烟草植株各部位的草酸含量变化（简报）

土培与水培的中烟90烟草植株中草酸含量呈现叶片与根中高,茎中低的哑铃状,根中含量高于叶片,根、,不同叶位叶片和不同部位茎中含量在在早晚没有明显差异。叶片中的含量随叶位不同而不同,成熟叶的含量高于幼叶和老叶。     

基于减量精细采样法估算小麦叶片氮积累量的最佳归一化光谱指数

基于6个小麦品种、5个施氮水平、4年田间试验条件下不同生育时期的小麦叶片高光谱反射率和相应的氮含量及生物量,采用减量精细采样法,系统构建了350～2500 nm范围内所有两两波段组成的归一化光谱指数［NDSI（i, j）］,综合分析了小麦叶片氮积累量(LNA, g N·m^-2)与NDSI（i, j）的定量关系,确定了估算叶片氮积累量的新高光谱特征波段和光谱指数,进而建立了小麦叶片氮积累量监测模型.结果表明：估算小麦叶片氮积累量的敏感波段主要存在于可见光区和近红外区,最佳特征波段组合为720 nm和860 nm;基于NDSI(860,720)的叶片氮积累量监测模型为LNA=26.34×［NDSI(860,720)］^1.887（R²=0.900,SE=1.327）.利用独立试验资料的检验结果表明,基于NDSI(860,720)建立的回归模型对小麦叶片氮积累量的估测精度为0.823,RMSE为0.991 g N·m^-2,模型预测值与观察值之间的符合度较高.可利用新的归一化高光谱参数NDSI(860,720)来估算小麦叶片氮积累量.     

基于上部叶片SPAD值估算小麦氮营养指数

快速、准确的监测诊断小麦氮营养状态对于评价小麦长势、指导氮肥运筹并预测籽粒产量均具有重要的意义.基于2009-2011年的大田试验,系统分析了小麦上部4张单叶不同叶位的SPAD值和归一化SPAD指数(NDSPADij)与氮营养指数的定量关系,通过简单分组线性回归筛选出在不同年际和不同品种间表现稳定的氮营养指数(NNI)定量方程.结果表明,小麦上部不同叶位SPAD值和NNI随施氮量提高而提高,而NDSPADij随施氮量的提高而降低.小麦单叶SPAD值与NNI的关系呈显著正相关,但这种关系在品种或年份之间不稳定,对小麦氮素诊断存在风险;除NDSPAD12外,NDSPADij与NNI之间呈显著负相关,经简单分组线性分析发现NDSPAD14与NNI之间在年份和品种之间表现最稳定,能够较好的定量估算氮营养指数,从而快速诊断小麦氮素是否亏缺.     

黄土高原不同种植密度下春小麦冠层和叶片高光谱反射特征

2006年4-8月,通过大田试验,测定了7个密度梯度下3个品种的春小麦冠层、叶片在不同生育期的高光谱反射率.结果表明:孕穗期,不同密度的春小麦冠层和叶片光谱差异明显,波形相似,其冠层光谱反射率在可见光区随密度增大降低,在近红外区反射率随密度增加升高;乳熟期,不同种植密度春小麦冠层光谱在可见光区的差异比近红外区小;不同密度的叶片光谱在可见光区和近红外区的变化在不同生育期表现出一致性,但随密度变化的规律性不明显;不同生育期的冠层光谱表现为乳熟期的反射率高于孕穗期;叶片光谱表现为乳熟期较孕穗期在近红外光区反射率大大降低;不同品种春小麦的冠层和叶片光谱存在一定差异;孕穗期,不同品种的冠层光谱在可见光区差异较小,差别主要表现在短波红外和近红外区;成熟期,不同品种冠层光谱的差异小;不同品种叶片光谱在近红外区的差异显著;春小麦红边存在双峰现象,从孕穗期到乳熟期,红边位置蓝移,红边幅值降低,红边面积减小;红边幅值的变化可用于估产,红边位置的变动可指示生育阶段.     

应用近红外光谱估测小麦叶片氮含量

研究利用近红外光谱(near-infrared, NIR)和化学计量学方法估测小麦(Triticum aestivum)新鲜叶片和粉末状干叶中全氮含量的可行性, 并建立小麦叶片氮含量估测模型, 以期为小麦氮素营养的精确管理提供理论依据。以3个小麦田间试验观测资料为基础, 分别运用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)、反向传播神经网络(back-propagation neural network, BPNN)和小波神经网络(wavelet neural network, WNN), 建立小麦叶片氮含量的鲜叶和粉末状干叶近红外光谱估测模型, 用随机选择的样品集对所建模型进行测试和检验。结果显示, 利用PLS、BPNN和WNN 3种方法构建的近红外光谱模型均能准确地估测小麦叶片氮含量, 其中基于BPNN和WNN的模型优于基于PLS的模型, 且以基于WNN的模型表现最好。对模型进行检验的结果显示, 粉末状干叶模型的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.147、0.101和0.094, 鲜叶模型的RMSEP分别为0.216、0.175和0.169, 模型的相关系数均在0.84以上。因此, 利用近红外光谱估算小麦叶片氮素营养精确可行, 对其他作物的氮素营养估测提供了借鉴和参考。     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦冠层叶片色素密度监测

作物叶片色素状况是评价植株光合效率和营养胁迫的重要指标,冠层叶片色素密度（单位土地面积叶片色素总量）的实时无损监测对作物生长诊断、产量估算及氮素管理具有重要意义。以包括不同品质类型（高蛋白、中蛋白和低蛋白）的多个小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的连续2a大田试验为基础,研究了小麦叶片色素密度与冠层高光谱参数的定量关系。结果表明,叶片色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素）密度随施氮水平增加而提高,不施氮处理的叶片色素密度随生育进程而下降,施氮处理的叶片色素密度呈单峰曲线,品种间存在明显差异。群体叶片色素密度的敏感波段主要分布在可见光区,而红边区域导数光谱表现更显著。光谱参数VOG2、VOG3、RVI（810,560）、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb等与叶绿素密度关系较为密切,线性方程决定系数R^2均在0．858以上,而与类胡萝卜素密度关系减弱,决定系数R^2低于0．780,且参数间差异较小。经独立试验资料的检验表明,VOG2、VOG3、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb对不同色素的估测结果较好,预测相对误差RE低于17．6％,虽然对叶绿素b的准确性稍低。总体上,光谱参数VOG2、VOG3、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb与小麦群体叶片色素密度关系密切,特别是对叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素a＋b的密度可以进行准确可靠的实时监测。     

黄土塬区不同品种玉米间作群体生长特征的动态变化

不同玉米品种间作,品种间的竞争对群体结构和产量可能有促进作用.为了明确不同密度下品种间作对不同生育期群体生长特征的影响,以及在不同生育期的变化规律,选用郑单958和沈单16两个不同株型的玉米品种在中、高两种密度条件下进行隔行间作田间试验.研究结果表明:不同密度间作群体叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)显著增加,同密度不同品种间作LAI在生育后期显著增加,有利于形成合理的冠层结构以获得更多的光照;中等密度下品种间作单株叶面积较单作显著增加,而高密度间作显著降低了单株叶面积;中等密度下,品种间作地上部干物质积累量显著增加,郑单958尤为突出,但高密度间作时的增加幅度较小,这与高密度下株高、茎粗相对减小有关.品种株高、茎粗随间作密度的增加而有所增加,对间作竞争的响应与品种特性密切相关;在不同生育期,郑单958和沈单16号表现不同的生长规律,前者在整个营养生长过程中对间作竞争的响应明显、持续和稳定,而进入生殖期后,间作的生长优势逐渐消失;后者在营养生长期干物质积累量大,但持续时间较短,表现出较弱的竞争性.品种间作可有效改善群体冠层结构,增加群体物质生产力,更好的为增产鉴定基础.     

抗旱性不同品种的小麦叶片中光合电子传递和分配对氮素水平的响应

在大田控制条件下,以植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光测定相结合的方法,研究抗旱性不同品种冬小麦拔节期叶片的光合电子传递及激发能利用分配对氮素响应的结果表明,施氮可提高抗旱性不同品种小麦叶片天线色素吸收光能的能力,虽然氮素不能改变激发能在光合碳还原（PCR）和光合碳氧化（PCO）之间的分配比例,但可提高PSⅡ总电子传递速率（JF）和Pn。低氮下不同品种小麦叶片的热耗散比例有差异,但中高氛下叶片之间无显著差异。旱地品种的鼻值随氮素水平的提高而先增加后下降,而水地品种则表现为持续升高：2个小麦品种的叶片J0值随氮素水平的提高而呈持续升高的变化趋势。氮素对叶片PSⅡ反应中心活性有影响．而不同抗旱性品种之间亦有差别,说明施氮可改善小麦叶片热耗散和光化学反应对激发能的竞争关系,从而增强光合机构的自我保护能力。     

氮素对日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’干物质分配影响的模拟

 为定量研究氮素对日光温室独本菊(Dendranthema morifolium)干物质分配的影响, 该研究以独本菊品种‘神马’为试验材料, 于2005年10月～2006年7月在北京日光温室内进行了不同定植期和不同氮素水平的栽培试验, 以生理辐热积为发育尺度, 定量分析了氮素对独本菊品种‘神马’干物质分配指数动态的影响, 建立了氮素对日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’干物质分配影响的模拟模型, 并用与建立模型相独立的数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明, 独本菊品种‘神马’叶片累积氮含量最大值出现在现蕾期, 现蕾期叶片累积氮含量适宜值为1.62 g•m^–2。模型对日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’各器官干重预测结果较好, 茎、叶和花干重的预测值与实测值之间基于1:1线的决定系数分别为0.94、0.97和0.94, 相对预测误差分别为10.3%、5.76%和4.02%。该研究建立的模型可以根据温室内的气温、太阳辐射、日长和现蕾期叶片累积氮含量预测日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’各个器官干重随生育时期的动态变化, 从而为日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’生产中氮素的优化管理提供决策支持。     

开放式空气二氧化碳浓度增高对小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

2001—2003年,利用我国唯一的农田开放式空气CO₂浓度增高 (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment,FACE) 技术平台,研究了FACE条件下冬小麦宁麦9号不同生育期N含量、吸收、分配和N效率的响应.结果表明：与对照相比,FACE处理使不同生育时期植株含N率显著降低,降幅达4.4%～13.4%;不同生育时期吸N量显著增加(7.4%～25.4%),生育中期的增幅明显大于生育前、后期;不同生育时期茎鞘的N积累能力相对增强,叶片N积累能力相对减弱,而对麦穗N积累能力的影响因生育进程而异;FACE处理使小麦不同生育时期N物质生产效率(5.5%～10.3%)、成熟期N收获指数(16.3%)和N籽粒生产效率(9.3%)均显著或极显著增加;增施N肥,使小麦不同生育时期N含量和吸收量呈增加趋势,使N效率呈下降趋势,而对N在各器官中分配的影响较小.     

不同水稻品种在不同光照条件下的光合特性及干物质积累

对12个杂交水稻品种在两类生态条件下的光合特性及干物质积累进行了研究.结果表明:水稻适应环境的能力主要由其自身因素决定,品种之间存在较大差异.品种间的净光合速率和叶绿素含量差异均比生态区域间的差异更显著.产量与总干物质量和净光合速率呈显著正相关,决定系数R²分别为0.584和0.590,与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率相关不显著.与低光强地区相比,高光强地区叶片厚度和干物质积累量增加,茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率降低.在光照充足的条件下,产量中来自于后期光合积累物质的比例较大;在光照不足的条件下,产量中来自于前期干物质积累及其转运的比例较大.     

两系法杂交水稻抽穗结实期持水量和叶绿素含量的动态变化及其与籽粒产量关系研究

对25个两系法杂交水稻抽穗结实期持水量和叶绿素含量的动态变化及其与籽粒产量关系的研究表明,杂种水分持有量变化存在因组合不同而异的特点,总体上叶片和茎鞘水分持有量抽穗结实期间表现为下降趋势,穗部水分持有量表现为先升后降的特点,以抽穗后第7d,即籽粒灌浆高峰期最大;叶、茎鞘部水分持有量所占比例呈下降趋势,穗部所占比例则一直呈上升趋势,茎鞘部始终是水分的主要贮存场所;单茎植株水分总持有量抽穗后第1天多数组合表现为正向父本优势,尔后多转为负向父本优势;籽粒产量与抽穗后各期片水分持有量呈正相关,与抽穗后第1d茎鞘水分持有量呈正相关,自第7d始转为弱负相关,与抽穗后穗部水分持有量呈正相关,与抽穗后单茎植株水分总持有量呈正相关,籽粒产量与水分持有量在各器官中分配的相关和籽粒产量与各器官水分持有量的相关趋势总体一致;两系杂交稻叶绿素含量表现为先升后降的特点,以抽穗后第7天最高,与常规稻父本相比,两系杂交稻叶绿素含量各期大多数组合低于常规稻父本,且下降速度快于常规稻父本.对于两系法杂交水稻,育种上应优先考虑选择灌浆前、中期植株水分持量优势较强、叶绿素含量较高、后期茎叶物质转运优势明显的组合;栽培上应注意保证灌浆前、中期水分及营养元素,特别是氮素的供应,还要注意后期的及时控氮脱水防贪青,促进茎叶贮存物质向籽粒运转.     

六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松树干半径变化特征及其影响因素

在2016年生长季,利用树干径向生长测量仪监测了六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松的树干半径变化,研究其昼夜和生长季的变化格局,确定主要生长期并分析期间环境因素对半径变化的影响,以期准确理解短时环境变化对树木生长的影响。结果表明: 在昼夜时间尺度,树干半径呈白天收缩、夜间恢复并增长的变化格局;在生长季时间尺度,树径变化呈相对稳定、持续增大、涨缩波动3个阶段的格局。在本研究特定的气象、土壤湿度和地形条件下,华北落叶松树干半径的主要生长期为5月14日—7月31日,最大半径生长速率出现在6月8日。影响树干半径日收缩量的环境因子在不同时段(收缩阶段、日、循环周期)基本一致,主要为温度(空气/土壤温度)、太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压差和土壤含水量,且温度的贡献率最大(50.3%～71.0%)。而影响树干半径日增长量的因子存在时段差异,在增长阶段是降水量(贡献率86.9%)和最高气温(13.1%),在循环周期是降水量(50.3%)、饱和水汽压差(29.9%)、相对空气湿度(12.7%)和太阳辐射强度(7.1%),在整日阶段仅是降水量和太阳辐射强度。树径增量的环境响应在循环周期比在日时段更敏感。     

陆生生境中喜旱莲子草的生长模式

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)原产南美洲, 后被引入到北美洲、大洋洲、东南亚和中国等地, 成为一个世界性的外来入侵种。对喜旱莲子草陆生种群的有效控制一直是一个难题。本文中通过种植实验建立了陆生生境中喜旱莲子草主枝长、生物量、叶面积和斑块面积等的生长模型。结果表明: (1)喜旱莲子草的主枝长、生物量、叶面积和斑块面积等均表现为指数式生长, 其日增长率(%)分别为4.28、11.27、11.59和8.67。(2)喜旱莲子草的地上重(x)－地下根茎重(y)的异速生长指数b约为3/4(01), 即总重和叶面积相对于主枝长呈二次幂增长, 由此可进一步推出总重和叶面积与斑块面积成正比; 生物量－叶面积的异速生长指数b约为1, 为等速生长(b＝1), 即单位生物量所支持的叶面积不随植株大小的变化而变化(冠层恒定性)。其叶面积比为88.24 cm²/g, 比叶面积为287.97 cm²/g。通过本研究期望对喜旱莲子草陆生局域斑块的生长进行预测, 同时为进一步建立其控制模型提供基础数据, 为制定经济有效的控制对策提供科学依据。     

国外松种间杂交后代生长和形态性状变异及相关性分析简

利用随机区组设计营建的试验林资料,对6种树龄5年的国外松杂种后代生长和形态性状变异及其相关进行了分析,结果显示：国外松种间杂交后代不同物种,同一物种的不同家系,同一家系内的不同单株均表现出丰富的多样性,单株材积和树干通直度的变异系数达30%~50%;而其它形态、生长性状变异系数为2%~30%。这些杂交种丰富的生长和形态变异为多目标选择奠定了基础。以湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelman var. elliottii）为母本的杂交松针叶长度变短,同时湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松（P.caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis(Senecl.) Barrett et Golfari）还表现出良好的干形性状（通直度好,分枝角小等）。以火炬松（P.taeda L.）为母本的杂交松对针叶的改良效果不明显,但是火炬松×洪都拉斯加勒比松单株平均材积大、干形通直、分枝角小、侧枝细,说明这个杂交类型具有生长快、树形紧凑等优良特性。相关分析显示生长快、针叶短、分枝角度小、树干通直度好这几个性状可以同步改良。研究认为国外松种间杂交后代生长性状不低于母本,在形态性状上湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松与母本相比针叶较稀疏,针叶长度较短,分枝角较小,因此比母本更能抵抗雨雪冰冻等自然灾害,这对于我国南方湿地松抗逆性育种具有重要的意义。     

Stem-righting mechanism in gymnosperm trees deduced from limitations in compression wood development

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In response to inclination stimuli, gymnosperm trees undergo corrective growth during which compression wood develops on the lower side of the inclined stem. High compressive growth stress is generated in the compression wood region and is an important factor in righting the stem. The aims of the study were to elucidate how the generation of compressive growth stress in the compression wood region is involved in the righting response and thus to determine a righting mechanism for tree saplings. METHODS: Cryptomeria japonica saplings were grown at inclinations of 0 degrees (vertical) to 50 degrees. At each inclination angle, the growth stress on the lower side of the inclined stem was investigated, together with the degree of compression-wood development such as the width of the current growth layer and lignin content, and the upward bending moment. KEY RESULTS: Growth stress, the degree of compression wood development, and the upward moment grew as the stem inclination angle increased from 0 to 30 degrees, but did not rise further at inclinations > 30 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the following righting mechanism for gymnosperm saplings. As the stem inclination is elevated from 0 to 30 degrees, the degree of compression wood development increases to force the sapling back to its original orientation; at inclinations > 30 degrees, the maximum degree of compression wood is formed and additional time is needed for the stem to reorient itself.     

Effects of imazamethabenz on the main shoot growth and tillering of wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

Foliar application of imazamethabenz at sublethal doses of 100 and 200 g a.i./ha to wild oat plants at the two-leaf stage without tillers greatly inhibited the growth of the main shoot but increased tillering. The near cessation of sheath and the main stem elongation indicated that the major effect of imazamethabenz on the main shoot was inhibition of intercalary growth. Low doses of imazameth-abenz treatment resulted in more leaves (including leaf primordia) in the main stem but did not affect mature first and second leaves. Sublethal doses of imazamethabenz only briefly inhibited tiller growth. A later increase in tillering in treated plants resulted from the stimulated resumed growth of tillers and the increased initiation of tiller buds. Such enhanced tillering mainly resulted from the release of apical dominance due to the inhibition or cessation of the main stem growth with imazamethabenz treatment. Both doses of imazamethabenz (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) significantly reduced the biomass of shoots and roots, but increased the ratio of roots/ shoots dry weight.     

Architecture and growth of an annual plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chenopodium album</Emphasis> in different light climates

Light climates strongly influence plant architecture and mass allocation. Using the metamer concept, we quantitatively described branching architecture and growth of Chenopodium album plants grown solitarily or in a dense stand. Metamer is a unit of plant construction that is composed of an internode and the upper node with a leaf and a subtended axillary bud. The number of metamers on the main-axis stem increased with plant growth, but did not differ between solitary and dense-stand plants. Solitary plants had shorter thicker internodes with branches larger in size and number than the plant in the dense stand. Leaf area on the main stem was not different. Larger leaf area in solitary plants was due to a larger number of leaves on branches. Leaf mass per area (LMA) was higher in solitary plants. It did not significantly differ between the main axis and branches in solitary plants, whereas in the dense stand it was smaller on branches. Dry mass was allocated most to leaves in solitary plants and to stems in the dense stand in vegetative growth. Reproductive allocation was not significantly different. Branch/main stem mass ratio was higher in solitary than dense-stand plants, and leaf/stem mass ratio higher in branches than in the main axis. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (dry mass growth per unit N uptake) was higher and light use efficiency (LUE) (dry mass growth per unit light interception) was lower in the plant grown solitarily than in the dense stand.     

IncrementR: Analysing height growth of trees and shrubs in R

Dendrochronology mostly deals with secondary (radial) growth and attention to primary (height) growth has so far been limited. However, tree-ring widths might not adequately represent stem volume increments, net primary productivity and the size of the tree stem carbon sink. The main reason for the prevailing focus on radial growth is that establishing height growth chronologies requires time-consuming and destructive methods. However, for certain ecological applications, less laboriously acquired data on height growth averaged over several successive years are satisfactory. Here we present an R package that contains a set of tools for the analysis of height growth. The tools have been developed for input data of tree-ring widths extracted from series of successive stem height levels. Tree-ring widths ideally represent four directions in each cross section to capture potential changes in stem eccentricity between various height levels. The main computed parameters provided by the package include height growth along the stem, changes of stem eccentricity and stem taper. Accurate determination of average height growth depends on the correct estimation of the number of tree rings at different stem height levels, which might be complicated by missing rings in off-pith cores. The presented package therefore also contains functions implementing common procedures for the estimation of the number of missing tree rings near to the pith. Most outputs can be visualized graphically. The package is useful for estimating height growth in ecological and dendrogeomorphological studies, especially in situations where both primary and secondary growth is influenced by different environmental factors. It is also useful for analysing tree-ring chronologies assembled using serial sectioning, which typically applies to shrubs.     

Effects of growth regulators, CCC and B9, on some potato varieties

The effects of CCC and B 9 on the growth habit of potato differed between varieties. CCC diminished stem lengths and dry weight more than Bo because CCC was applied early when shoots emerged from the soil, but B 9 was applied about 3 weeks later when several leaves had formed. In some varieties lateral stem growth was increased by treatment and in others decreased. There was an inverse relation between main stem and lateral stem growth so that varieties with vigorous main stem growth had poor lateral growth and vice-versa. Treatment with the growth-regulators diminished leaf dry weight of main stem leaves less than leaf area, but the degree of magnitudes of the changes depended on the variety. Both regulators lessened net assimilation rate. Net assimilation rate and dry matter per unit area of leaf were inversely related, possibly because accumulation of substances in leaves decreases photosynthesis. Stolon dry weight was positively correlated with main stem leaf area. There was a direct relation between stem length and tuber dry weight, suggesting that tuber initiation occurs at different stem lengths in different varieties. Tubering was earliest in Epicure and latest in King Edward. Epicure had the greatest tuber weight and smallest stem length.