gene (OPRM1) have been identified and associated with a wide variety of clinical phenotypes related both to pain sensitivity and analgesic requirements. The A118G and other potentially functional OPRM1 SNPs show significant differences in their allele distributions among populations. However, they have not been properly addressed in a population genetic analysis. Population stratification could lead to erroneous conclusions when they are not taken into account in association studies. The aim of our study was to analyze OPRM1 SNP variability by comparing population samples of the International Hap Map database and to analyze a new population sample from the city of Corrientes, Argentina. The results confirm that OPRM1 SNP variability differs among human populations and displays a clear ancestry genetic structure, with three population clusters: Africa, Asia, and Europe-America.