水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响.结果表明:水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0～174.3条·mm-2.与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加.各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、 K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响．结果表明: 水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0~174.3 条·mm^-2．与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加．各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对枳吸收利用磷酸铝的影响

在温室沙培条件下,以枳实生苗为试材,研究了丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉对枳吸收利用难溶性磷酸盐(Al-P)的影响.结果表明：接种菌根真菌显著增加了枳的干物质量、含磷量及磷吸收量,且随Al-P施用量的提高,菌根贡献率、全株磷吸收量、真菌磷吸收量及真菌磷吸收贡献率显著增加;接种处理显著增加了枳根系与菌丝磷酸酶的分泌量,特别是酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶的分泌量,但二者随施磷量的增加而降低.真菌磷吸收贡献率与酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶含量呈极显著正相关.     

岷江百合组织培养和快速繁殖(简报)

以岷江百合新鳞茎为材料,MS NAA 0.05mg/L(单位下同) 6-BA 2.0为不定芽诱导培养基,MS NAA 0.5 6-BA 2.0 GA 2.0为增殖培养基进行培养,30d为一个继代周期,繁殖系数4～5。在1/2MS IBA 0.5 活性炭1g/L培养基上进行生根培养。移栽到腐叶土:木屑:泥塘土为1:1:1混合基质中,成活率达85%。     

低磷供应对拟南芥根系构型的影响

在人工气候箱中,采用Johnson培养基对拟南芥在低磷供应条件下根系构型的变化进行了研究,结果表明：拟南芥在磷饥饿诱导下,主根缩短,侧根密度、根毛的数量和长度显著增加,并且,根尖到第一侧根和第一根毛的距离也大大缩短。这些改变增加了根系比表面积,并且使得根系分布更加靠近土壤表层,有利于提高植物吸收土壤中有机磷的效率。低磷胁迫还导致拟南芥根系分生组织区细胞形状变异,柱细胞数量减少;主根生长和细胞伸长的动力学分析显示,磷饥饿促使拟南芥主根生长变缓,细胞长度随磷饥饿程度的加深迅速缩小。CycB1;1:GUS染色分析结果表明,低磷破坏拟南芥根系分生组织细胞分裂能力,这些结果说明磷胁迫同时抑制了细胞的伸长和分裂,从而引起拟南芥主根的缩短。     

氮磷供给对两种马先蒿根系形态建成的影响

采用溶液培养法在无寄主伴生的条件下对三色马先蒿（Pedicularis tricolor）和大王马先蒿（P. rex）进行培养,分别分析了不同氮磷供给水平（标准Long Ashton营养液、缺氮、缺磷、2倍氮、2倍磷）及不同氮素形态（硝态氮和铵态氮）对两种马先蒿根系形态建成的影响。结果表明：1）氮磷供给水平对两种马先蒿的主根长、侧根长、侧根数量以及吸器发生的影响存在种间差异,缺氮和缺磷均能促进三色马先蒿主根和侧根的伸长生长及吸器的产生,而相同条件下大王马先蒿根系生长受到抑制,且没有吸器产生;2）氮素形态对两种马先蒿根系形态建成及生长发育存在影响：1倍硝态氮的处理中,三色马先蒿的根系生长最好,生物量积累最多,相同条件下大王马先蒿根系生长和生物量积累与标准营养液处理无差异,而仅供应铵态氮对二者的生长不利。此外,发现三色马先蒿的吸器产生不需要机械刺激。初步推测,两种马先蒿的吸器产生机制或进程存在差异,氮和磷可能参与了吸器发生过程的调控。     

红花羊蹄甲的组织培养与植株再生

1植物名称红花羊蹄甲（Bauhinia blakeana Dunn）,别名洋紫荆。2材料类别幼嫩的茎段。3培养条件诱导培养基：（1）MS＋6-BA2.0mg·L-1（单位下同）＋NAA0.01＋IBA0.5。增殖培养基：     

天仙藤的组织培养及植株再生

1 植物名称 天仙藤（Fibraurea recisa Pierre）。 2 材料类别 带腋芽茎段。 3 培养条件 （1）诱导愈伤组织的培养基：MS＋6-BA2mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋NAA0.01＋Vc100;（2）芽分化及继代培养基：MS＋6-BA2＋2,4-D0.5;（3）诱导生根培养基：1/2MS＋IBA0.5＋NAA0.3。     

缺磷条件下白羽扇豆排根发育与生长素及miR164的关系

以缺磷条件下白羽扇豆为材料,观察了外源生长素NAA和生长素运输的抑制剂NPA 对白羽扇豆排根形成及其活性的影响,同时运用基因芯片与RT-PCR的方法分析了生长素信号转导途径中转录因子NAC1以及调控NAC1表达的上游microRNA164(miR164)在不同发育阶段排根中的表达变化,以探讨白羽扇豆在缺磷时排根形成与发育的调控机制.结果表明,缺磷胁迫下排根大量形成与生长素及其运输有关,排根NAC1的表达在初生阶段上调,成熟后下调,并受其上游的miR164的负调控,而排根衰老后则上述基因的表达都减弱.研究发现,在缺磷诱导的排根发生至发育成熟过程中,miR164、NAC1、生长素与排根发育之间很可能组成了一个级联系统,从而控制排根的发生与发育.     

低磷胁迫下AM真菌对枳实生苗吸磷效应及根系分泌有机酸的影响

在温室沙培灭菌条件下,以Al-P为磷源、枳为试材、Glomus mosseae (G.m)和G.versiforme (G.v)为菌剂,研究低磷胁迫下AM真菌对枳实生苗干物重、吸磷效应及根系分泌有机酸的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌显著增加枳地上部、地下部干物重,增幅16.79%~135.25%;同时显著增加其吸磷量,菌丝对植株的吸磷贡献率为17.04%~71.95%(G.m>G.v),施Al-P显著提高菌丝吸磷贡献率。接种AM真菌的根系分泌的有机酸种类与对照有所不同,未接种处理枳分泌的有机酸有草酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸和柠檬酸等6种,而接种G.m的则检测到草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸等7种,G.v处理的检测到酒石酸,接种处理均未检测到顺丁烯二酸;接种丛枝菌根真菌增加了枳根系分泌有机酸的量(比未接种处理增加19.80~56.87 mg/kg,且施用AlPO₄后有机酸含量显著增加(增加20.06~21.84 mg/kg);未接种植株根系仅分泌少量有机酸;接种植株根系分泌的有机酸以苹果酸(42.87%)、柠檬酸(39.22%)和草酸(12.06%)为主。     

Influence of the Numbers of Rhizobium supplied on the Subsequent Nodulation of the Legume Host Plant

The effect of numbers of Rhizobium supplied on the subsequentnumbers of nodules formed was tested with Phaseolus radiatusvar. aurea in water culture. Nine weeks after inoculation plants supplied with from 88,700to 887,000 bacteria per c.c. of culture solution bore significantlymore nodules than those given from 89 to 887 per c.c. An inoculumof 44,350 per c.c. produced intermediate numbers of nodules. One week after inoculation, the percentage of curled and ofinfected root-hairs on the seedlings was roughly proportionalto the logarithm of the bacterial numbers supplied, while thenumbers of nodules produced at this stage already showed a significantdifference between extreme doses of inoculum. Nine weeks after inoculation the final nodule numbers were relatedto the percentages of curled and of infected root-hairs afterone week. The final nodule numbers are related to the growth of the rootsystem since the final number of nodules per gramme of rootis independent of the initial dose of inoculum, the effect ofwhich was mainly to cause an increase in root growth.     

Phosphorus sources and availability modify growth and distribution of root clusters and nodules of native Australian legumes

A variety of native Western Australian legumes produced root clusters in sand culture confirming field and published observations. In general, these legumes grew equally well when supplied with organic or inorganic sources of phosphorus. The nitrogen content of shoots and roots varied little among treatments for all species, however, phosphorus content was always greater in plants supplied with inositol‐P. The plasticity of root growth in response to localized placement of organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus was demonstrated using a simple ‘split root’ technique. Total root dry weight was, on average, more than doubled in P‐amended sand when compared with non‐amended sand. Root clusters tended to be produced in areas of relatively high phosphorus concentration and nodules in areas of low phosphorus concentration. Levels of phosphorus in lateral roots grown in P‐amended sand were significantly different from lateral roots grown in the corresponding non‐amended sand. Growth increases averaging 70% for white sand to over 100% for yellow sand indicated a large degree of ‘plasticity’ in roots under conditions of heterogeneous supply of phosphorus. Spatially exclusive development of organs for the acquisition of nutrients is discussed in relation to requirements for carbon in organ production and maintenance.     

Mechanical impedance increases aluminium tolerance of soybean (Glycine max) roots

The effect of aluminium (Al) on root elongation was studied in solution culture and sand culture. Compared to solution culture, in sand culture a ten times higher Al supply was necessary to inhibit root elongation to a comparable degree. This was due to a much lower Al uptake into the 5 mm root tips in sand culture. Fe concentrations in root tips were also lower in sand culture. Ca concentrations were higher and less depressed by Al, whereas Mg and K concentrations were not affected by the culture substrate. Regressions of Al concentrations in root tips versus inhibition of root elongation by Al revealed root damage at lower Al concentrations in sand culture. The effect of culture substrate on Al tolerance was independent of N source and could also be shown in flowing solution culture with and without sand. The results indicate that mechanical impedance in sand culture decreased Al uptake. This may be due to enhanced exudation of organic complexors thus reducing activites of monomeric Al species.     

Sucrose utilization and mineral nutrient uptake during hairy root growth of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in liquid culture

Information concerning the sugar status of plant cells is of greatimportance during all stages of the plant life cycle. The aim of this work wasto study primary carbohydrate metabolism in hairy roots of red beet. Growth ofhairy roots of red beet in vitro and changes in concentration of major nutrientsand sugar in the media were measured over a growth cycle of 16 days. We havealso determined the levels of key enzymes in the pathways of sucrose metabolism.Sucrose concentration decreased as hairy root growth proceeded while no changein glucose and fructose levels in the medium was found during the first 3 daysindicating that external sucrose is preferably taken to the cell before it ishydrolyzed by extracellular invertase. The increase in glucose and fructoselevels in the media after 5 days of culture indicates extracellular hydrolysisof sucrose which was further supported by the activity of acid invertaseobserved during that time in the culture medium. The uptake of mineral nutrientsby hairy root of red beet was monitored continuously during the culture cycle.The preferential use of NH₄ ⁺ overNO₃ ^– at the beginning of the culture andacidification of culture media were the two most notable results concerningnitrogen nutrition during hairy root growth of red beet.     

盐胁迫下3种滨海盐生植物的根系生长和分布

我国广大滨海地区的盐土上发育着大量的盐生植物,这些植物的根系对维持土壤稳定性,减小风蚀和水蚀具有重要作用。在水培条件下,针对碱蓬、盐角草和盐地碱蓬3种滨海盐生植物,研究它们在不同盐浓度条件下根系分布的差异。结果表明:一定浓度的盐分可以促进3种盐生植物生长,但较高浓度的盐抑制其生长,特别是对根系生长的抑制作用更大。在同样盐浓度下,盐地碱蓬的生长最快,生物量也最大。在盐分浓度较低时,3种盐生植物的主根长和总根长都有所增加,与对照相比,盐角草增加的幅度较大,但高浓度的盐会抑制根系总长度的增加,其中盐角草较碱蓬和盐地碱蓬抑制的程度轻。盐分对3种植物的根系平均直径没有显著的影响,但有减小的趋势。在水培条件下,碱蓬和盐角草的根系上、中、下部分布的较均匀,而盐地碱蓬的根系中部比上部和下部有显著的增加,盐分对每种植物的根系的分布没有显著的影响。从根系的分布特征可以推断:盐角草比碱蓬和盐地碱蓬具有较强的抗盐性和耐瘠薄能力;碱蓬的耐盐能力较其它两种植物差,盐角草的耐盐性最强。根据3种滨海盐生植物的根系生长和分布特征,证明这3种植物的根系分属于2种功能型,碱蓬是浅根系功能型,盐角草和盐地碱蓬是深根系功能型。根系分布的参数表明3种滨海盐生植物中盐地碱蓬是用来加强土壤稳定性最好的植物。     

砂培体系中甜菜多粘菌生物学特性的研究

在改进的砂培体系中,甜菜多粘菌（Polymyxabetae）完成生活循环只需7天。利用砂培体系研究了多粘菌在不同pH值、光照、接种材料和接种量条件下,对寄主的侵染以及在其中繁殖的情况,研究了多粘菌完成侵染所需时间,侵染的游动孢子最初释放时间,游动孢子体外存活期和休眠孢子对温度的敏感性等生物学特性。     

Influence of substrate and burial on the development of Posidonia oceanica: implications for restoration

Posidonia oceanica is one of the few seagrasses that can colonize hard and soft substrates. To test whether substrate could affect root development of the seedlings, with a legacy effect upon transplantation to sand, we germinated seeds on hard (glass slide) versus soft (sand) substrates in microcosms. We found that sand favored root system development, with a compensatory slowing of leaf development, while glass had the opposite effect. After 4 months, we transplanted all seedlings to sand and tested for a legacy effect of initial substrate type. Leaves of seedlings germinated on sand and glass slides reached approximately the same length, but roots from seedlings germinated on glass did not develop fully. Seed burial (0–1.5 cm) did not affect seedling development. These results suggest that the culture of P. oceanica on sand prior to transplantation could enhance seedlings survival in restoration programs.     

Involvement of IAA in the interaction betweenAzospirillum brasilense andPanicum miliaceum roots

The possible involvement of IAA in the effect thatAzospirillum brasilense has on the elongation and morphology ofPanicum miliaceum roots was examined by comparing in a Petri dish system the effects of inoculation with a wild strain (Cd) with those of an IAA-overproducing mutant (FT-326). Both bacterial strains produced IAA in culture in the absence of tryptophan. At the stationary growth phase, production of IAA by FT-326 wasca. 12 times greater than that of Cd. When inoculation was made with bacterial concentrations higher than, 10⁶ colony forming units ml^–1 (CFU ml^–1), both strains inhibited root elongation to the same extent. At lower concentrations Cd enhanced elongation, by 15–20%, while FT-326 was ineffective. Both strains promoted root-hair development, and root-hairs were produced nearer the root tip the higher the bacterial concentration (e. g. root elongation region was reduced). Effects of FT-326 on root-hair development were greater than those of Cd. Acidified ether extracts of Cd and FT-326 cultures had inhibitory or promoting effects on root elongation depending on the dilution applied. At low dilutions, extracts from FT-326 were more inhibitory for elongation than those from Cd. At higher dilutions root elongation was promoted, but FT-326 extracts had to be more diluted than those from Cd. Dilutions that promoted root elongation contained supra-optimal concentrations of IAA, 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than those required for optimal enhancement by synthetic IAA. It is suggested that the bacteria produce in culture an IAA-antagonist or growth inhibitor that decreases the effectiveness of IAA action. The large variability reported for the effects ofAzospirillum on root elongation could be the result of the opposite effects on root elongation of IAA and other compounds, produced by the bacteria.     

不同培养条件对拟南芥根细胞膜片钳记录的影响

本文以沙培养法、蛭石培养法、土培养法、水培养法和MS培养基等不同的方法培养拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),分析了不同培养方法对根生长发育的影响,并分别分离根的原生质体。在膜片钳记录中对不同来源的根原生质体状态进行了比较。结果表明,土培养法分离的原生质体最适于膜片钳记录。     

The effects of micro-organisms on plant growth

Summary Subterranean clover, tomato, phalaris, and radiata pine were grown with a complete plant- nutrient solution in sterile sand and agar and inoculated with soil suspensions prepared from unsterilized and from sterilized soil.The presence of micro-organisms reduced primary-root growth in all plants and total root growth in most plants. The total numbers of secondary roots were lower in non-sterile treatments but there was a tendency for an increase in the concentrations of secondary roots with the non-sterile plants. Under the test conditions only radiata pine grown in sterile sand produced significantly greater top growth than those grown in the presence of micro-organisms. Root-stunting micro-organisms were shown to occur in each of four different soil types used in the studies but the extent of stunting varied with the soil. In agar, root stunting was observed at 5 days and 9 days after planting (and inoculation) with subterranean clover and tomato respectively.Production and growth of root hairs by subterranean clover was markedly reduced by organisms from all four soils tested, the reduction varying with the soil. In contrast to root-stunting organisms, root-hair suppressing micro-organisms were abundant in soil. Root-hair suppression was apparent in sand after 3 days and is an inhibition of root-hair development rather than microbial digestion of existing root hairs. Only slight root-hair reduction was observed for tomato and phalaris.