外源铁对铅污染土壤中宽叶香蒲铅积累的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究添加外源铁对不同铅浓度(0、100、500和1000 mg·kg-1)污染土壤中宽叶香蒲铅积累的影响.结果表明:各铅浓度条件下,与添加100 mg Fe·kg-1相比,添加500 mg Fe·kg-1处理的宽叶香蒲地上部和根的铅含量均增高.土壤铅浓度为1000mg·kg-1时,添加500 mg Fe·kg-1处理根的铅含量比100 mg Fe·kg-1处理增加33.7％,地上部铅含量增加50.5％.添加500 mg Fe·kg-1处理的根际土壤中可交换态铅比100mg Fe·kg-1处理增加77.0％～114.6％.除500 mg·kg-1铅浓度外,各铅浓度条件下添加500mg Fe·kg-1处理根干质量均显著低于100 mg Fe·kg-1处理.在铅污染的湿地环境中添加适量铁可以提高铅的有效性,促进铅积累.     

速生柳树苗对土壤铅的耐性、积累与分配特性研究

耐性植物为环境污染植物修复提供了一条良好的途径。通过盆栽试验研究了垂柳(Salix babylonica Linn.)和苏柳172(Salix jiangsuensis J172)扦插苗对人工添加土壤铅污染的耐性及其对铅的积累和分配。结果发现:柳树生物量与土壤有效铅含量呈显著负相关关系,中低浓度的铅污染对两种柳树的根系生物量影响不大,Pb2+浓度为1600 mg·kg-1时显著降低垂柳根系生物量,苏柳172在Pb2+浓度为1 200和1 600 mg·kg-1时根系生物量极显著降低,说明垂柳对高浓度的Pb2+耐性要好于苏柳172;垂柳和苏柳172根系长度、根表面积、根体积和根直径随着土壤铅浓度的增加持续下降,在Pb2+浓度为1600 mg·kg-1时,垂柳根系长度、根表面积、根体积和根直径分别比对照下降了50.40%、45.15%、44.44%、9.10%,苏柳172分别下降了45.00%、45.88%、47.02%、37.14%。柳树吸收的铅绝大部分积累在根部,迁移到茎部和叶部的数量较少,铅在2种柳树体内不同部位的积累量均为根茎叶。当Pb2+浓度为800 mg·kg-1时,垂柳和苏柳172的耐性指数为91.15%和84.26%,其对土壤中铅的吸收量达140.20和149.49 mg,表明两种柳树对中等土壤铅污染的修复具有较大潜力。     

铅污染对青杨雌雄幼苗铅富集和营养特征的影响

该研究以青杨雌雄幼苗为实验材料,采用盆栽控制实验的方式,设置20.5(CK)、50(T1)和100mg·kg-1(T2)3个铅浓度水平,分析面源水平铅污染条件下青杨性别间铅的积累和营养状况的差异。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,面源水平铅污染条件下,青杨雄株幼苗的总生物量未受到显著影响,雌株总生物量显著降低,但相同处理条件下雌株生物量均显著高于雄株。(2)2个梯度的铅污染均未显著影响两种性别青杨各器官中N的浓度,且雌雄间的性别差异不显著,但T2处理一定程度降低了两种性别各器官中P的浓度;与CK相比,雄株在受铅胁迫处理时N/P逐渐增加,说明此时雄株的生长可能会逐渐受到P素营养缺乏的影响。(3)随着铅处理浓度的增加,青杨雌株幼苗对铅的积累总量逐步增加,但雄株的积累总量的增加却不显著。可见,青杨雄株在面源水平铅污染条件下的抗性和耐受性优于雌株;雌雄青杨对土壤铅污染有不同的适应策略,雌株对铅的积累策略是其生物量下降以及营养平衡受到影响的主要原因,雄株对铅低吸收的策略使其更适应在铅污染区域生长。     

重金属铅胁迫下凤仙花幼苗及根际环境响应

目的:研究凤仙花在重金属铅胁迫下的抗性.方法:采用模拟重金属铅污染的盆栽试验方法研究铅胁迫下凤仙花生长及根际土壤酶活和碱解氮含量等指标的响应.结果:当铅浓度在400 mg·kg-1以下时,凤仙花出苗率和苗高无显著变化,随着铅浓度的升高,凤仙花出苗率和苗高受到抑制;当铅浓度高于400 mg·kg-1时,根长、根冠比逐渐减...     

一种新的铅富集植物——富集生态型东南景天

对浙江一古老铅锌矿区的土壤和植物种群进行调查后发现一种新的具有耐铅特性和铅富集能力的植物———景天科景天属东南景天 (SedumalfrediiHance) ,称为铅富集生态型植物。进一步比较和分析了不同浓度硝酸铅处理对富集和非富集生态型东南景天的生长及其对铅的吸收特性的影响。结果表明 ,32 0mgPb/L处理对富集生态型的地上部分生长无显著影响 ,而非富集生态型在 2 0mgPb/L时即出现受害症状。富集和非富集生态型的地上部分铅含量、根系铅含量以及单株铅积累速率均随处理浓度的增加而表现出先升后降的变化趋势。其中富集生态型的地上部分铅含量、根系铅含量以及单株铅积累速率最高可达到 5 14mg/kg、1392 2mg/kg和 8.6 2 μg/plant/d ,分别是非富集生态型的 2 .2 7、2 .6 2和 7.16倍。由于具有生长速度快和高积累铅的能力 ,从植物修复的观点来说 ,东南景天铅富集生态型在铅污染土壤的修复方面具有巨大的潜力。     

一种新的铅富集植物--富集生态型东南景天

对浙江一古老铅锌矿区的土壤和植物种群进行调查后发现一种新的具有耐铅特性和铅富集能力的植物--景天科景天属东南景天(Sedum alfredii Hance),称为铅富集生态型植物.进一步比较和分析了不同浓度硝酸铅处理对富集和非富集生态型东南景天的生长及其对铅的吸收特性的影响.结果表明, 320 mg Pb/L处理对富集生态型的地上部分生长无显著影响,而非富集生态型在20 mg Pb/L时即出现受害症状.富集和非富集生态型的地上部分铅含量、根系铅含量以及单株铅积累速率均随处理浓度的增加而表现出先升后降的变化趋势.其中富集生态型的地上部分铅含量、根系铅含量以及单株铅积累速率最高可达到514 mg/kg、13 922 mg/kg和8.62 μg/plant/d,分别是非富集生态型的2.27、2.62和7.16倍.由于具有生长速度快和高积累铅的能力,从植物修复的观点来说,东南景天铅富集生态型在铅污染土壤的修复方面具有巨大的潜力.     

外源铁对铅污染土壤中宽叶香蒲铅积累的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究添加外源铁对不同铅浓度(0、100、500和1000 mg·kg^-1)污染土壤中宽叶香蒲铅积累的影响.结果表明： 各铅浓度条件下,与添加100 mg Fe·kg^-1相比,添加500 mg Fe·kg^-1处理的宽叶香蒲地上部和根的铅含量均增高.土壤铅浓度为1000 mg·kg^-1时,添加500 mg Fe·kg^-1处理根的铅含量比100 mg Fe·kg^-1处理增加33.7%,地上部铅含量增加50.5%.添加500 mg Fe·kg^-1处理的根际土壤中可交换态铅比100 mg Fe·kg^-1处理增加77.0%～114.6%.除500 mg·kg^-1铅浓度外,各铅浓度条件下添加500 mg Fe·kg^-1理根干质量均显著低于100 mg Fe·kg^-1处理.在铅污染的湿地环境中添加适量铁可以提高铅的有效性,促进铅积累.     

贝可利空气凤梨对铅的积累特征研究

以贝可利空气凤梨为材料,用不同浓度的硝酸铅溶液(0～100 mg/L)对其进行胁迫处理,探讨空气凤梨对重金属污染物铅的吸收积累特征.结果发现,胁迫处理15d后,所有贝可利空气凤梨植株都没有明显的死亡症状;随着铅浓度的提高,贝可利空气凤梨植株中的铅含量随之显著增加.扫描电镜结合能谱分析表明,不论何种铅浓度处理植物体,贝可利空气凤梨叶表鳞片中的3类细胞上都可检测到铅元素的存在;但3类细胞在富集铅时所起的作用不同,并以最内部的碟状细胞中铅的含量最高.结果表明,贝可利空气凤梨对铅胁迫具有很强的耐性,并且可对铅进行有效的积累,是一种合适的指示铅污染的植物;其叶表鳞片则可能是铅等重金属元素的主要富集结构,而且铅在从外部细胞进入内部细胞的迁移过程中存在主动运输的成分.     

土壤铅胁迫对苘麻光合特性及生物量的影响

为明确不同浓度铅污染对苘麻(Abutilon theophrasti)光合特性及生长的影响程度,揭示苘麻对铅胁迫的光合适应能力,在铅污染土壤区域提供潜在物种。该研究设置五个铅浓度梯度(0、500、1 000、1 500、2 000 mg·kg~(-1)),分析了在不同浓度铅污染胁迫下,苘麻的铅积累、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性及生物量的变化。结果表明:当铅浓度在1 000 mg·kg~(-1)以下时,净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)、光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、电子传递速率(ETR)的值分别与空白组的P_n、G_s、F_v/F_m、ETR值相比均不显著(P0.05),表明铅浓度小于1 000 mg·kg~(-1)时,苘麻的光合活性未受到损伤,有很强的光合适应能力。苘麻生物量在500、1 000 mg·kg~(-1)铅胁迫下为空白组的88.6%、106%,苘麻能够正常生长,说明苘麻能够适应铅污染的胁迫。当铅浓度低于1 000 mg·kg~(-1)时,苘麻地上部与地下部对铅富集与转移的效果较好,表明在铅污染区苘麻也具有较强的铅积累能力。根据铅污染土壤区域的实际情况,结合苘麻在低浓度铅污染修复效率高的特点,认为苘麻可以作为铅污染地区修复的潜在物种。     

珙桐幼苗生理生化指标对重金属铅、镉胁迫的响应

铅和镉在土壤中表现出很强的毒性,严重危害植物的生长发育.该研究着眼于中国特有濒危珍稀植物珙桐,探究盆栽实验条件下其抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)以及游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白对不同浓度重金属铅、镉胁迫的响应规律.结果表明:(1)不同浓度铅处理下,珙桐幼苗MDA浓度均显著高于对照组,而镉胁迫条件下除10 mg·kg-1浓度外...     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究,结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1．1～3．4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587．43～1176．44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3．08～5．16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍,凤丹各部位的Cu、CA和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31．50～64．00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0．98～1．45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1．6～3．6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染．凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高．凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小。     

施硒对两种类型玉米硒元素分配及产量、品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,以普通玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和糯玉米品种京紫糯218(JN218)为试验材料,研究了不同硒水平(0、10、25、50 mg·kg-1)下,玉米植株各器官对硒的分配和转运差异以及硒对玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响.结果表明： 低含量(≤10 mg·kg-1)硒促进了玉米生长,植株生物量和籽粒产量均显著增加;高含量(≥25 mg·kg-1)硒抑制了玉米生长,植株干物质积累量减少,籽粒产量和品质下降.施硒显著提高了玉米植株各器官的硒含量,硒在各器官的分配为根系>叶片>茎秆>叶鞘,两种类型玉米各器官硒含量均与土壤硒含量呈显著正相关.JN218在自然低硒土壤环境中具有较强的硒富集能力,而ZD958在10 mg·kg-1 硒水平下硒积累量高于JN218.如果以籽粒和地上部营养器官的硒积累量为评价标准,自然低硒(025 mg·kg-1)或高硒(25 mg·kg-1)土壤适宜种植JN218,而富硒(10 mg·kg-1)或硒污染(50 mg·kg-1)土壤适宜种植ZD958.     

乙二胺四乙酸对孔雀草和一串红铅富集的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对根际土壤Pb的有效性以及孔雀草(Tagetespatula)和一串红(Salviaspendens)富集Pb能力的影响.结果表明:施加EDTA(3mmol.kg-1)7d后,2种花卉根际土壤中乙酸铵溶液(1mol.L-1)可提取的有效态Pb含量极显著提高(P<0.01);孔雀草和一串红叶片中Pb的含量分别达2415.88和1083.68mg.kg-1,为对照处理的61.36和5.37倍;茎中Pb含量也明显增高,而根系Pb含量则略有下降.     

Effects of soil amendments and EDTA on lead uptake by Chromolaena odorata: greenhouse and field trial experiments

Greenhouse and field trial experiments were performed to evaluate the use of Chromolaena odorata with various soil amendments for phytoextraction of Pb contaminated soil Pb mine soils contain low amount of nutrients, so the additions of organic (cow manure) and inorganic (Osmocote and NH4NO3 and KCl) fertilizers with EDTA were used to enhance plant growth and Pb accumulation. Greenhouse study showed that cow manure decreased available Pb concentrations and resulted in the highest Pb concentration in roots (4660 mg kg(-1)) and shoots (389.2 mg kg(-1)). EDTA increased Pb accumulation in shoots (17-fold) and roots (11-fold) in plants grown in soil with Osmocote with Pb uptake up to 203.5 mg plant(-1). Application of all fertilizers had no significant effects on relative growth rates of C. odorata. Field trial study showed that C. odorata grown in soil with 99545 mg kg(-1) total Pb accumulated up to 3730.2 and 6698.2 mg kg(-1) in shoots and roots, respectively, with the highest phytoextraction coefficient (1.25) and translocation factor (1.18). These results indicated that C. odorata could be used for phytoextraction of Pb contaminated soil. In addition, more effective Pb accumulation could be enhanced by Osmocote fertilizer. However, the use of EDTA in the field should be concerned with their leaching problems.     

绿色食品生产中土壤作物系统铅的积累与迁移研究

研究了Pb在土壤-作物生态系统中的积累和迁移,并结合水稻绿色食品生产,进行了无机肥、有机肥和生物菌肥及其配比试验．结果表明,土壤全Pb含量随土层的加深而逐渐递减,收获后土壤全Pb含量在0～15和15～30cm分别为11．14和9．37mg·kg^-1．水稻根从土壤中吸收Pb,并向茎、叶和籽粒中迁移．在同一生长期,水稻植株不同部位全Pb累积态势为：根>茎叶>籽粒．在不同生长期,随水稻生长发育,全Pb含量缓慢增加,至收获时,606—14和辽粳294籽粒中全Pb含量分别为0．008和0．007mg·kg^-1,均低于绿色食品标准．方差分析表明,品种间产量差异显著;不同处理间产量差异不显著．试验结果表明。可以用有机肥或生物菌肥来代替无机肥进行水稻生产．     

Fate of lead in the soil and its effects onPinus halepensis

Summary Chemical analysis of samples of needles of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), humus and mineral soil collected in the vicinity of the Pb-smelter in Lavrion, Attica, showed that an area of about 2 km around the smelter is heavily polluted primarily with Pb and also with Zn, S and F^–. Most of the Pb was found accumulated in the humus and the top layer of the mineral soil.About 50% of the Pb found in the samples of Aleppo pine needles could be removed by washing them in a dilute detergent solution. One and 15% of the total Pb from Pb-polluted soil and humus samples, respectively, was extracted with normal ammonium acetate solution. No Pb or a very small amount was extracted with distilled H₂O from humus and soil samples treated with concentrations of Pb as high as 3000 ppm and incubated in the laboratory for 30 days.Humus samples treated with up to 1500 ppm Pb or Pb-polluted humus samples collected from points leeward of the smelter had no adverse effects on the germination of Aleppo pine seeds. When the germination experiment was conducted on Pb-polluted humus samples from points windward of the smelter, where a temporary pine needle death had been observed, the percentage seed germination, for two years, was found reduced and negatively correlated to the distance of the humus sampling point from the Pb-smelter.In nursery experiments Pb concentrations of up to 2000 ppm, added to a calcareous soil, had no adverse effect on height increase of Aleppo pine seedlings. Very little Pb was transported from the roots to the needles after seven months growth of the seedlings on either Pb-amended soil or on Pb-polluted soil from Lavrion. Concentrations of Pb in the roots of the seedlings, however, were found high in both cases and almost proportional to concentrations of Pb in the soil.     

不同作物与玉米间作对玉米吸收积累镉的影响

采用盆栽技术,研究了7种间作作物对玉米吸收积累镉(Cd)的影响.结果表明,多数间作作物对玉米生物量没有明显影响,只有扁豆对玉米生长有较明显的抑制作用,使玉米生物量降至对照的67.8 %.间作豆科作物大幅提高玉米的Cd积累总量,其中鹰嘴豆的作用最为明显,使玉米对Cd的累积量增加1倍以上.7种间作植物对Cd也有不同水平的吸收,其中,油菜与籽粒苋可在地上部大量积累Cd（油菜地上部Cd浓度达53.9 mg·kg^-1,籽粒苋达51.0 mg·kg^-1),且籽粒苋根的Cd含量高达91.8 mg·kg^-1 (土壤Cd为3 mg·kg^-1).间作植物与玉米对Cd的吸收具有不同的交互作用特征,豆科作物在自身较少吸收Cd的条件下,显著提高了玉米对Cd的积累;籽粒苋在自身大量累积Cd的同时,一定程度上抑制了与其间作的玉米的Cd累积量;油菜地上部分吸收较多的Cd,但降低了玉米地上部分Cd含量.研究表明,如果将玉米作为大生物量的Cd污染修复植物来应用,可将其与豆科植物间作,以提高Cd清除效率;籽粒苋与油菜具有大量积累Cd的能力,可作为Cd污染土壤的修复植物.     

Elemental sulfur improves growth and phytoremediative ability of wheat grown in lead-contaminated calcareous soil

Little is known about the effect of elemental sulfur on lead uptake and its toxicity in wheat. A pot experiment was conducted with the purpose to examine the impact of sulfur on improving Pb solubility in soil, and uptake and accumulation in wheat plants. The effect of three levels of lead (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg soil) and sulfur (0, 150, and 300 mmol/kg soil) was tested in all possible combinations. Root dry matter, straw, and grain yields, and the photosynthetic and transpiration rates decreased significantly with increase in the concentration of Pb in the soil. However, sulfur fertilization in the presence of Pb improved the photosynthetic and transpiration rates and consequently increased the straw and grain yields of wheat. It also enhanced Pb accumulation in roots, its translocation from roots to shoot, and accumulation in grain. S and Zn contents of different plant parts were also enhanced. Thus, by mitigating the toxic effect of Pb and improving wheat growth, sulfur enhances Pb accumulation by the aboveground plant parts and hence the phytoextraction capacity of wheat. However, total accumulation of Pb shows that wheat plant cannot be considered as a suitable candidate for phytoremediation.     

一种新发现的铜积累植物——密毛蕨

对铜尾矿上生长的密毛蕨(Petridium revolutum)进行了野外调查分析和温室营养液砂培实验.结果表明,密毛蕨所生长的废铜矿土壤中Cu含量平均为2 432 mg·kg^-1 DW,最高达7 554 mg·kg^-1 DW;地上部生物量平均为18.33 g·plant^-1 DW,最高达40.05 g·plant^-1 DW;地上部Cu含量平均为201 mg·kg^-1 DW,最高达567 mg·kg^-1 DW;地下部Cu含量平均为346 mg·kg^-1 DW,最高达1 723 mg kg^-1 DW;密毛蕨对Cu的转移系数平均为0.81,最高达3.88.在营养液砂培的条件下,Cu 7 mg·L^-1处理没有抑制密毛蕨地上部的生长;密毛蕨体内的Cu含量随着介质中Cu浓度的增加而显著增加,但是大部分的Cu积累在地下部.密毛蕨对Cu具有较强的忍耐和较高的积累能力,可作为修复Cu污染土壤的新材料.     

Lead uptake and translocation by willows in pot and field experiments

Plant growth and lead (Pb) uptake by seven willow varieties were investigated in pot and field experiments to assess the suitability of willows for phytoremediation of Pb at heavily contaminated sites such as skeet ranges. Differences in uptake and translocation of Pb in Salix were observed between pot and field experiments. In the pot experiment, willows grown in Pb-contaminated field soil for 6 months showed tolerance to very high soil Pb concentration (21,360 mg kg(-1)), and with the addition of EDTA were able to take up and translocate more than 1000 mg kg(-1) Pb into above-ground tissues. In the field experiment, all willow varieties showed tolerance to heterogeneously high soil Pb concentrations. Plants were also able to take up and translocate Pb into above-ground tissues. However, after 4.5 months, the lead concentration in the above-ground tissues of willows grown in soil amended with EDTA was less than 200 mg kg(-1). The results from the pot experiment suggest that Salix varieties have the potential to take up and translocate significant amounts of Pb into above-ground tissues using EDTA. However, to verify the phytoextraction abilities of Salix in the field, additional research is needed.