厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动研究

目的：对UASB-生物膜反应器进行厌氧氨氧化反应的启动研究。方法：以自配含氨氮和亚硝氮的废水为进水,以氧化沟工艺城市污水处理厂回流污泥为接种污泥。结果：反应器内部菌群进行了竞争,在运行至第66d时氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到了60.4%、58.7%,同时有硝酸盐氮生成,表明厌氧氨氧化反应已经成为反应器内的主导反应。结论：厌氧氨氧化反应器实现了快速启动。     

改性生物填料载体强化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮研究

以上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)为研究对象,主要探究2种改性生物填料载体对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响,并以电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、脱氢酶活性检测及菌群结构分析等微观方面解析影响脱氮性能差异的原因。结果表明:活性炭聚氨酯及改性聚乙烯塑料填料2种生物填料载体的投加均能在一定程度上提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能,当反应器容积负荷提升至1.37 kg/(m³·d),其总氮去除率仍分别有76.41%及82.89%,而未添加改性生物填料的反应器总氮去除率仅剩70.26%。结合SEM分析及高通量测序结果可知:投加2种改性生物填料载体的反应器对厌氧氨氧化菌均具有良好的富集效果,并且投加改性聚乙烯塑料填料的反应器对厌氧氨氧化菌的吸附效果更为明显;2个投加改性生物填料载体的UASB反应器底泥的脱氢酶活性均高于对照组,而改性聚乙烯塑料填料表面生物膜的脱氢酶活性高于活性炭聚氨酯,从而导致3个厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能有所不同。总体而言,无论是在对反应器脱氮性能的提高方面还是对厌氧氨氧化菌的富集方面,改性的聚乙烯塑料填料的效果明显较好。     

Anammox反应器启动过程中颗粒污泥性状变化特性

以厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物,通过185 d的运行,成功启动了上流式厌氧氨氧化污泥床(Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket,UASB)反应器。反应器的进水氨氮与亚硝氮浓度分别提升至224 mg/L和255 mg/L,容积氮去除速率提升至3.76 kg/(m3·d)。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜等对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的性状进行观察,发现颗粒污泥在启动过程中经历了污泥颗粒裂解到污泥颗粒重组的过程,且厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥表面含有丰富的官能团,说明厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥可能具有良好的吸附性能。采用宏基因组测序的方法对启动前后颗粒污泥的生态结构进行分析,发现原接种污泥优势菌群(变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门)丰度大幅减少,厌氧氨氧化菌所属的浮霉状菌门丰度则由1.59%提升到23.24%。     

自然微生物挂膜处理水产养殖废水的效果及微生物群落分析

以弹性填料和流化床填料为硝化反应的生物挂膜材料, 聚羟基丁酸/戊酸共聚酯(PHBV)为反硝化反应的碳源和生物膜载体, 通过微生物自然挂膜处理低C/N比水产养殖废水, 去除水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总氮。应用Miseq高通量测序技术对生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行分析。结果表明: 温度25—30℃, 该处理系统首次挂膜成功需要4周, 启动后运行稳定, 对2种不同来源和氮污染程度的养殖废水均有较好的脱氮效果, 氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总氮的去除率均在90%以上。硝化生物膜(a)的优势菌分别归属变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。反硝化生物膜(b)微生物群落的多样性指数和丰度指数均远大于前者, 主要为变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋体门(Spirochaetae)及绿菌门(Chlorobi)。其中, 归属于变形菌门β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)的丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)在2种生物膜中占比均较高。由于所处环境(载体, 碳源、溶氧等)不同, 在属分类水平上, 2种生物膜的细菌群落结构表现出明显差异。生物膜a中属的种类仅为b的三分之二, 相对丰度>0.5%的优势菌属, a为8个, b为18个。其中, 隶属丛毛单胞菌科和红环菌科未知属的优势种群分别占到a、b总序列数的56.67%和45.51%。磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)是a中特有的优势功能菌群, 梭菌属(Clostridium)、动胶菌属(Zoogloea)、管道杆菌属(Cloacibacterium)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)等具有反硝化功能的菌群为b的优势菌属。     

基于氨单加氧酶基因的自养脱氮菌群结构分析

全程自养脱氮是一种在高氨氮低溶氧条件下完全由自养菌群作用脱除氮素的现象.以全程自养脱氮污泥为研究对象,特异性扩增氨单加氧酶活性基因amoA片段,建立克隆文库并对克隆序列进行系统发育学分析,考察全程自养脱氮系统从建立到退化过程中氨氧化菌的结构变迁.结果表明:Nitrosomonas oligotropha和Nitrosomonas europaea细菌是系统中的主要氨氧化菌,而随着系统的退化前者逐渐被后者完全取代,而氨氧化菌的种群变迁可能并不是全混流系统全程自养脱氮效率下降的原因.     

OLAND生物脱氮系统中硝化菌群16S rDNA的DGGE分析

为了考察生物脱氮系统中硝化菌群（氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌）的种群多样性及硝化菌群随溶解氧降低的种群变化规律,并建立一套行之有效的用于自养生物脱氮系统中功能微生物菌群的快速分子检测技术,采用DGGE（变性梯度凝胶电泳）分子检测技术对硝化菌群的16SrDNA的特异性PCR扩增产物进行了分析,结果表明：OLAND生物脱氮系统中氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌随溶解氧的降低表现出了不同的种群变化规律,氨氧化菌种群多样性受溶解氧的影响非常大,而非亚硝酸氧化菌的种群多样性比较单一,且不受溶解氧的影响。结合FISH（全细胞荧光原位杂交）分析结果表明,在OLAND限氧稳定运行后期,亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomonas）是主要的氨氧化菌,占OLAND限氧亚硝化阶段反应器中总细菌数的72.5%左右。     

短程硝化启动运行中功能菌群变化研究

【目的】短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化是可实现的最短生物脱氮工艺,短程硝化是实现该工艺的重要环节和必要条件。【方法】采用序批式反应器(SBR)来实现短程硝化过程的启动和稳定运行,并对该过程中的相关功能菌群变化进行检测分析。【结果】通过控制低DO浓度(<1 mg/L)和逐步提高氨氮进水负荷,可抑制氨氧化细菌(NOB)菌群增殖并促进亚硝酸氧化菌(AOB)菌群规模显著扩大,实现短程硝化过程的启动和稳定运行。在氨氮进水负荷为0.055 kg/(m3.d)时,平均氨氮去除容积负荷和污泥负荷可达到0.043kg/(m3.d)和0.16 kg/(kg.d),平均亚硝酸盐积累率可达到83.4%。在短程硝化启动和稳定运行过程中,NOB菌群密度从2.0×105CFU/mL降至1.5×104CFU/mL,相对丰度从5.51%降至2.14%;AOB菌群密度从4.5×104CFU/mL增加至1.5×107CFU/mL,相对丰度从0.18%增加至7.25%。【结论】AOB菌群规模的扩大是实现短程硝化和氨氮去除能力提高的主要原因,同时较高的进水氨氮浓度和负荷也会造成亚硝化活性的抑制。     

厌氧氨氧化菌的物种多样性与生态分布

厌氧氨氧化是微生物和环境领域的重大发现,厌氧氨氧化可同时去除氨氮和亚硝氮,在环境工程上具有重大开发价值.由于厌氧氨氧化菌生长极慢,倍增时间长达11 d以上,严重制约了该反应的开发进程,因此,对厌氧氨氧化菌的研究具有重要意义.厌氧氨氧化菌种类丰富,除了人们最早认识的浮霉状菌外,还有硝化细菌和反硝化细菌,这些菌群生态分布广泛,为开辟新的厌氧氨氧化菌种资源创造了条件.硝化细菌和反硝化细菌兼有厌氧氨氧化能力,其代谢多样性为加速厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动提供了依据.厌氧消化污泥可呈现硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化活性,可为新型生物脱氮工艺的研发奠定基础.探明厌氧氨氧化菌种资源及其生态分布,将有利于厌氧氨氧化的开发应用.     

生物砂滤网工艺挂膜实验研究

研究了生物砂滤网污水处理工艺的循环挂膜过程,综合考察了滤网M01和M02上表面生物膜的生长变化情况,细菌数量及其微型动物的组成演化。同时在挂膜一定时间后投加生活污水,分别考察了滤网M01和M02对COD、NH₃-N的去除率。通过试验发现微生物能在滤料上生长繁殖,形成生物砂滤网。细菌在整个过程中占主导地位。同时其它微生物的种类也较为丰富,累枝虫、钟虫、聚缩虫等固着类纤毛虫数量较多,而且还出现了轮虫、线虫等微型后生动物,系统中真核微生物呈现多样化的趋势。滤网M01挂膜成熟后CODcr的去除率可高达90%,氨氮的去除率在70%左右,M02的CODcr平均去除率在60%左右,氨氮去除率在20%左右。     

生物膜法强化净化氨氮污染水体及其微生物群落解析

【目的】比较不同营养条件及挂膜方式下生物膜法对氨氮污染水体的净化效果及其功能微生物群落结构。【方法】设置空白(Blank)、自然成膜(Raw)、预附脱氮菌强化挂膜(PCC)3组生物膜反应器,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术和非度量多维标度(NMDS)分析方法对生物膜反应器转化氨氮过程中微生物群落结构及其演替过程进行动态解析。【结果】在C/N=1:1时,除PCC在起始阶段短暂具有较高的氨氮脱除效率外,Blank、Raw和PCC最终均表现出较低的氨氮转化效率(10%-20%)。改变C/N=2:1后,Raw和PCC对人工合成污水中NH4+-N的转化率均提高至95%以上,而且Raw与PCC的群落结构在C/N=2:1时具有较高的相似性,优势菌群主要为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)。【结论】C/N是影响生物膜反应器氨氮去除效果及驱动生物膜反应器中细菌群落结构发生改变的重要因子。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.