The hedgehog pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of obesity-associated liver diseases and it has become the major cause of cirrhosis in the Western world. The high prevalence of NAFLD-associated advanced liver disease reflects both the high prevalence of obesity-related fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) and the lack of specific treatments to prevent hepatic steatosis from progressing to more serious forms of liver damage, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, and not fully understood. However, compelling evidence demonstrates that dysregulation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway is involved in both the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and the progression from hepatic steatosis to more serious forms of liver damage. Inhibiting hedgehog signaling enhances hepatic steatosis, a condition which seldom results in liver-related morbidity or mortality. In contrast, excessive Hh pathway activation promotes development of NASH, cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer, the major causes of liver-related deaths. Thus, suppressing excessive Hh pathway activity is a potential approach to prevent progressive liver damage in NAFLD. Various pharmacologic agents that inhibit Hh signaling are available and approved for cancer therapeutics; more are being developed to optimize the benefits and minimize the risks of inhibiting this pathway. In this review we will describe the Hh pathway, summarize the evidence for its role in NAFLD evolution, and discuss the potential role for Hh pathway inhibitors as therapies to prevent NASH, cirrhosis and liver cancer.     

益生菌改善非酒精性脂肪肝病的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝病(non alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种较为常见的慢性肝病,在我国居民中NAFLD正呈现低龄化和迅速上升的态势。而NAFLD的发病机制尚未完全阐明,一般认为其与肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血症、胰岛素抵抗及遗传易感等诸多因素相关。“肠-肝轴”学说的提出,使医药界同仁普遍认识到肠道益生菌在NAFLD的发生过程中扮演着重要角色,也随之引发了关于肠道益生菌对NAFLD治疗价值的思考与探索。该综述主要对益生菌改善NAFLD的研究进展进行总结,以期能够为NAFLD临床治疗提供参考。     

GSDMD调控非酒精性脂肪肝中细胞焦亡的研究进展

细胞焦亡是一种炎症相关的细胞程序性死亡方式,由胱天蛋白酶(caspase)和炎性小体介导,最终依赖gasdermin家族成员gasdermin D(GSDMD)执行。细胞焦亡的发生伴随着细胞内炎性因子的外泄及免疫细胞的活化,因此与炎症反应的发生密切相关。非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是一种病因不明的慢性肝病,如果缺乏有效的干预手段,脂肪变性会逐渐进展至炎症、纤维化,最终发展至肝硬化。GSDMD 介导的细胞焦亡在非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病过程中扮演重要角色,不仅会导致肝细胞死亡,还会加重炎症反应和纤维化的进程。抑制GSDMD 的功能从而减少细胞焦亡能够有效地缓解NAFLD 中的脂质堆积和炎症反应,这将为NAFLD 的治疗开辟一个新的研究方向。本文将概述GSDMD 介导的细胞焦亡的分子机制,并关注GSDMD 和细胞焦亡在NAFLD 发病机制及治疗方面的研究进展,为NAFLD 的诊治提供新思路。     

非酒精性脂肪肝病患者肠道AKK菌与肝功能指标的变化及其影响

目的探究非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)患者肠道AKK菌及肝功能指标的变化及其影响。方法选取我院2017年3月至2018年11月门诊诊断为NAFLD的109名患者作为NAFLD组。选取同期352名健康志愿者作为对照组。比较两组研究对象体质量指数(BMI)、总胆固醇(TG)、甘油三酯(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDLC)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)的水平及粪便中AKK菌的相对数量。结果NAFLD组患者肠道AKK菌均数为(6.12±1.04),对照组为(6.78±1.07),差异有统计学意义(t=5.664,P<0.001)。NAFLD组患者BMI、LDLC、ALT、AST、GGT的水平显著高于对照组,而HDLC水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示AKK菌数量和HDLC为NAFLD的独立保护因素,BMI、ALT、AST、GGT为独立危险因素。结论NAFLD患者肠道中AKK菌数量发生显著变化,AKK菌对NAFLD患者具有保护作用,可为肠道微生物参与NAFLD的发病机制研究提供新的视角。     

肠道菌群影响非酒精性脂肪性肝病的机制及应对策略

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的发病率逐年升高,已成为最常见的肝脏疾病之一。目前其发病机制未被完全阐明,尚无有效治疗药物。肠道菌群与人体共生,作为人体的“第二基因组”,其在消化、吸收及代谢中发挥重要作用。新近研究表明,肠道菌群已成为影响NAFLD发生、进展的重要因素,肠道菌群失调和肠肝轴紊乱与非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)、肝纤维化和肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)密切相关。因此,肠道微生态干预有望成为预防或治疗NAFLD的新手段。本综述主要探讨肠道菌群异常对NAFLD/NASH发病过程、机制的影响及干预措施。     

降脂益生菌对非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠胆汁酸代谢及转运的影响和机制初探

目的探讨降脂益生菌(鼠李糖乳杆菌DM9054和植物乳杆菌86066联合制剂)对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)小鼠胆汁酸代谢及转运的影响和可能机制。方法 18只雄性FXR-/-小鼠随机分为3组(n=6):正常饮食组、高脂饮食组和高脂饮食+降脂益生菌组。其中正常饮食组给予普通饮食和生理盐水灌胃,高脂饮食组给予高脂饮食和生理盐水灌胃,高脂饮食+降脂益生菌组给予高脂饮食和降脂益生菌灌胃。所有小鼠干预12周,处死小鼠1周前行胰岛素耐量试验和腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量试验。小鼠处死后自动生化分析仪检测血脂、胆汁酸及肝功能指标;RT-PCR检测肝脏和回肠组织炎症因子相对表达量;HE染色评估肝脏和回肠组织病理情况;Western blot检测法尼醇受体(Farnesoid X receptor, FXR)通路中的成纤维细胞生长因子15(fibroblast growth factor 15,FGF15)、成纤维细胞生长因子受体4(fibroblast growth factor receptor 4,FGFR4)和小分子异源二聚体(short heterodimer partner, SHP)、胆汁酸合成限速酶胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, CYP7A1)及胆汁酸转运相关的胆盐输出泵(bile salt export pump, BSEP)的蛋白表达。结果和高脂饮食组相比,高脂饮食+降脂益生菌组小鼠血清中胆汁酸含量明显下降(P=0.000 1),FGF15、FGFR4和BSEP蛋白表达水平升高(P=0.009 7、0.024 2、0.000 1),CYP7A1的蛋白表达水平降低(P=0.006 9)。此外,通过降脂益生菌干预还明显改善了高脂饮食FXR-/-小鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱(P=0.002 4)、肝脏脂肪变性、肝脏和回肠组织炎症(P=0.013 8、0.000 1、0.000 1)以及肠黏膜屏障功能(P=0.014 2)。结论降脂益生菌具有类似选择性肠道FXR激动剂的作用,能够通过调控肠道FXR-FGF15通路改善胆汁酸的代谢及转运,进而缓解高脂饮食FXR-/-小鼠的NAFLD。     

酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊辅助治疗对非酒精性脂肪肝病患者氧化应激损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊辅助治疗对非酒精性脂肪肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者氧化应激损伤的保护作用。 方法 选取2017年1月至2019年3月我院内科门诊就诊的NAFLD患者76例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各38例。两组患者均给予饮食调整、纠正不良生活习惯和适当运动锻炼。对照组患者给予多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊456 mg/次,3次/d,口服。观察组患者在对照组基础上加用酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊0.6 g/次,2次/d,温水口服。两组患者连用8周。检测两组患者治疗前后肝功能指标[丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ 谷氨酰转肽酶(γ GT)]及氧化应激指标[氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox LDL)、过氧化脂质(LPO)、丙二醛(MDA)]水平的变化。 结果 治疗8周后,两组患者血清ALT、ALP和γ GT水平较治疗前明显下降,且观察组下降幅度大于比对照组(均P结论 酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊辅助治疗NAFLD患者能降低血清ox LDL、LPO和MDA水平,抑制氧化应激反应亢进,保护肝功能。     

粪菌移植对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用

目的探讨粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为3组:正常对照组(control group,C组)10只,予正常饮食;高脂模型组(model group,M组)10只、粪菌移植治疗组(treatment group,T组)10只,M组和T组均予高脂饮食。T组予粪菌液灌胃2 mL/次,隔日1次,粪菌液灌胃的前一天晚上及当天早上均予奥美拉唑镁肠溶片灌胃;C组及M组同时予奥美拉唑及生理盐水灌胃。喂养12周后实验结束,测定血中TG、ALT、AST水平;苏丹黑B染色观察肝脏病理学变化;取回肠末端肠组织行HE染色及扫描电镜观察肠黏膜结构变化。结果与M组大鼠相比,T组血清TG、ALT、AST水平降低,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。T组大鼠肝脏苏丹黑B染色可见肝细胞内脂肪沉积明显减少,脂肪变性程度较M组减轻。T组大鼠肠组织HE染色肠绒毛轻度水肿,排列较整齐、紧密。扫描电镜中可见T组大鼠肠绒毛形态较饱满,排列比较紧密,微绒毛之间的间隙变小。结论粪菌移植能改善肝功能,减轻肝脏脂肪变,降低肠道通透性,改善肠黏膜屏障功能。     

甘草酸二铵脂质配位体对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠白细胞浸润的影响

目的研究甘草酸二铵脂质配位体(DGLL)对非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)大鼠白细胞浸润的影响及机制。方法用高脂乳剂灌胃诱导大鼠NAFLD模型并给予DGLL干预,6周后观察肝脏组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的表达,酶标仪法测定肝脏组织MPO活性的变化,流式细胞技术测定外周血白细胞粘附分子表达的变化,Western blot技术检测肝脏组织内皮细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达水平。结果与高脂模型组相比,DGLL能明显降低NAFLD大鼠肝脏组织中白细胞MPO的表达和活化,下调大鼠外周血中单核细胞和粒细胞粘附分子的表达,同时显著地抑制肝脏组织中内皮细胞ICAM-1的表达。结论 DGLL能显著降低高脂饮食诱导的NAFLD大鼠肝脏组织中白细胞的活化和浸润,这种作用可能与抑制白细胞与内皮细胞粘附分子的表达相关。     

Serum adipocyte-specific fatty acid-binding protein is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in apparently healthy subjects

Adipocyte-specific fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is a cytoplasmic protein that is expressed in adipocytes and is closely associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and Type 2 diabetes. We investigated the relationship between A-FABP as a surrogate marker of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in apparently healthy subjects. We assessed clinical and biochemical metabolic parameters and measured serum levels of A-FABP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in 494 subjects who were divided into two groups according to the presence of NAFLD by abdominal ultrasonography. All parameters associated with metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD (P<.001). A-FABP showed positive correlation with TNF-α, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and metabolic syndrome (P<.001) when adjusted for age and sex. The odds ratio for the risk of NAFLD in the highest tertile of A-FABP compared with the lowest tertile was 7.36 (CI 3.80-14.27, P<.001) after adjustment for age and sex; 4.52 (CI 2.22-9.20, P<.001) after adjustment for age, sex, HOMA-IR and metabolic syndrome and 2.86 (CI 1.11-7.35, P<.05) after further adjustment for all metabolic parameters including TNF-α. The serum level of A-FABP was independently associated with NAFLD and showed significant correlation with TNF-α, HOMA-IR, and metabolic syndrome.     

双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊对高脂饮食所致大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效及机制探讨

目的 观察微生态制剂贝飞达(双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊)治疗高脂饮食所致大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 雄性SD大鼠32只,适应性饲养1周后,随机分为3组,正常组:12只给予普通饲料喂养;模型组:12只,贝飞达治疗组:8只,均给予高脂饲料喂养;于喂养12周末正常组及模型组各处死4只,经肝组织HE染色确定造模成功后,贝飞达治疗组给予贝飞达[0.113 g/(kg·d)]灌胃,于16周末全部处死.检测大鼠血清AST、ALT、TC、TG、LDL、HDL、血清内毒素水平,观察其肝组织学变化.结果 模型组于高脂饲料喂养12周末出现脂肪肝,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清AST、ALT、TG、TC、LDL、HDL及血清内毒素水平均明显升高(P＜0.01).贝飞达治疗组大鼠各项指标较模型组均有显著改善,肝脏脂肪变性程度减轻.结论 微生态制剂贝飞达可能通过改善肠道菌群紊乱,减轻内毒素血症,从而调节肝脏脂质代谢紊乱,对非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝起到治疗作用.     

Study on the correlation between urinary retinol-binding protein and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects human health worldwide. Our objective was to explore the correlation between urinary retinol-binding protein (URBP) and NAFLD.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 445 NAFLD patients and 911 healthy controls. The URBP level and other parameters were measured.ResultsThe URBP level (expressed by the RBP/creatinine ratio) was higher in the NAFLD patients compared with the non-NAFLD patients. The urinary RBP/creatinine ratio was an independent risk factor for NAFLD after univariate and multivariate regression analysis, with the or values of 2.271 (1.795-2.872, P < 0.001) and 2.338 (1.775-3.080, P < 0.001), respectively. The prevalence of the urinary RBP/creatinine ratio (groups 1, 2, 3, 4) was 20.0%, 17.3%, 27.3%, and 35.4%, respectively (P < 0.001), and the prevalence of NAFLD in the high urinary RBP/creatinine ratio group was significantly higher than that in the low urinary RBP/creatinine ratio group.ConclusionsOur results revealed that the urinary RBP/creatinine ratio was an independent risk factor for NAFLD.     

莪术醇对非酒精性脂肪性肝大鼠肝功能和肝纤维化的影响及机制*

目的:探讨莪术醇(CC)对非酒精性脂肪性肝(NAFLD)大鼠模型肝功能和肝纤维化的影响及机制。方法:采用高脂饮食构建非酒精脂肪肝炎(NASH)伴肝纤维化的大鼠模型,将60只SD大鼠随机分为:空白对照组、模型组(NASH)、NASH+复方鳖甲软肝片(CBT)组(阳性对照组)、NASH+CC组(25、50、100 mg/kg),每组10只。测量大鼠肝脏占体重的百分比,测量大鼠高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平,HE染色观察肝纤维化情况,免疫组化检测鼠肝组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达及肝组织核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)的阳性染色情况,蛋白印迹(Western blot)检测α-SMA、基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)蛋白表达及Toll样受体-4(TLR4)、转化生长因子激活激酶-1(TAK1)、NF-κB p65、血管细胞粘附分子-1(VCAM-1)蛋白的表达情况,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肝组织中白介素(IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。结果:与空白对照组相比,模型组大鼠HDL、 IL-10含量、MMP-1蛋白表达量显著降低(P＜0.05),TG、ALT、AST、肝组织P65阳性率,α-SMA、TIMP-1、TLR4、TAK1、NF-κB p65、VCAM-1表达、IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β含量显著升高(P＜0.05)。与模型组相比,CBT和CC处理后大鼠HDL、 IL-10含量、MMP-1蛋白表达量显著升高(P＜0.05),TG、ALT、AST、肝组织P65阳性率,α-SMA、TIMP-1、TLR4、TAK1、NF-κB p65、VCAM-1表达、IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β含量显著降低(P＜0.05),其中模型+CC组以高浓度组改善最显著(P＜0.05),但各剂量改善幅度均低于模型+CBT组(P＜0.05)。结论:莪术醇通过调节TLR4、TAK1、NF-κB p65信号通路,减轻炎症反应,改善肝功能,从而缓解非酒精性脂肪肝肝肝纤维化,且在一定范围内呈浓度依赖性。     

肠道微生态干预对非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的影响：系统评价和网状meta分析

评估肠道微生态干预对成年非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者的肝脏特异性、代谢、炎症和肠道微生物群影响的最新证据。

检索Embase、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库,筛选符合条件的随机临床试验,对纳入研究的数据进行提取和分析。

纳入37项随机对照试验：20项评估益生菌,2项评估益生元,10项评估合生元,2项评估益生菌和益生元,3项评估益生菌、益生元和合生元,治疗时间7～48周。经网状meta分析,对于大部分临床指标,益生元与合生元组干预效果优于对照组,且呈现出时间相关性,但肠道微生态干预各组干预效果差异无统计学意义。

网状meta分析表明肠道微生态干预改善了NAFLD的临床指标和肠道微生态,提示合生元可能是一种优于益生菌和益生元的干预措施,但需要足够的剂量和干预时间,我们的研究建议至少连续使用24周。

     

Lipotoxic hepatocytes promote nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression by delivering microRNA-9-5p and activating macrophages

M1-polarized macrophages are involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms responsible for the activation of macrophages in NAFLD have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed at investigating the physiological mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles (EVs)-encapsulated microRNA-9-5p (miR-9-5p) derived from lipotoxic hepatocytes might activate macrophages in NALFD. After blood sample and cell collection, EVs were isolated and identified followed by co-culture with macrophages. Next, the palmitic acid-induced cell and high fat diet-induced mouse NALFD models were established to explore the in vitro and in vivo effects of EVs-loaded miR-9-5p on NAFLD as evidenced by inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory reactions in macrophages. Additionally, the targeting relationship between miR-9-5p and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) was identified using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. miR-9-5p was upregulated in the NAFLD-EVs, which promoted M1 polarization of THP-1 macrophages. Furthermore, miR-9-5p could target TGM2 to inhibit its expression. Downregulated miR-9-5p in NAFLD-EVs alleviated macrophage inflammation and M1 polarization as evidenced by reduced levels of macrophage inflammatory factors, positive rates of CD86⁺ CD11b⁺, and levels of macrophage surface markers in vitro. Moreover, the effect of silencing of miR-9-5p was replicated in vivo, supported by reductions in TG, TC, AST and ALT levels and attenuated pathological changes. Collectively, lipotoxic hepatocytes-derived EVs-loaded miR-9-5p downregulated the expression of TGM2 and facilitated M1 polarization of macrophages, thereby promoting the progression of NAFLD. This highlights a potential therapeutic target for treating NAFLD.     

Leukemia inhibitory factor protects against liver steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms that promote dysregulation of hepatic triglyceride metabolism and lead to NAFLD are poorly understood, and effective treatments are limited. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family and has been shown to regulate a variety of physiological processes, although its role in hepatic triglyceride metabolism remains unknown. In the present study, we measured circulating LIF levels by ELISA in 214 patients with biopsy-diagnosed NAFLD as well as 314 normal control patients. We further investigated the potential role and mechanism of LIF on hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice. We found that circulating LIF levels correlated with the severity of liver steatosis. Patients with ballooning, fibrosis, lobular inflammation, and abnormally elevated liver injury markers alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase also had higher levels of serum LIF than control patients. Furthermore, animal studies showed that white adipose tissue–derived LIF could ameliorate liver steatosis through activation of hepatic LIF receptor signaling pathways. Together, our results suggested that targeting LIF-LIF receptor signaling might be a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.     

Progress in the search for circulating biomarkers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Abstract

Context: The definitive standard for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is clinico-pathological correlation, but frequently the only laboratory abnormality is an elevation of serum aminotransferases.

Objective: This has resulted in the search for more specific laboratory biomarkers.

Methods: The literature was searched for novel plasma/serum markers of NAFLD.

Results: Studies reviewed here included histologically-confirmed patients presenting some stage of NAFLD and monitored one or more novel serum/plasma biomarkers.

Conclusion: The most promising application of some of these novel biomarkers for the detection and quantification of NAFLD and particularly NASH appears to be in the combination of several into diagnostic panels.     

基于抗炎及抗氧化作用探讨微生态制剂在非酒精性脂肪肝模型大鼠中的应用价值

目的研究基于抗炎及抗氧化作用探讨微生态制剂在非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)模型大鼠中的应用价值。方法选择成年雄性SD大鼠并随机分为对照组、NAFLD组、蓝莓益生菌(BP)组。后2组采用复合高脂饲料建立NAFLD模型,BP组给予蓝莓联合益生菌干预。比较3组间血清肝功能指标、炎症指标、氧化应激指标含量及肝脏组织中炎症及氧化应激信号分子表达的差异。结果 NAFLD组大鼠血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-18、MDA的含量及肝脏中p-p38MAPK、NF-κB的表达量明显高于对照组,血清中SOD、GPX的含量及肝脏中p-AMPK、Nrf-2的表达量明显低于对照组;BP组大鼠血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-18、MDA的含量及肝脏中p-p38MAPK、NF-κB的表达量明显低于NALFD组,血清中SOD、GPX的含量及肝脏中p-AMPK、Nrf-2的表达量明显高于NALFD组。结论蓝莓益生菌用于NALFD模型大鼠的干预能够改善肝功能并抑制炎症反应、氧化应激反应。     

Inhibition of TREM-1 attenuates inflammation and lipid accumulation in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

In the liver tissues of obese diabetic or nondiabetic patients, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is usually found to be upregulated, thus leading to upregulation of various inflammatory cytokines and lipid accumulation. On the other hand, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excess lipid accumulation, and inflammatory injury in liver, is becoming an epidemic disease, globally. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biological role and the underlying mechanisms of TREM-1 in NAFLD. upregulation of TREM-1 occurred in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice NAFLD model and oleic acid-treated HepG2 and primary mouse hepatocytes cell model at messenger RNA and protein levels. Functional studies established that overexpression of TREM-1 displayed hyperlipidemia, and increased in inflammatory indicators and lipid accumulation-related genes, which was ameliorated by knockdown of TREM-1. Our results also showed that obvious lipid accumulation and inflammatory injury occurred in the liver tissue of HFD-fed mice, while treatment with lentiviral vector short hairpin TREM showed marked improvement in tissue morphology and architecture and less lipid accumulation, thus deciphering the mechanism through which knockdown of TREM-1 ameliorated the inflammatory response and lipid accumulation of NAFLD mice through inactivation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and PI3K/AKT signal pathways, respectively. In conclusion, TREM-1/NF-κB and TREM-1/PI3K/AKT axis could be an important mechanism in ameliorating the inflammatory response and lipid accumulation, respectively, thus shedding light on the development of novel therapeutics to the treatment of NAFLD.