New synonyms in Plagiochila (Hepaticae)

Ten Plagiochila binomials are newly placed in synonymy: P. saettonii (= P. alternans), P. venustula (= P. disticha), P. variespinosa (= P. diversifolia), P. bakeri, P. barutana, P. buchii, P. effuse-ramea, P. subcontracta, P. truncatella (= P. patula), P. funkiana (= P. raddiana).     

Studies on Plagiochila in Asia,supplements to sections Abietinae,Annotinae, Ciliatae,Contiguae, Cucullatae,Poeltiae, Subtropicae and zonatae

Twenty-seven names are newly placed in synonymy, Plagiochila blepharophora (Nees) Lindenb. var. δ major Schiffn. (= P. sandei Dozy), P.boninensis Inoue (= P. fordiana Steph.), P. cadens Inoue (= P. sciophila Nees), P. cameronensis Inoue (= P. hampeana Gottsche), P. ceramica Inoue (= P. pulvinata Steph.), P. decidua Inoue & Grolle (= P. sciophila Nees), P. didyma Inoue (= P. parvifolia Lindenb.), P. euryphyllon Herzog (= P. sciophila Nees), P. flavovirens Steph. (= P. sciophila Nees), P. fraseri Steph. (= P. teysmannii Sande Lac), P. gedeana Schiffn. (= P. hampeana Gottsche), P. kaernbachii Steph. (= P. sandei Dozy), P. lagunensis Inoue (= P. junghuhniana Sande Lac), P. massalongoana Sande Lac. (= P. junghuhniana Sande Lac), P. minor Horik. (= P. fordiana Steph.), P. nilgherriensis Steph. (= P. semidecurrens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Lindenb.), P. nubila Steph. (= P. sandei Dozy), P. nymanii Steph. (= P. sandei Dozy), P. orientalis Taylor (= P. sciophila Nees), P. seemannii Mitt. (= P. sandei Dozy), P. sepikensis Inoue (= P. inflata Steph.), P. spinosissima Steph. (= P. semidecurrens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Lindenb.), P. subplanata Inoue (= P. sciophila Nees), P. trabeculata var. bifida S. Hatt. (= P. fordiana Steph.), P. trochantha Steph. (= P. sciophila Nees), P. tsutomui Inoue (= P. ungarangana Sande Lac), and P. wichurae Steph. (= P. renitens (Nees) Lindenb). Lectotypes are designated for P. junghuhniana, P. semidecurrens, and P. ungarangana. Plagiochila inflata Steph. is reinstated as a species of sect. Annotinae Carl.     

Studies on Plagiochila (Hepaticae) in Australasia and the Pacific II

Fourteen species names of Plagiochila are newly placed in synonymy : P. aneitiana Steph. (= P. trapezoidea Lindenb.), P. colonialis Steph. (= P. arbuscula (Brid. ex Lehm. & Lindenb.) Lindenb.), P. comptonii Pearson (= P. arbuscula), P. innovans Steph. (= P. trapezoidea), P. laciniata Pearson (= P. arbuscula), P. leptocaula Gottsche ex Dugas (= P. bicornuta Steph.), P. longa Dugas (= P. arbuscula), P. microphyces Gottsche ex Dugas (= P. bicornuta Steph.), P. palmicola Steph. (= P. arbuscula), P. santoensis Steph. (= P. bicornuta), P. subangulata Steph. (= P. bialata Mitt.), P. taitica Gottsche ex Dugas (= P. arbuscula), P. tenuitexta Steph. (= P. propinqua Sande Lac.), and P. vulgarifolia Steph. (= P. trapezoidea Lindenb.). Female plants of P. bialata, P. bicornuta. and P. inflata Steph. are illustrated.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pistacia by AFLP markers

This study addresses the phylogenetic relationships among Pistacia species by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). A total of 31 wild Pistacia accessions belonging to P. eurycarpa, P. khinjuk, P. atlantica, P. mutica, P. integerrima, P. terebinthus, P. palaestina, P. mexicana, P. lentiscus species and to a hybrid between P. atlantica and P. integerrima and four P. vera cultivars were the plant materials of this study. Six AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 275 fragments, an average of 45.8 bands per primer pair, of which 254 (92.4) were polymorphic. Unweighted pair group method based on arithmetic average (UPGMA) and principle coordinates (PCo) analysis were performed using both mean character difference and Jaccard similarity matrices. According to the results, P. vera, P. khinjuk, P. eurycarpa, P. atlantica, P. mutica, P. integerrima and P. atlantica x P. integerrima hybrids were in the first cluster. UPGMA analysis using mean character difference clustered P. palaestina, P. terebinthus, P. mexicana and P. lentiscus in the second cluster, whereas UPGMA analysis using Jaccard coefficient separated P. palaestina and P. terebinthus from P. lentiscus and P. mexicana. The P. khinjuk accessions had closer relationships to P. eurycarpa and P. atlantica than to P. vera which led to mis-identification of P. khinjuk samples as P. eurycarpa in this tudy. P. atlantica – P. mutica and P. terebinthus – P. palaestina pairs were the closest species, and therefore P. mutica were classified as P. atlantica, and P. palaestina were as P. terebinthus. The resulted dendrograms and the PCo plots in this study did not support evergreen versus deciduous sectional division of Pistacia species and suggested classifying P. terebinthus in a separate group rather than being in the first cluster. Further study is inevitable including more evergreen species and accessions to clarify the position of P. terebinthus and the evergreen species.     

Twenty-one new Polyplectropus species from New Caledonia (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae)

Twenty-one new Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera) species are described: Polyplectropus aberrus, P. dorsospinus, P. nodyg, P. yndog, P. clavus, P. nathalae, P. millei, P. christinae, P. koueus, P. viklundi, P. hovmoelleri, P. aoupiniensis, P. tenerus, P. angustus, P. curvispinus, P. caledonia, P. piroguensis, P. triangulatus, P. pernodensis, P. taoensis, and P. papei spp. novae, representing the first species records of this family from New Caledonia. A key to males of the New Caledonian Polycentropodidae is provided, and distribution maps are presented for all species.     

Neue Arten der Gattung Pyramimonas Schmarda

Zusammenfassung Es wird auf eine grosse Formenfülle der Gattung Pyramimonas hingewiesen. Mehrere neue Arten and eine neue Varietät, die in Nordmähren (Tschechoslowakei) gefunden werden, werden erwähnt und abgebildet. Folgende Arten werden beschrieben: Pyramimonas recta, P. fasciata, P. radiata, P. conradii, P. cribrum, P. polychloris, P. rapa, P. pluristigma, P. fabelliformis und die Varietdt P. reticulata var. conica.

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Summary The great number of Pyramimonas-species is discussed. Some new species, found in Nordmähren (Czechoslovakia) are described and pictured. The new species described are: Pyramimonas recta, P. fasciata, P. radiata, P. conradii, P. cribrum, P. polychloris, P. rapa, P. pluristigma, P. fabelliformis and the variety P. reticulata var. conica.

     

Study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phygasia</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from China,with descriptions of eight new species

Eight new species of Phygasia Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are described from China, P. gracilicornis, P. nigricollis, P. parva, P. pseudomedia, P. pseudornata, P. simidorsata, P. suturalis and P. yunnana. A list and a key with distribution records to the 21 Chinese species of Phygasia are provided. Antennae, male and female genitalia of most species are illustrated. P. wittmeri Medvedev and P. potanini Medvedev are proposed as new synonyms of P. diancangana Wang and P. potanini Lopatin, respectively. P. pallidipennis Medvedev, 2004 is the homonym of P. pallidipennis Chen et Wang, 1980.     

A review ofPseudo-nitzschia,with special reference to the Skagerrak,North Atlantic,and adjacent waters

ThePseudo-nitzschia flora of the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters, comprisingP. pungens, P. multiseries, P. seriata, P. fraudulenta, P. heimii, P. delicatissima, andP. pseudodelicatissima, has been examined. Except forP. australis, allPseudo-nitzschia species shown to produce the toxin domoic acid are present in the area although an outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning has never been reported. For comparison of morphological and taxonomic characters,Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f.obtusa, P. australis, P. subfraudulenta, P. subpacifica, P. lineola, P. inflatula, andP. cuspidata have been included in this investigation. Fine details of band structure and poroid occlusions, previously ignored or unresolved, have proven to add to the morphological distinction betweenP. pungens andP. multiseries, P. seriata andP. fraudulenta, P. seriata andP. australis, andP. delicatissima andP. pseudodelicatissima. Additional information on the structure of the proximal mantle compared to that of the valve face has revealed similarities in most of the species but differences betweenP. pungens andP. multiseries. The species seasonal and long-term distributional patterns during the sampling period (October 1978 through September 1993) in the Skagerrak area are outlined. The greatest abundances ofP. seriata, a cold-water species most likely restricted to the northern hemisphere, occurred in the spring, and those of the presumably cosmopolitan diatomsP. pungens, P. multiseries andP. pseudodelicatissima, in the autumn. WhereasP. multiseries seems to have decreased in abundance in the 1990s,P. pseudodelicatissima has apparently increased.     

Review of genus Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, 1943 (Diptera,Chironomidae) from China

The genus Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, 1943 from China, including 12 species, is reviewed. Five new species, P. (P.) binarius sp. n., P. (P.) cylindratus sp. n., P. (P.) digitus sp. n., P. (P.) ovatus sp. n. and P. (P.) paucus sp. n. are described and illustrated as adult males. P. (P.) cristagus Stur & Sæther, 2004, P. (P.) jintutridecima (Sasa, 1996), P. (P.) macrovirgatus Sæther & Sublette, 1983, P. (P.) morsei Sæther & Sublette, 1983, P. (P.) uniserratus Sæther & Sublette, 1983, P. (L.) wingoi Sæther & Sublette, 1983 are newly recorded in Oriental Region. A key to the males of Pseudorthocladius in China is presented.     

Isoenzyme diversity and phylogenetic affinities among thePhaseolus beans (Fabaceae)

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic study of 8 isoenzyme systems encoded by 16 putative gene loci in 23 species of American beans of the genusPhaseolus s. str. and in the Asian moth beanVigna aconitifolia revealed in total 98 allozymes, including 34 taxon-specific and unique, 14 rare-unique and 50 shared allozymes. —P. xanthotrichus var.xanthotrichus and var.zimapanensis differed in allozymes of AAT-A, AAT-D and ADH-C.P. xanthotrichus var.zimapanensis andP. hintonii shared same allozymes of AAT-A and AAT-D, but differed in allozymes of ADH-A and ADH-C. It is proposed to recognizeP. xanthotrichus var.zimapanensis in species rank asP. zimapanensis. — P. acutifolius var.acutifolius and var.tenuifolius, except one accession of the latter, differed in allozymes of AAT-D, ADH-C and FDH-A. — Cladistic analysis of the allozymic data as unordered absence-presence characters disclosed in the genus two major monophyletic species clusters: (1)P. polystachyus, P. ritensis, P. maculatus, P. marechalii, P. jaliscanus, P. salicifolius, P. lunatus, P. filiformis, P. angustissimus, P. acutifolius, P. coccineus, P. vulgaris, P. parvulus, P. pauciflorus, andP. pluriflorus; (2)P. grayanus, P. neglectus, P. pedicellatus, P. microcarpus, P. hintonii, andP. zimapanensis. P. xanthotrichus s. str. andP. zimapanensis are discriminated as paraphyletic, supporting their specific delimitation. — Phenetic analysis of the allozyme data with the UPGMA clustering revealed essentially the same pattern of genetic affinities between the species and additionally clarified the extent of allozymic divergence by taking into account species-specific and unique allozymes.     

The genus periconia from india

Summary Totally 20 species ofPericonia have been studied, of whichP. ellisii, P. hyderabadensis, P. indica, P. masonii, P. pseudohispidula, P. scrobiculata, P. simplex, P. stilbacearum, P. torulosa, P. warticulata, andP. yadagirensis are new, remaining reported for the first time from these parts. The discussion includes comments on the distribution, nature of colonies, fertility of stipes, their arrangement in colonies and its application in taxonomy. Variation in sporoderm is treated.P. parasitica Tilak,P. ipomoeae &P. xanthicola Vasant Rao are treated conspecific withP. byssoides Pers. exSchweinitz, pending the establishment of their parasitism. An improvised and comprehensive key for 28 species ofPericonia known so far from India is proposed.     

Effects of agricultural production on phosphorus losses from paddy soils: a case study in the Taihu Lake Region of China

A field plot experiment was conducted on two types of paddy soils in the Taihu Lake Region of China from June 2000 through 2002 to assess phosphorus (P) losses by runoff and drainage flow and the effectiveness of rice–wheat double cropping on reducing P losses from paddy soils. Commercial NPK compound fertilizer and single superphosphate fertilizer were applied to furnish 0, 30, 150, and 300 kg P ha^–1 for rice season trials, and 0, 20, 80, and 160 kg P ha^–1 for wheat season trials. The experiments consisted of four replicates (plots of 5 × 6 m in a randomized block design) of each treatment in Argic stagnic anthrosols (Anzhen site) and six replicates in Cumulic stagnic anthrosols (Changshu site). P30 and P20 treatments (30 and 20 kg P ha^–1 in rice and wheat seasons, respectively) were considered as conventional P application rates in this area. Higher P treatments, such as P150 and P300 for rice and P80 and P160 for wheat, were intended to simulate the status of soil P in ~10–20 years with an application of P30 or P20 kg P ha^–1 each season. Results revealed that the average concentration of total P (TP) in runoff samples was 0.870 mg P l^–1 from P30 plots during the rice season, and 0.763 mg P l^–1 from P20 plots during the wheat season in both years at the Anzhen site, while it was 0.703 and 1.292 mg P l^–1, respectively, at the Changshu site. Average TP load (mass loss) at the Anzhen site with conventional P application rates was 220.9 and 439.5 g P ha^–1 during rice season in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, respectively, but was 382.3 and 709.4g P ha^–1 during wheat season, respectively. Mass loss at the Changshu site was 140.4 and 165.7 g P ha^–1 during the rice season and 539.1 and 1184.6 g P ha^–1 during the wheat season, respectively. P losses from paddy soils were significantly greater during the wheat season, especially at the Changshu site, indicating that planting rice reduced P. Phosphate fertilizer levels significantly affected P concentrations and P loads in runoff both seasons. Both mean concentrations and average seasonal P loads from the P150/P80 plots were lower than that from the P300/P160 plots, but significantly higher than that from the P30/P20 and P0 plots. This implied that runoff P loads would be greatly increased in 10–20 years as a result of the accumulation of soil P if 50 kg P ha^–1 (rice season plus wheat season) is applied each year.     

Nitrogen (N) Deposition Impacts Seedling Growth of Pinus massoniana via N:P Ratio Effects and the Modulation of Adaptive Responses to Low P (Phosphorus)

Background

In forest ecosystems with phosphorus (P) deficiency, the impact of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on nutritional traits related to P uptake and P use potentially determines plant growth and vegetation productivity.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Two N deposition simulations were combined with three soil P conditions (homogeneous P deficiency with evenly low P; heterogeneous P deficiency with low subsoil P and high topsoil P; high P) using four full-sib families of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana). Under homogeneous P deficiency, N had a low effect on growth due to higher N:P ratios, whereas N-sensitive genotypes had lower N:P ratios and greater N sensitivity. The N effect increased under higher P conditions due to increased P concentration and balanced N:P ratios. An N:P threshold of 12.0–15.0 was detected, and growth was increased by N with an N:P ratio ≤ 12.0 and increased by P with an N:P ratio ≥ 15.0. Under homogeneous P deficiency, increased P use efficiency by N deposition improved growth. Under heterogeneous P deficiency, a greater P deficiency under N deposition due to increased N:P ratios induced greater adaptive responses to low P (root acid phosphatase secretion and topsoil root proliferation) and improved P acquisition and growth.

Conclusions/Significance

N deposition diversely affected seedling growth across different P conditions and genotypes via N:P ratio effects and the modulation of adaptive responses to low P. The positive impact of N on growth was genotype-specific and increased by soil P addition due to balanced N:P ratios. These results indicate the significance of breeding N-sensitive tree genotypes and improving forest soil P status to compensate for increasing N deposition.     

Die Gattung Plumeria L. (Apocynaceae) auf Kuba

12 endemic species of Plumeria and one often cultivated species could be corfirmed for the island of Cuba. The species are: 1. P. filifolia Griseb., 2. P. clusioides Griseb., 3. P. cubensis Urb., 4. P. nipensis Britt., 5. P. ekmanii Urb., 6. P. emarginata Griseb., 7. P. venosa Britt., 8. P. trinitensis Britt., 9. P. cayensis Urb., 10. P. sericifolia Griseb., 11. P. lanata Britt., 12. P. montana Britt. et Wils. und P. rubra L. as cultivated species. P. alba L., P. obtusa L. and P. tuberculata Lodd. are not present in Cuba.     

Effect of hymexazol on growth and reproduction of low temperature Phytophthora species

The effect of hymexazol (3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole or HMI) on growth and reproduction of low temperature Phytophthora species with growth maxima under 30 °C, was studied on clarified V-8 juice agar medium at 50 g/ml and 5 g/ml. HMI severely inhibited growth of P. infestons, P. phaseoli, P. porri and P. syringae, retarded the growth of P. hibernalis and P. lateralis but enhanced the growth of P. fragariae and P. ilicis. Phytophthora cactorum and P. pseudotsugae with a maximal temperature of 30 °C were moderately inhibited.HMI reduced or prevented sporangial production on agar medium by P. cactorum, P. hibernalis, P. ilicis, P. infestons, P. lateralis, P. phaseoli, P. porri and P. primulae, and suppressed chlamydospore formation in P. porri and to a lesser extent, P. lateralis. The production of sex organs was prevented by HMI in P. phaseoli, P. porri, and P. syringae, reduced in P. hibernalis and P. ilicis but unaffected in P. cactorum, P. primulae and P. psuedotsugae.     

Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paepalanthus</Emphasis> (Eriocaulaceae) from São Paulo and Minas Gerais,Brazil

The largest genus of the Eriocaulaceae, Paepalanthus, presents many taxonomic problems. Some of these were identified during studies of Eriocaulaceae from the flora of S?o Paulo State and Caparaó National Park. Here, we propose changes in nomenclature as a solution to such issues, based on type collections, recent collections and field observations. These changes are in agreement with the taxonomic species concept, and the rules established by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. We define six lectotypes: P. gneissicola, P. caparoensis, P. caldensis, P. lundii, P. oerstedianus and P. striatus, and six synonyms: P. gneissicola = P. acantholimon, P. loefgrenianus = P. aequalis, P. multicostatus = P. calvus, P. scopulifer = P. caparoensis, P. neocaldensis = P. flaccidus and P. macrotrichus = P. lundii. We also present comments on morphology, protologue and type collections.     

Relationship between photosynthetic phosphorus‐use efficiency and foliar phosphorus fractions in tropical tree species

How plants develop adaptive strategies to efficiently use nutrients on infertile soils is an important topic in plant ecology. It has been suggested that, with decreasing phosphorus (P) availability, plants increase photosynthetic P‐use efficiency (PPUE) (i.e., the ratio of instantaneous photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate per unit foliar P). However, the mechanism to increase PPUE remains unclear. In this study, we tested whether high PPUE is explained by an optimized allocation of P in cells among P‐containing biochemical compounds (i.e., foliar P fractions). We investigated the relationships among mass‐based photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate (A_mass), PPUE, total foliar P concentration, and foliar P fractions in 10 tree species in two tropical montane rain forests with differing soil P availability (five species on sedimentary soils and five species on P‐poorer ultrabasic serpentine soils) on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. We chemically fractionated foliar P into the following four fractions: metabolic P, lipid P, nucleic acid P, and residual P. A_mass was positively correlated with the concentrations of total foliar P and of metabolic P across 10 tree species. Mean A_mass and mean concentrations of total foliar P and of each foliar P fraction were lower on the P‐poorer ultrabasic serpentine soils than on the sedimentary soils. There was a negative relationship between the proportion of metabolic P per total P and the proportion of lipid P per total P. PPUE was positively correlated with the ratio of metabolic P to lipid P. High PPUE is explained by the net effect of a relatively greater investment of P into P‐containing metabolites and a relatively lesser investment into phospholipids in addition to generally reduced concentrations of all P fractions. We conclude that plants optimize the allocation of P among foliar P fractions for maintaining their productivity and growth and for reducing demand for P as their adaptation to P‐poor soils.     

The genus Plectrocnemia Stephens of Japan (Trichoptera; Polycentropodidae)

The Japanese species of the genus Plectrocnemia Stephens (Trichoptera; Polycentropodidae) are revised based on examination of male material. Five new species are described: P. divisa, P. suzukii, P. corna, P. scoparia, and P. odamiyamensis. P. levanidovae Vshivkova et al. is recorded from Japan for the first time and redescribed. P. wui (Ulmer), P. tochimotoi Schmid, P. tsukuiensis (Kobayashi), and P. okiensis Kobayashi are redescribed. Arctopsyche hirayamai Matsumura is transferred to Plectrocnemia and redescribed. P. asuana Kobayashi, P. kadowakii Kobayashi, and P. makiensis Kobayashi are transferred to the genus Nyctiophylax Brauer.