福建旅游型海岛景观格局变化——以妈祖圣地湄洲岛为例

在RS和GIS技术支持下,利用1993和2005年遥感资料,选取景观斑块数、多样性指数、均匀度、优势度、分维数、破碎度等反映景观空间格局的指数,对福建省旅游型海岛典型代表湄洲岛的景观格局变化进行了分析。结果表明:1993—2005年,湄洲岛总的景观斑块数明显增加;景观多样性指数虽略有减少,但整体较高;景观破碎化指数呈明显增加趋势;在各景观类型中,建设用地、林地、沙滩及裸岩3种与旅游业紧密相关的景观类型面积增加,破碎化程度提高,受人类干预的强度在加大;耕地、荒草地、坑塘水体、海滩景观斑块类型的面积减少、破碎化程度降低,受人类干预的强度在缩小。     

基于多种方法的景观格局动态变化综合分析——以辽宁省铁岭市为例

景观格局变化一直是景观生态学研究的核心问题之一,也是相关生态和环境过程研究的基础.本文应用3S技术,综合传统的空间统计分析、转移矩阵、景观指数和景观动态指数、Kappa指数系列,并引入模糊Kappa指数方法,以铁岭市2002-2011年间景观格局变化为例进行了综合研究.结果表明:铁岭市景观空间格局在研究时段内发生一定程度的变化.旱地面积大幅增加,水田面积明显减少,各景观类型之间均有相互转化.景观格局总体的变化趋势是形状趋于复杂、异质性增加、破碎化加剧,人为干扰的影响较明显.研究区域2002-2007年综合景观动态度指数明显高于2007-2011年,景观动态总体呈现放缓趋势.通过Kappa指数系列可知,研究时段内研究区景观变化由景观类型之间变化为主逐渐转变为各类斑块位置上的变化为主.应用多种方法进行综合分析更能全面有效地反映景观格局变化.     

汉江流域景观格局变化对土壤侵蚀的影响

在流域尺度上,景观格局变化是决定土壤侵蚀程度的重要因素。以汉江流域为研究区域,基于2000—2015年四期土地利用类型数据及环境气象数据,运用中国土壤流失方程和逐步回归法,探究景观格局变化对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)在2000—2015年间,汉江流域土壤侵蚀量下降,高值区分布在流域中部草地区,低值区分布在流域东西两侧的林地和耕地区。不同坡度下各等级土壤侵蚀量不同,侵蚀量最大值出现在10—30°的坡度范围内。(2)研究期间,汉江流域的景观破碎化程度加强,斑块形状趋于简单,各斑块自身连通性增强,景观类型空间分布均匀。(3)汉江流域土壤侵蚀量与斑块密度和平均邻接度指数呈正相关,与蔓延度指数和香农均匀度指数呈负相关,即景观破碎度越高、连通性越差,土壤越容易遭受侵蚀,反之则不易受到侵蚀;研究表明景观格局变化对土壤侵蚀有显著影响,结果可为流域尺度景观管理与水土保持研究提供参考。     

1980—2015年秦岭地区景观格局变化及其对人为干扰的响应

了解景观格局变化及其对人为干扰的响应对于生态系统保护和管理具有重要意义.本研究利用秦岭地区1980—2015年土地利用数据,基于景观格局指数和地表覆盖分类系统,构建景观格局脆弱度指数和人为干扰度,研究了秦岭地区景观格局时空变化及其对人为干扰的响应.结果表明: 1980—2015年,秦岭地区景观破碎化程度逐渐增加,景观形状变得复杂,景观聚集度、连通性降低,景观格局指数空间分布呈现明显的地形分异特征;景观格局脆弱性整体呈下降趋势,其中,低脆弱区空间格局变化比较明显,主要以西安市、汉中市为中心向周围区域扩张;景观格局人为干扰程度逐渐增加,空间分布表现为东部高、西部低,北坡高、南坡低,周边高、中间低;人为干扰度越大,景观格局脆弱度、斑块密度、Shannon多样性指数越大,聚集指数、最大斑块指数越小;人为干扰程度对景观格局脆弱度影响逐渐减弱,对Shannon多样性指数、最大斑块指数的影响逐渐增强,而对斑块密度、聚集指数的影响变化不明显.     

陕北黄土高原景观破碎化及其土壤裸露效应

破碎化是黄土高原典型的景观特征 ,深刻影响着区域的景观格局与功能。为深入探讨黄土高原景观破碎化的格局特征及其生态效应 ,选择陕北黄土高原为研究区 ,结合景观格局指数与主成分分析对破碎化程度进行量化 ,并针对研究区相应的景观格局特征、造成破碎化的景观类型及土壤裸露程度 ,进行组成、分布及动态分析。研究结果发现陕北黄土高原景观格局中的斑块密度特征对破碎化有较强的指示意义 ,其次则是景观的空间构型特征。草地和农地等与人为活动关系较为密切的景观类型是造成研究区景观破碎化的主要原因 ,且高破碎化区域的土壤裸露值明显高于低破碎化区域     

平潭海坛岛景观格局动态变化及其生态效应分析

以平潭海坛岛为研究区,基于1990 年landsat TM 和2010 年ALOS 遥感影像,在ArcGIS 和Fragstats 等软件平台支持下,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和动态度模型,以及景观格局指数,对20 年来研究区景观格局时空动态变化及其生态效应进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:近20 年来景观格局动态变化显著。建设用地和居民地增长幅度最大,农用地和沙滩则降幅最显著。研究区景观格局主要景观类型为农用地和林地,景观类型转移主要表现为农用地与林地的相互转化,以及二者向城镇用地(居民地、建设用地和道路交通)转化。从类型水平上看,各类型斑块均趋于破碎化;在景观水平上,研究区景观格局向着多样化方向发展,景观的异质性增强,景观呈破碎化程度加深;从景观生态效应空间变化看,人为活动的影响沿着交通干线、城镇区在整个研究区蔓延扩展。     

三峡库区典型流域“源”“汇”景观格局时空变化对侵蚀产沙的影响

以三峡库区王家桥流域为研究对象,基于五期遥感影像(1995、2000、2005、2010和2015)提取流域景观格局,采用马尔科夫模型研究"源""汇"景观格局时空变化,并结合野外多年实测数据建立景观格局指数与产沙量之间的关系,分析景观格局对流域侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明:1995—2015年,王家桥流域景观格局时空变化明显,呈破碎化发展趋势。"源"景观面积持续下降,"汇"景观面积持续增长。在降雨量时序曲线相似的条件下,斑块类型尺度的景观指数对侵蚀产沙量的解释能力高于景观尺度。斑块类型尺度,"源""汇"景观指数与径流输沙量的复相关系数分别为0.946和0.903,均显著相关。对于"源"景观而言,相似邻近百分比(PLADJ)与斑块结合度(COHESION)是影响流域侵蚀产沙的重要指标。径流输沙量与PLADJ和COHESION指数呈正相关关系,输沙量随指数的增大而增大。对于"汇"景观而言,斑块密度(PD)、边界密度(ED)、景观形状指数(LSI)是影响流域侵蚀产沙的重要指标,径流输沙量与PD和LSI呈负相关关系,输沙量随着指数的增大而减小。斑块类型尺度上,流域景观格局时空变化对泥沙输出影响显著。研究结果可为建立其他流域景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀响应关系提供参考。     

快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究——以深圳市为例

研究一个以城市化过程为主的土地利用/覆盖变化可以从不同的角度出发。选择景观生态学中的景观格局的研究方法,对快速城市化地区——深圳市的城市化过程中的土地利用/覆盖的动态变化进行研究。具体选择景观格局指数中的破碎度指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和聚集度指数,来表征斑块水平、景观水平、区域水平3个不同层次的土地覆盖格局。首先在区域水平上,分析了深圳全市,以及经济特区和特区外的宝安区、龙岗区的土地覆盖格局变化。在此基础上,以研究区的镇级行政单元为景观单元,计算了镇级行政区域以及镇级行政区海拔0～30m的区域的景观格局指数,在景观水平上分析了区域经济发展水平和速度,以及地形因素对土地覆盖格局变化的影响。随后分析了研究区各土地覆盖类型以及不同时期的斑块水平上的土地覆盖格局。最后以城镇用地比例表征城市化水平,讨论了城市化水平与土地覆盖格局变化的关系。在城市化初期,景观类型多样性和斑块破碎化程度出现上升趋势,空间聚集性下降,生态安全问题开始突现。在城市化水平20%～40%之间,其景观类型多样性和斑块破碎化程度达到较高水平,而空间聚集度水平较低,生态安全水平明显下降;随着城市化过程的不断深入,城市化水平不断提高,景观类型多样性和斑块破碎化程度又出现了较为明     

基于“空间形态-破碎化-聚集度”的粤港澳大湾区森林景观格局时空演变

森林景观格局的时空演变研究能够帮助理解区域森林变化过程。传统的景观指数方法多以均值为计算结果且空间信息表达不足,基于形态学方法能够从空间上直观辨别景观类型,综合破碎化和聚集度的定量分析有助于进一步认识森林景观格局的演变特征。以1990、2000、2010、2020年粤港澳大湾区土地利用数据为基础,建立基于“空间形态-破碎化-聚集度”的综合研究框架,开展大湾区森林景观格局的时空演变研究。结果表明：(1)近30年大湾区森林形态以核心区为主,森林面积逐渐减少,而2010—2020年减少速率降低,各类型森林斑块均有所恢复;(2)整体破碎化程度较低,中部破碎化地区表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势;(3)聚集度结果表明,距离森林边界500 m内的森林斑块面积最大,约占研究区总面积的30%,而距离大于4.5 km的非森林斑块面积几乎翻倍增加,应重点关注该区域的森林损失。研究有助于全面理解森林景观格局的变化特征,相关结果可为粤港澳大湾区的森林生态修复工程、国土空间规划以及城市可持续发展提供科学依据。     

锦州湾沿海经济开发区景观格局动态变化

综合运用GIS、RS及景观生态学的理论和方法,对锦州湾沿海经济开发区1992年TM、2000年ETM和2007年TM遥感影像进行解译,在类型和景观2个水平上分别对研究区的景观格局及其动态变化进行分析。结果表明:15年间,研究区的景观格局特征变化显著;从景观总体水平上看,景观斑块总数显著增加,斑块密度不断增大,最大斑块指数明显降低,景观形状日趋复杂;从斑块类型水平上看,耕地、林地和未利用地面积减少,斑块数目增多,破碎化程度增加,连通性降低;城镇用地、农村居民点及交通工矿用地面积显著增加,斑块分维指数增大,连通性增强;人口增加和社会经济的迅猛发展,公路铁路等基础建设投资的扩大对景观空间结构有着强烈的影响,使景观破碎化程度加深。     

Forest ecosystem restoration due to a national conservation plan in China

China has a long history of large-scale deforestation that has contributed to serious consequences such as frequent geological disaster, flood and soil erosion. It was only recently that forest management strategy shifted from the traditional harvesting orientation to a more balanced forest ecosystem management approach with a focus on conservation. To understand the effects of such a shift, on the forest dynamics especially since the implementation of Natural Forest protection Project (NFPP), this paper examined the case of Lushuihe region, a typical region of the northeast China forest zone. Land use and landscape pattern for the period of 1975-2007 were analyzed based on Landsat MSS and TM images. Net primary, productivity (NPP), estimated with the CASA productivity model, was used to assess the human impacts on the forest ecosystem function. The results showed a reversing trend of forest cover since 1988, from continuous decrease to rather rapid increase. From 1975 to 1988, due to reckless deforestation, the forest cover in the case region decreased about 10439.39 ha (8.54% of the study area). Forest cover of the region recovered from 77.68% in 1988 to 89.56% in 1999 and 92.33% in 2007. While the forest cover increased, landscape metrics indicate that human disturbance significantly altered the composition and structure of the forest landscape. NPP change indicated a continued decreasing trend until 2007, albeit at a slower pace since 1988. In 2007, while the decreasing trend of NPP was reversed, the forest structure was still inferior to that of 1975. Looking forward, diversifying and securing the livelihoods of the still growing local population that have been heavily dependent on the traditional forestry industry remain one of the key challenges as well as solutions for enhancing and managing the regional forest ecosystem structure and function in the region.     

Dynamics of Forest Landscape Patterns Along the Main Road in Xishuangbanna

In this paper, we investigated dynamics of forest landscape along the main roads in Xishuangbanna from 1976 to 1988, and from 1988 to 2003, using FRAGSTATS software and the GIS technology, based on the results interpreted from the Landsat MSS TM ETM imageries in 1976, 1988, 2003. Some representative quantitative indices of landscape diversity, including mean patch area, percent of landscape , perimeter-area fractal dimension , aggregation , Shannon′s diversity index , and Shannon′s equality index were used to describe the changes in the spatial pattern of landscape elements. Comparing with whole region of Xishuangbanna during last 27 years , the results showed that the man-made landscape (rubber plantation) and non-forested landscape along the main road expanded faster and their percentage were greater, whereas the natural landscape ( primitive forest patches) reduced faster and its percentage was smaller . There were obviouseffects of road on landscape which the forest coverage was decreased , and rubber plantation landscape was increased with the distance from the road . The natural forest landscape had been fragmented. Especially, the tropical seasonal rain forest was affected severely, while the area and contagion of rubber plantation and shrub increased. The whole landscape pattern along the main road tended to be diversiform, equal and fragmented. The landscape was still dominated by natural landscapes but this dominance was weakening . A case study about the displacement of landscape patch centroids showed that the spatial centroids of many types of landscape, including rubber plantation, tropical seasonal rain forest, mountain rain forest, shrub and non-forested land had moved away from the road. All of these changes in landscape pattern would lead the deterioration of these region environments.     

基于ALOS影像的黄土丘陵区典型流域景观空间格局

基于ALOS卫星的中、高分辨率遥感影像,解译出与燕沟流域(燕沟流域是黄土丘陵沟壑区的典型小流域)生态恢复、农业生产、生活密切相关的7种景观类型,利用景观多样性和景观异质性两类指数分析了2007年燕沟流域景观格局和景观功能,并结合数字高程模型(DEM)数据,对燕沟流域整体和局部的土地景观格局合理性进行评价.结果表明:燕沟流域的主导景观类型为灌丛和林地,且主要分布在大于25°的坡面上;研究区景观斑块分维数为1.09,景观空间格局稳定;生态防护、生产经济和生活服务型景观的面积比例约为23∶9∶1;燕沟流域的相对合理度为0.76,景观整体布局较合理,但半阴坡、海拔900 m以下区域的土地利用合理度较低,其合理度分别为0.74和0.02.     

BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: Diversity and distribution of macroinvertebrates in lentic habitats in massively altered landscapes in south‐eastern Australia

Aim We investigated whether faunas of lentic macroinvertebrates differed among two landscape types: (1) those that are largely covered in forests (presumed to be in a more pre‐human‐impact condition) and (2) those that are completely cleared for agricultural exploitation (massively altered). Location Five pairs of landscapes (each pair referred to as a region) – one of each landscape type – across a 30,000 km² region of north‐central Victoria, Australia. Methods Each individual waterbody was surveyed three times (austral spring 2006, autumn 2007, and spring 2007) for invertebrates. Waterbodies were characterized by measurements of static (e.g. abutting vegetation cover) and labile (e.g. pH) variables. Data were analysed using hierarchical Bayesian models of species richness, α‐ and β‐diversities and functional feeding groups. Assemblage composition was related to landscape and in‐waterbody characteristics. Results Neither measured, nor asymptotic estimates of, species richness differed among landscape types, notwithstanding consistent differences in in‐waterbody habitat characteristics among waterbodies in the two landscape types. There were no discernible differences in patterns of α‐ and β‐diversities at landscape scales relating to landscape type. Habitat diversity of waterbodies at the landscape scale did not affect β‐diversity, although distinct waterbodies within landscapes tended to have more distinct faunas. Main conclusions The lentic macroinvertebrate faunas are relatively homogeneous over the entire region, with little differentiation between wooded and cleared landscapes. The regional fauna may be a homogenized subset of native species, possibly arising from the huge numerical predominance of lentic habitats in agricultural landscapes producing ‘spill‐over’ effects into forested landscapes. Of taxa more frequently found in one or other landscape type, trophic group diversity was greater in forested landscapes.     

辽宁省土地退化与景观生态建设

利用1997－1998年1：25万辽宁省TM遥感影像及相应的GIS获取的数据,调查分析了辽宁省土壤侵蚀,土地沙化和盐渍化3种类型土地退化程度,面积和分布,结果表明,全省92．52％的土地面积遭受不同程度的侵蚀,3．39％的土地为沙化土地,2．22％土地为盐渍化土地,在此基础上,以新的角度进行全省地土地退化分区,现代侵蚀退化区,地质侵蚀退化区和沙化盐渍化退化区,分析不同区域内不同类型的退化特点和原因,依据区域自身特点和景观生态学原理,提出相应的景观生态建设恢复治理模式。     

基于CA_Markov模型的伊犁河三角洲景观格局预测

在遥感和水文数据的支持下,结合伊犁河三角洲的区域特点,确定了伊犁河三角洲的景观分类系统.通过景观生态学的定量分析和CA_Markov模型模拟方法,系统分析了1975-2 007年伊犁河三角洲景观格局的时空演变特征,并对2020年景观格局的情景进行了模拟与预测.结果表明：在人为间接干扰和自然环境的双重影响下,1975-2007年伊犁河三角洲的景观格局变化具有一定的周期性和不稳定性;对CA_Markov模型的可利用性进行分析与检验,1990-2007年伊犁河三角洲景观变化符合CA_Markov模型应用的条件;2020年,研究区景观的斑块破碎化严重,连通性趋于弱化,与水密切相关的湖泊、沼泽和漫滩的时空变化存在很大的不确定性;分别基于1990-2000年和2000-2007年概率转移矩阵预测的2020年研究区景观格局存在显著的差异性,不同景观类型的差异程度和表现形式各异,原因在于这两个时段自然条件的非一致性和不稳定性以及各景观类型的转移方式和方向不同.     

Analysis of land cover and landscape change patterns in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve,China from 1972 to 2013

For effective monitoring and protection, researchers need to analyze the trends and causes of landscape pattern change in wetlands. The present study used Geographic Information System and remote sensing technology to analyze temporal and spatial dynamics of landscape pattern and related driving forces in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (ELWNNR) in China. We used Landsat images from 1972, 1998, 2007 and 2013, and classified the landscape into six types of land cover: water body, wetland, vegetation, salinized land, desert, and other objects (i.e., Gobi and Mountain). Landscape transition matrices and change pattern analysis were used understand wetland dynamics. Our results showed that land cover had changed dramatically during 1972–2013. The spatial extent of much of the wetland areas in the ELWNNR had reduced gradually from 1972 to 2007, and wetland loss occurred more rapidly after 2007. From 1972 to 2013, 415.8 km² of wetland area had been lost and only 250.1 km² wetland area had expanded, which represents a 22% decrease in wetland area in the ELWNNR. At the same time, the landscape pattern experienced diverse changes in the Nature Reserve. The high-density human population of the region has an intensive effect on the region. Wetlands in the nature reserve have also changed with recent rapid development in the region. This study may provide scientific information for developing effective and sustainable conservation plans for the ELWNNR.     

东北黑土区小流域农业景观结构与土壤侵蚀的关系

以黑土侵蚀区的拜泉县双阳河流域为案例,提取地形和土壤类型相对接近的30个上游子流域作为分析样本。以遥感、GIS和FRAGSTATS软件为平台获得景观格局指数,运用基于GIS的RUSLE模拟土壤侵蚀,通过相关性分析和多元回归研究景观指数与侵蚀模数的呼应关系。从而探讨土地利用调整和流域综合治理下的景观结构特征对土壤侵蚀的影响,为当地或同类地区土地利用规划和侵蚀治理提供科学参考。结果表明：顺坡垄农田面积百分比、景观聚集度与土壤侵蚀模数显著正相关,灌木林地、草地面积百分比、香农多样性指数与土壤侵蚀模数显著负相关。9个结构因子与土壤侵蚀模数的复相关系数（R=0．931）大于单因子相关系数,多个景观结构因子综合地影响了土壤侵蚀,且达到高度相关。研究区侵蚀强度较轻,但大于东北黑土区土壤容许流失量标准。农田是土壤水蚀的主要景观要素,同时也是水土保持的主战场。增加灌草地斑块、实施农田保护性耕作等将是该流域继续控制土壤侵蚀的有效办法之一。     

南京城市扩展过程中聚落斑块的行为特征

城市化过程具体表现为聚落斑块在景观上的消涨过程.基于南京地区1988、1998和2003年的Landsat TM影像,将聚落斑块按演变形式分成新生、消亡、延展、收缩、融合、分裂和混合7种变化模式,分析了各类斑块沿城乡梯度带的分布格局.结果表明:1998-2003年研究区聚落斑块的总面积迅速增加,斑块数量、平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数等均保持同步增长趋势,新生型与混合型构成斑块演变的主体,但收缩和消亡斑块的负贡献率也持续上升;各演变类型斑块沿城乡梯度带的空间分布格局在2个时段上不尽相同;1988-1998年,混合型斑块在主城区表现为高密度扩张;1998-2003年则表现为低密度蔓延,主城区外各梯度带则没有明显的阶段性差异,新生斑块的城乡梯度格局在2个时段基本一致,其密度、面积比例在主城区较小,城市边缘区较高,向外则随离主城区距离的增加而递减;延展斑块前一时段在主城区与远郊存在2个高发区,但后一时段远郊的密度与面积比例均显著降低;收缩斑块和消亡斑块的高发区位于主城区及其边缘和远郊;比较各类斑块的城乡梯度格局发现,城市化程度高、速度快的区域,同时也存在相对快速的斑块收缩与消亡过程,主城区与城外各梯度带在扩展模式上存在阶段性差异.     

Aquatic prey switching and urban foraging by the White Ibis Eudocimus albus are determined by wetland hydrological conditions

Prey availability is known to limit reproduction of some species of nesting birds, but identifying the primary prey types of a species with a flexible diet can be challenging. For the White Ibis Eudocimus albus, a tactile feeding, medium‐sized wading bird, nestling prey composition is suggested to depend on landscape water depths/availability of foraging habitat at the time of nesting and on historical drying events affecting prey production. We collected and compared inter‐ and intra‐annual diet variation of White Ibis chicks reared in the Everglades over two years that were independently identified as being relatively good (2006) and poor (2007) nesting seasons. We collected 127 nestling boluses and analysed the temporal variation in biomass of eight functional prey groups using multivariate techniques. The boluses from 2006 in the central Everglades were dominated by fish, but in 2007, after fish had been reduced by the previous year of drying, the boluses from the same region were more variable and dominated by garbage (i.e. scavenging). Analysis of five different collections taken from a different colony in the northern Everglades indicated that boluses were characterized by crayfish and had fewer fish or less garbage when landscape water depths were relatively higher and more preferred habitat was available. At lower landscape water depths in 2007 the bolus composition shifted away from crayfish towards small fish and urban food (terrestrial insects and garbage). Our results support the suggestion of depth‐dependent diets; prey composition depends on the current landscape water levels around the colonies, and also suggests that previous drying events can lead to increased reliance on alternative food sources. White Ibis partially compensated for unavailable aquatic prey with alternative urban foods, but their nesting success appears to have suffered.