耕种措施对农田生态系统AM真菌群落结构的影响

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌群落在农田生态系统过程中扮演着重要角色,其在改善土壤结构、增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量和抗病抗逆性等方面发挥着重要的功能。但由于农田生态系统是一种受人为干扰非常强烈的半自然生态系统,特别是施肥、种植模式、喷施农药等耕种措施均对AM真菌侵染强度、生物量、孢子密度和群落多样性产生一定的影响。本文综述了近十几年来耕种措施对AM真菌群落结构的影响,以期通过利用合理的耕作与管理措施,提高AM真菌对农田生态系统生产力的生态效应,建立符合生态、经济和社会三重效益的可持续发展型现代化农业。     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土丛枝菌根真菌群落的影响

在农业生态系统中,丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)与很多作物的根系都存在互惠互利的共生关系,与作物的生长和健康密切相关,同时,这类特殊的真菌群落也会受到施肥等农业措施的影响.本研究依托长期定位试验4个试验处理(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施秸秆、化肥配施粪肥),研究砂姜黑土AM真菌群落对不同施肥措施的响应及其影响因素,探索不同处理AM真菌指示种的存在.结果表明: 砂姜黑土中的主要AM真菌类群为原囊霉科、多孢囊霉科、巨孢囊霉科、近明球囊霉科、球囊霉科和类球囊霉科;其中类球囊霉属在化肥和有机物料配施中具有显著指示作用.与对照相比,长期单施化肥显著改变AM真菌群落结构并降低其多样性,配施秸秆处理进一步降低AM真菌群落多样性,而配施粪肥明显缓解因施用化肥而造成的多样性减少现象.检验发现,导致AM真菌群落变化最主要的影响因素是土壤pH和可溶性碳.总之,长期不同有机物料和化肥配施对砂姜黑土AM真菌群落结构和多样性会产生不同影响,其中化肥配施粪肥更有利于土壤AM真菌群落多样性的维持.     

农业生态系统中的AM真菌多样性

农业生态系统复杂庞大,是由如麦田生态系统、水稻田生态系统、果园生态系统、草地生态系统、保护地生态系统等组成的一个复合生态系统。重点介绍农业生态系统中丛枝菌根(AM)和AM真菌多样性,探讨农业生态系统中调控AM真菌多样性的途径以及今后研究的动向。     

城市生态系统中AM真菌侵染与群落结构特征

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌作为土壤微生物的重要成员之一,对城市生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义.本文系统总结了城市生态系统中AM真菌着生状况和群落结构特点,探讨了城市生态因子,如人类行为、植被重建与维护、城市土壤状况等对AM真菌着生状况和群落结构的影响,认为今后应加强城市生态系统中AM真菌群落结构与功能的研究,如关键城市生态因子(如水资源匮乏、热岛效应等)改变AM真菌群落结构的效应与机制.     

施肥对垂穗披碱草根系中丛枝菌根真菌的影响

采用传统染色与克隆测序的方法,研究了8年不同施肥(氮磷)梯度对垂穗披碱草根系中丛枝菌根(AM)侵染率和AM真菌群落的影响.结果表明: 随施肥浓度升高, 垂穗披碱草根系单位根长AM总侵染率从67.5%下降至7.3%,丛枝侵染率从5.2%降至0.1%.根系共检测出24个AM真菌分子种,但随着施肥浓度上升,AM真菌的平均物种丰富度从6种下降至2.6种.不同施肥处理对AM真菌群落结构有显著影响,土壤速效磷和根系氮含量与AM真菌群落呈极显著相关.氮磷有效性随施肥梯度逐渐上升,且与AM侵染率和AM真菌物种丰富度呈显著负相关.施高浓度氮磷肥对AM共生体有明显的抑制作用,导致AM真菌物种多样性丧失.     

丛枝菌根真菌对大气CO2浓度升高和增温响应研究进展

全球变化深刻影响着陆地生态系统生物多样性及生态功能。丛枝菌根(AM)真菌可与绝大多数陆生植物根系形成互惠共生体,在协助宿主养分吸收、促进植物生长、维持植物多样性等方面发挥着重要作用。本文主要分析了大气CO₂浓度升高(eCO₂)和增温对森林和草地生态系统AM真菌群落组成及其功能的影响。eCO₂主要通过影响宿主植物、土壤碳(C)输入等方式间接影响AM真菌,可增加AM真菌的多度和活性,影响AM真菌的多样性与群落组成。增温可直接或间接地(通过宿主植物和土壤途径)影响AM真菌,显著改变森林土壤AM真菌的群落组成,但对草地土壤AM真菌群落组成的影响尚无定论。我们提出了当前研究中存在的主要问题及未来应重点关注的内容。本文旨在明晰AM真菌对eCO₂和增温的响应和适应,增进对AM真菌介导的土壤生态功能的认识,为利用AM真菌缓解全球变化、增强土壤功能的韧性和全球变化的生态系统适应性提供依据。     

AM真菌在有机农业发展中的机遇

在农田生态系统中,许多农作物均为丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的优良宿主植物,当AM真菌与这些宿主植物建立共生关系之后,AM真菌的存在有益于宿主植物的生长。然而,传统农业耕作模式中化学肥料和农药的施用、耕作制度的不断调整和非宿主植物的种植等都不利于AM真菌的建植。有机农业生态系统排除了化学肥料和农药的施用,减少了对AM真菌生长不利的因素,促进了土壤中AM真菌数量的增加和群落多样性的提高。同时,AM真菌可以通过多种方式改善土壤物理结构、提高农作物对干旱胁迫的耐受能力以及宿主植物对病虫害的抗性/耐性、抑制杂草生长、促进营养物质的吸收,进而提高植物的生长和改善产品的品质。基于此,围绕AM真菌在有机农业发展中的生态学功能展开论述,分析当前有机农业生态系统存在的问题,探讨利用AM真菌发展有机农业的可行性及其发展的机遇,以期促进AM真菌在有机农业发展中的应用。     

丛枝菌根真菌形态结构、物种多样性和群落组成对氮沉降响应研究进展

工业革命以来,人类活动输入到生态系统中的氮迅速增加,已突破地球所能承受的氮循环阈值。过量氮沉降会造成生物多样性丧失等一系列危害,严重影响生态系统结构和功能。丛枝菌根(AM)真菌能够与大约70%-80%的陆地植物种类形成共生关系,在宿主植物养分吸收、抵抗外界不良环境压力、群落动态和物种共存、生物地球化学循环等方面具有重要的作用。探究AM真菌对氮沉降的响应对认识和把握菌根真菌缓解氮沉降的负面后果,维持生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义。本文综述了AM真菌的形态结构、物种多样性和群落组成等对氮沉降的响应机制。前人研究表明氮沉降通常降低AM真菌的根系定殖率,减少根外菌丝密度和土壤孢子密度,改变菌丝生长的时间动态;降低AM真菌多样性,改变AM真菌群落组成。氮沉降主要通过缓解植物氮限制、降低植物对菌根的依赖性、减少植物对菌根的碳分配、改变根系和土壤中菌根生物量比率、在植物根内维持稳定的菌根真菌组成作为应对未来扰动的“保险”、改变土壤资源有效性及土壤酸度等直接和间接途径影响AM真菌结构和功能。我们建议在未来研究中整合多组学手段、开展学科交叉,聚焦复杂的生物互作体系对氮沉降的响应机制,以及AM真菌对氮沉降响应的生态后果。     

青藏高原高寒生境中丛枝菌根真菌研究进展

极端生境往往蕴藏着具有特殊生理生态功能的生物类群。海拔高、温度低、生长季节短的青藏高原高寒草原生态系统是典型的极端生境之一,目前有关该生境中分布的丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)研究已引起广泛关注。本文从青藏高原高寒生境中AM真菌的研究概况入手,论述青藏高原高寒生境中AM真菌的群落组成、物种多样性与分布特征、菌根侵染发育状况及高寒生境对AM真菌的影响。指出高寒生境中AM真菌群落结构研究方面存在的问题,探讨解决这些问题的可能途径及其研究发展前景,以期为青藏高原高寒草原生态系统稳定性的维持与受损生态系统的恢复提供理论依据。     

AM真菌群落结构与功能研究进展

在总结最近10 a来有关丛枝菌根(AM)真菌研究的基础上,讨论了AM真菌群落结构的概念、特征、功能以及寄主植物、土壤条件、其他土壤微生物、农业技术等因素对AM真菌群落结构的影响及其调控途径;介绍了研究AM真菌群落结构的方法;探讨了今后研究的方向与前景。     

Influence of commercial inoculation with Glomus intraradices on the structure and functioning of an AM fungal community from an agricultural site

The use of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculants is growing. However, we know little about how resident AM communities respond to inoculations under different soil management conditions. The objective of this study was to simulate the application of a commercial AM fungal inoculant of Glomus intraradices to soil to determine whether the structure and functioning of that soil’s resident AM community would be affected. The effects of inoculation were investigated over time under disturbed or undisturbed soil conditions. We predicted that the introduction of an infective AM fungus, such as G. intraradices, would have greater consequences in disturbed soil. Using a combination of molecular (terminal restriction length polymorphism analysis based on the large subunit of the rRNA gene) and classical methods (AM fungal root colonization and P nutrition) we found that, contrary to our prediction, adding inoculant to soil containing a resident AM fungal community does not necessarily have an impact on the structure of that community either under disturbed or undisturbed conditions. However, we found evidence of positive effects of inoculation on plant nutrition under disturbed conditions, suggesting that the inoculant interacted, directly or indirectly, with the resident AM fungi. The inoculant significantly improved the P content of the host but only in presence of the resident AM fungal community. In contrast to inoculation, soil disturbance had a significant negative impact on species richness of AM fungi and influenced the AM fungal community composition as well as its functioning. Thus, we conclude that soil disturbance may under certain conditions have greater consequences for the structure of resident AM fungal communities in agricultural soils than commercial AM fungal inoculations with G. intraradices.     

Various forms of organic and inorganic P fertilizers did not negatively affect soil- and root-inhabiting AM fungi in a maize–soybean rotation system

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are key components of most agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, understanding the impact of agricultural practices on their community structure is essential to improve nutrient mobilization and reduce plant stress in the field. The effects of five different organic or mineral sources of phosphorus (P) for a maize–soybean rotation system on AM fungal diversity in roots and soil were assessed over a 3-year period. Total DNA was extracted from root and soil samples collected at three different plant growth stages. An 18S rRNA gene fragment was amplified and taxa were detected and identified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by sequencing. AM fungal biomass was estimated by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Soil P fertility parameters were also monitored and analyzed for possible changes related with fertilization or growth stages. Seven AM fungal ribotypes were detected. Fertilization significantly modified soil P flux, but had barely any effect on AM fungi community structure or biomass. There was no difference in the AM fungal community between plant growth stages. Specific ribotypes could not be significantly associated to P treatment. Ribotypes were associated with root or soil samples with variable detection frequencies between seasons. AM fungal biomass remained stable throughout the growing seasons. This study demonstrated that roots and soil host distinct AM fungal communities and that these are very temporally stable. The influence of contrasting forms of P fertilizers was not significant over 3 years of crop rotation.     

农药对烟草AM真菌接种效应的影响

AM真菌能与烟草根系形成良好的共生关系,促进宿主生长,提高烤烟品质和产量,施用农药是否会影响AM真菌对烟草的接种效应,尚无定论,本研究用AM真菌Glomus mosseae对烟草植株进行接种,按正常施用量喷施不同种类的农药,通过对AM真菌侵染率,烟草根系活力,土壤孢子数量等的测定。研究喷施农药对AM真菌接种效应的影响。以便为菌根化烟草生产提供依据。     

Biodiversity of soil microbial communities in agricultural systems

The productivity and health of agricultural systems depend greatly upon the functional processes carried out by soil microorganisms and soil microbial communities. The biodiversity of the soil microbial communities and the effect of diversity on the stability of the agricultural system, is unknown. Taxonomic approaches to estimating biodiversity of soil microbial communities are limited by difficulties in defining suitable taxonomic units and the apparent non-culturability of the majority of the microbial species present in the soil. Analysis of functional diversity may be a more meaningful approach but is also limited by the need to culture organisms. Approaches which do not rely on culturing organisms such as fatty acid analysis and 16S/18S rRNA analysis have provided an insight into the extent of genetic diversity within communities and may be useful in the analysis of community structure. Scale effects, including successional processes associated with organic matter decomposition, local effects associated with abiotic soil factors, and regional effects including the effect of agricultural management practices, on the diversity of microbial communities are considered. Their impact is important in relation to the minimum biodiversity required to maintain system function.     

Community Structure of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizospheric Soil of a Transgenic High-Methionine Soybean and a Near Isogenic Variety

The use of transgenic plants in agriculture provides many economic benefits, but it also raises concerns over the potential impact of transgenic plants on the environment. We here examined the impact of transgenic high-methionine soybean ZD91 on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil. Our investigations based on clone libraries were conducted in field trials at four growth stages of the crops each year from 2012 to 2013. A total of 155 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of AM fungi were identified based on the sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes. There were no significant differences found in AM fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil during the same growth stage between transgenic soybean ZD91 and its non-transgenic parental soybean ZD. In addition, plant growth stage and year had the strongest effect on the AM fungal community structure while the genetically modified (GM) trait studied was the least explanatory factor. In conclusion, we found no indication that transgenic soybean ZD91 cultivation poses a risk for AM fungal communities in agricultural soils.     

丛枝菌根（AM）生物技术在现代农业体系中的生态意义

菌根是植物根系与特定的土壤真菌形成的共生体,有利于生态系统中养分循环,协助植物抵御不良环境胁迫．自然条件下,大多数植物表现一定的菌根依赖性,在植株根系发育过程中如能与适宜的菌根真菌形成良好的菌根结构,可提高产量,改善品质,其中丛枝菌根是最普遍的类型．丛枝菌根帮助植物抵御不良环境胁迫及病虫害,促进植物健康生长,可减少化学肥料、杀虫剂施用量,以减少对环境、生态不利的化学物质施用量．丛枝菌根共生体可加速根系生长,提高对移动性低的无机离子吸收,加速养分循环利用,增强植物对不良胁迫(生物与非生物)因素的耐受力,形成良好的土壤结构,提高植物群体的多样性．文章综述了丛枝菌根真菌生态特征,丛枝菌根对寄主植物的影响,丛枝菌根生物技术应用于农业体系的生态意义及其应用潜力．