华东地区中华蜜蜂六地理种群的遗传多样性及遗传分化

目的】利用23对微卫星标记对来自于南昌、黄山、桐庐、费县、宜兴、武夷山6个华东地区的中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana种群进行遗传多样性及遗传分化分析。【方法】通过计算多态信息含量、平均杂合度、等位基因数、遗传距离、基因流、F 统计量等参数, 评估各中蜂种群遗传多样性和各种群间遗传分化。【结果】各座位的等位基因数为5（A014）至30（AP043）。所有种群均显示较高水平的期望杂合度, 其中, 武夷山中蜂最低, 为0.4280; 南昌中蜂最高, 为0.6329。各中蜂种群间存在极显著的遗传分化, 平均分化系数(Fst)为0.344。基于Nei氏遗传距离运用NJ聚类法将6个中蜂种群划分为3类。【结论】华东6个中蜂种群的遗传多样性较高, 遗传分化显著; 分析遗传分化与地理距离的关系发现, 华东6个中蜂种群间的遗传分化与地理距离不存在显著相关。     

福建中华蜜蜂种群形态数值分析

为了探明福建中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的种群分布和种群形态特征, 探索中华蜜蜂种群分化规律, 本文对福建不同生态区的11个样点780头中华蜜蜂工蜂, 采用Ruttner (1988)提出的30个形态标记, 运用差异显著性分析、 逐步判别分析和聚类分析方法, 进行形态特征分析。结果显示： 福建中华蜜蜂存在较大的形态差异和种群分化, 至少存在3个中华蜜蜂种群： 福建北部种群、 福建中部种群和福建南部种群。福建北部中华蜜蜂种群具有较大的蜜蜂个体和器官, 包括吻长、 前翅、 蜡镜、 后足等以及独特的前翅翅脉角： 武夷中华蜜蜂具有最大的翅脉角G18, J10和L13, 最小翅脉角E9 (P<0.01); 光泽和政和中华蜜蜂表现较小翅脉角K19, O26和L13, 较大的翅脉角B4和N23 (P<0.01)。福建中部福州、 尤溪、 将乐、 宁德中华蜜蜂种群具有相对较大的蜜蜂个体和器官, 较大的翅脉角G18和K19 (P<0.01), 以及中等大小的翅脉角N23。福建南部龙岩、 永定、 武平、 漳州中华蜜蜂种群具有较小的个体 (P<0.01)。前翅翅脉角分析有可能成为一种更有效、 准确的种群形态分析方法。本研究结果对福建中华蜜蜂资源的保护和合理利用具有重要的指导意义。     

Contrasting genetic variation and differentiation on Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland populations of Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Podocarpaceae)

Dacrycarpus imbricatus is a vulnerable conifer in China whose geographical distribution encompasses large island but small mainland populations, providing a framework for contrasting the patterns of population genetic composition. In this study, seven populations on Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland were sampled throughout its distribution range and assessed using ISSR. The results did not show significant differences neither in genetic variation nor in genetic differentiation between the island and the mainland populations (P > 0.05). Severe bottlenecks were identified at population, island/mainland as well as range-wide scales. A relatively high level of variation but a low degree of differentiation was revealed. Ecological and life traits were suggested to play main roles in the shaping of genetic variation pattern. Of them long generation times could have exerted a lagging effect on both the genetic variation and differentiation. Our findings may contribute to establish management practices.     

海南岛中华蜜蜂遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

为了解海南岛中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的遗传多样性和遗传结构及其与大陆种群的关系, 本研究应用10个微卫星DNA标记对海南岛11个地点627个蜂群的627头工蜂样本和大陆2个地点102个蜂群的102头工蜂样本进行了分析。结果表明： 海南岛中华蜜蜂遗传多样性较高, 单个位点检测到等位基因5～17个; 各种群平均等位基因数为4.5～7.0个, 平均杂合度为0.59～0.65。海南岛中华蜜蜂在10个位点上表现出相似遗传结构, 文昌和屯昌种群在AT101位点的等位基因频率较特殊。岛内 岛外中华蜜蜂的遗传分化系数F_ST范围为0.06～0.13; 文昌、 屯昌种群分别同海南岛内其他9个种群的F_ST（0.06～0.12）大于这9个种群间的FST（0～0.05）。海南岛中华蜜蜂同邻近大陆种群发生了明显的遗传分化; 除文昌、 屯昌种群发生中等程度的分化外, 海南岛内其他种群之间遗传分化较小。本研究结果对海南岛中华蜜蜂资源的保护和合理利用具有重要的指导意义。     

Genetic structure and distinctness of Apis mellifera L. populations from the Canary Islands

The genetic structure of Apis mellifera populations from the Canary Islands has been assessed by mitochondrial (restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the intergenic transfer RNAleu-COII region) and nuclear (microsatellites) studies. These populations show a low level of genetic variation in terms of average number of alleles and degree of heterozygosity. Significant differences in the distribution of alleles were found in both data sets, confirming the genetic differentiation among some of the islands but not within them. Two mitochondrial haplotypes characteristic of the Canary Islands are found at high frequencies, although populations are introgressed by imported honeybees of eastern European C lineage. This introgression is rather high on Tenerife and El Hierro and low on Gran Canaria and La Gomera, whereas on La Palma it has not been recorded. The finding of microsatellite alleles characteristic of the eastern European lineage corroborates the genetic introgression. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Canarian honeybees are differentiated from other lineages and provide genetic evidence of their African origin.     

Genetic differentiation among local populations of Asian elephant

Electrohoretically detectable enetic variation for 29 kinds of blood protein encoded by 33 loci was analyzed for 78 Asian eletants (Elephas maximus) which were collected from its four local populations: Sri Lanka, Souti India, Thailand and Nepal. Elehants in Sri Lanka are classified into the subspecies E.m. maximus, and those from the other tlree localities into the subspecies E. m. indicus. Six variable loci were detected, and one of them, the tetrazolium oxidase locus, was observed to show a complete allele substitution between the subspecies. Average heterozgosity within local populations were in a range of 0.0152 ? 0.0303. Whereas the Nei's genetic distance among three local populations of the subspecies indicus were 0.0013 ? 0.0031, the distance between the subspecies indicus and maximus were 0.0328 ? 0.0370, indicating that the two subspecies were well differentiated genetically.     

Nectar and Pollen Sources for Honeybee （Apis cerana cerana Fabr.） in Qinglan Mangrove Area, Hainan Island, China

In the present study, nectar and pollen sources for honeybee （Apls cerana cerana Fabr.） were studied in Qlnglan mangrove area, Hainan Island, China, based on microscopic analysis of honey and pollen load （corblcular and gut contents） from honeybees collected In October and November 2004. Qualitative and quantitative melittopalynologlcal analysis of the natural honey sample showed that the honey is of unlfloral type with Mimosa pudlca L. （Mlmosaceae） as the predominant （89.14%） source of nectar and pollen for A. cerana cerana In October. Members of Araceae are an Important minor （3%-15%） pollen type, whereas those of Arecaceae are a minor （〈3%） pollen type. Pollen grains of Nypa fruticans Wurmb., Rhlzophora spp., Excoecarla agallocha L., Lumnitzera spp., Brugulera spp., Kandella candel Druce, and Ceriops tagal （Perr.） C. B. Rob. are among the notable mangrove texa growing In Qinglan mangrove area recorded as minor taxa In the honey. The absolute pollen count （I.e. the number of pollen grains/10 g honey sample） suggests that the honey belongs to Group V （〉1 000 000）. Pollen analysis from the corblcular and gut contents of A. cerana cerana revealed the highest representation （95.60%） of members of Sonneratia spp. （Sonneratlaceae）, followed by Bruguiera spp. （Rhizophoraceae）, Euphorblaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Anacardlaceae, and Rublaceae. Of these plants, those belonging to Sonneratla plants are the most Important nectar and pollen sources for A. cerana cerana and are frequently foraged and pollinated by these bees in November.     

Microsatellite differentiation between Phillip Island and mainland Australian populations of the red fox Vulpes vulpes

Predation by the red fox Vulpes vulpes is believed to be threatening the little penguin Eudyptula minor on Phillip Island in Victoria. Polymorphism at seven microsatellite loci was examined to estimate the extent of differentiation between Phillip Island and mainland populations of V. vulpes. Loss of alleles has occurred on Phillip Island where foxes first appeared = 88 years ago compared with mainland populations. Genetic differentiation between the Phillip Island and mainland populations was high. The relatively high differentiation found between the two populations could be due to either low migration rates, the effect of the composition of founder animals or both effects. Further ecological and historical information about the populations is needed to explore the likely significance of these effects.     

厦门和汕头沿海短沟对虾群体遗传结构及分化

采用聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳对2002年10月采集的厦门（XM02）和汕头（ST）沿岸短沟对虾野生群体和2003年8月采集的厦门沿岸短沟对虾野生群体（XM03）进行群体遗传结构及其分化的研究。共检测了EST、ACP、ALP、MDH、ME、SOD、POD、ADH和LDH等9种酶共23个基因座位。结果表明：3个群体平均每位点等位基因有效数目（Ae）为1．207～1．244,多态位点百分数（P0．95）为39．13％-43．48％,群体平均观察杂合度（H0）为0．1231-0．1494,期望杂合度（He）为0．132-0．1443;XM02、XM03和ST的遗传偏离指数（d）分别为0．041、-0．045、0．181,表明群体内的近交衰退不明显,遗传变异水平较高,种质资源尚好。群体之间的遗传距离（D）为0．0010-0．0064,基因流（Nm）为18．98-26．57,表明厦门和汕头短沟对虾应属同一群体,推测台湾海峡中部较深水域或东侧的较高温度水域为其越冬和繁殖的场所。     

秦巴山区中华蜜蜂种群微卫星DNA遗传分析

【目的】中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是一种兼有生态价值和经济价值的授粉昆虫。本研究拟揭示秦巴山区中华蜜蜂种群遗传多态性现状,探讨中华蜜蜂的种群分化机制及其影响因素。【方法】使用8个微卫星DNA标记评估秦巴山区17个样点共979个蜂群的中华蜜蜂遗传多态性,以长白山中华蜜蜂和阿坝中华蜜蜂作为外群进行种群遗传分化分析。【结果】秦巴山区中华蜜蜂95%的差异来源于样点内,样点间遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.002~0.037,基因流参数Nm为6.51~124.75,与外群的遗传分化分析中均显示秦巴山区中华蜜蜂不存在遗传分化。平均期望杂合度(He)为0.6877±0.1098,平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.6364±0.1367,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.7488±1.6201个,平均等位基因数(Na)为7.71±2.52个,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6418±0.1152,香农指数(I)为1.5026±0.3754,这些参数均表明微卫星遗传多态性丰富。中蜂囊状幼虫病流行过的地区,其杂合度、多态信息含量以及等位基因数均显著低于未发病地区。【结论】秦巴山区中华蜜蜂种群数量大,分布均匀,基因流水平高,在650 km距离范围内没有发生种群分化;秦巴山区中华蜜蜂微卫星遗传多态性丰富,仅部分地区中华蜜蜂遗传多态性受中蜂囊状幼虫病的选择压而降低。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) between and within cultured populations inferred from microsatellite DNA analysis

Masu salmon,Oncorhynchus masou masou,is one of the most valuable fishery species that has been introduced to China,though to date no studies on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship among hatchery populations has been performed with molecular markers.We undertook such a study and sampled 120 individuals from three hatchery stocks and analyzed 20 microsatellite loci.All loci were polymorphic and a total of 91 alleles were detected.A relatively low level of genetic diversity was revealed with effective number of allele of 3.1094,3.3299 and 3.1894 and expected heterozygosity of 0.6600,0.6648 and 0.6638 in the three stocks,respectively.Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found due to heterozygote deficit.Accordingly,evidence of genetic bottlenecks were found in the three stocks.An individual assignment test demonstrated that 85% of individuals were correctly assigned into their original stocks.Pairwise Fst revealed that significant differentiation occurred between these three stocks.The results of the study indicated that disequilibrium of genetic structure and differentiation has occurred in all three stocks.This information collectively provides a basis for measures to avoid of loss of genetic diversity and introgression in Chinese aquaculture.     

重要昆虫病原真菌粉棒束孢种群的遗传分化

粉棒束孢是一种重要的昆虫病原真菌.运用ISSR分子标记研究了安徽省6个不同地理环境的粉棒束孢种群遗传异质性.结果表明:10个多态性引物多态位点百分率高达98.5％,但种群水平的多态位点差异较大,在59.6％ - 93.2％.基于Nei遗传异质性分析得出各种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.3365,基因流(Nm)为0.4931;各种群间的遗传分化低于种群内的遗传分化,表明安徽省粉棒束孢的遗传变异主要存在于种群内.根据各菌株间的遗传相似系数进行UPGMA聚类,结果表明,西山种群是单系的同质种群,其余5个种群皆为多系的异质种群,其中鹞落坪种群的异质性最高,琅琊山种群异质性最低.各种群之间的地理距离与遗传距离之间无相关关系.根据6个种群间的遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类,可将它们分成3个类群,分类的结果与各种群的地理环境相符,反映出环境的异质性对种群异质性的影响.     

云南地方猪种随机群体与选育群的遗传差异(英文)

为估计随机群体与选育群间的遗传差异,测定了云南地方猪种102个个体438bp的线粒体DNA D-loop片段,涉及4个随机群体、1个保种群和1个核心群。检测的16个多态位点界定了20个单倍型,撒坝猪核心群和版纳微型猪保种群的单倍型数量仅为3个和1个,而4个随机群体的单倍型数量都在6个以上,4个随机群体的单倍型多态度极显著高于这两个选育群(h=0.732对0.425和0.000,exact test,P≤0.0036)。结果发现,选育会导致遗传多样性过低, 尽管在随机群体中有较高的遗传多样性,基于此,及早干预和合理的育种计划将会有效地阻止核心群和选育群的遗传多样性下降。否则,选育甚至会在短短几年内使遗传多样性程度急剧下降, 表明育种、保种与遗传多样性保存之间存在着尖锐冲突。该文还讨论了几个群体的遗传关系。     

沿海岛屿与内陆藓类植物遗传多样性和分化的比较研究——以真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)为例

基于11个内陆居群和32个岛屿居群的252份标本,采用ISSR分子标记技术对真藓( Bryum argenteum Hedw.)的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果显示:岛屿与内陆居群间的遗传多样性差异显著,岛屿居群间的分化程度( G st = 0. 453)大于内陆居群( G st = 0. 387),岛屿居群的遗传分化与地理来源间存在极显著相关性( r = 0. 478, n = 175, P < 0. 001)。地理隔离效应是导致岛屿居群间遗传分化的重要因素。岛内居群间的遗传分化水平较低,仅有29. 4%~ 29. 7%的遗传多样性存在于居群间。聚类分析表明,43个居群可划分为10大类群,真藓遗传关系受地理因素和生境异质性的影响,水域隔离影响了真藓繁殖体在岛屿间的传播。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of guanaco populations from Argentina inferred from microsatellite data

Genotype data from 14 microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation of four guanaco populations from Argentine Patagonia. These animals were recently captured in the wild and maintained in semi-captivity for fibre production. Considerable genetic diversity in these populations was suggested by the finding of a total of 162 alleles, an average mean number of alleles per locus ranging from 6.50 to 8.19, and H(e) values ranging from 0.66 to 0.74. Assessment of population differentiation showed moderate but significant values of F(ST)=0.071 (P=0.000) and R(ST)=0.083 (P=0.000). An amova test showed that the genetic variation among populations was 5.6% while within populations it was 94.4%. A number of 6.6 migrants per generation may support these results. Unambiguous individual assignment to original populations was obtained for the Pilcaniyeu, Las Heras and La Esperanza populations. The erroneous assignment of 18.75% Rio Mayo individuals to the Las Heras population can be explained by the low genetic differentiation found between these two populations. Thirty-nine of 56 loci per population combinations were in Hardy--Weinberg disequilibrium because of guanaco heterozygote deficiency, which may be explained by population subdivision. The high level of genetic diversity of the guanacos analysed here indicates that the Patagonian guanaco constitutes an important genetic resource for conservation or economic utilization programmes.     

绿带闭目天蛾和构月天蛾在海南岛及周边大陆的遗传分化

海南岛是与周边大陆存在地理隔离的大陆性岛屿,探索该岛屿与邻近大陆上生物的遗传分化有助于理解地理隔离对生物遗传分化的影响。在海南岛及其周边大陆15个地点采集两种鳞翅目天蛾科(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)昆虫(绿带闭目天蛾Callambulyx rubricosa 88头和构月天蛾Parum colligata 57头),选择线粒体基因COI、Cytb和核基因 EF-1α作为分子标记开展遗传多样性研究。基于COI-Cytb分析的结果表明,两物种的核苷酸多样性均较低(分别为0.00434和0.00818),且均在广东广西、越南和海南岛群体之间存在明显的谱系地理结构。两个物种在三个群体间均检测出低水平的基因流(N_m分别为0.09-1.22和0.18-0.57)和高水平的遗传分化(F_ST分别为0.29-0.84和0.47-0.73)。两个物种最高的遗传分化都发生在海南岛与大陆群体之间,且海南岛群体的单倍型数量少于周边大陆群体。Mantel检验结果表明遗传距离与地理距离之间存在显著正相关关系,中性检验结果表明两个物种均未经历显著的种群扩张。综上,研究认为绿带闭目天蛾(C. rubricosa)和构月天蛾(P. colligata)的海南岛群体与邻近大陆群体间的基因交流较少,遗传分化程度较高,推测地理隔离可能是其产生遗传分化的重要原因之一,这一结果将为海南岛生物多样性的保护提供宝贵的建议。     

沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性分析(英文)

【目的】中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是一种重要的种质资源和传粉昆虫,本研究旨在探究山东省沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性和种群结构关系,为沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂种质资源利用与保护提供理论依据。【方法】本研究通过选取山东省沂蒙山地区7个采样地点的114群中华蜜蜂采集蜂,根据Ruttner的形态学分析方法,对其36项形态学指标进行测定;并利用筛选后的11对荧光标记微卫星引物,研究其遗传多样性。【结果】形态学分析结果表明,沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂工蜂的平均体长为12.064~13.351 mm,平均前翅长为8.198~8.694 mm。11个微卫星位点共检测到58个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数从2~17不等,7个群体的平均期望杂合度和多态信息含量分别为0.3115和0.2872,平均等位基因数为2.4545(ST-AQ)~4.0000(BHY),平均期望杂合度为0.1916~0.3397,群体的平均遗传分化系数Fst为0.048。Nei氏遗传距离为0.0092(XL-DLZ到XZ-XLZ))~0.1000(XL-DLZ到XL-DJW)。聚类分析结果表明沂蒙山地区的中蜂可以分成3类。【结论】沂蒙山地区各个采样地点之间的中华蜜蜂种群结构接近,表明不同种群之间存在着基因交流,与其他地区中华蜜蜂种群比较,沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂在形态和遗传结构上存在一定的特异性。     

沿海岛屿与内陆藓类植物遗传多样性和分化的比较研究——以真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)为例

基于11个内陆居群和32个岛屿居群的252份标本,采用ISSR分子标记技术对真藓（Bryum argenteum Hedw.）的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果显示：岛屿与内陆居群间的遗传多样性差异显著,岛屿居群间的分化程度（G_st=0.453）大于内陆居群（G_st=0.387）,岛屿居群的遗传分化与地理来源间存在极显著相关性（r=0.478,n=175,P<0.001）。地理隔离效应是导致岛屿居群间遗传分化的重要因素。岛内居群间的遗传分化水平较低,仅有29.4%~29.7%的遗传多样性存在于居群间。聚类分析表明,43个居群可划分为10大类群,真藓遗传关系受地理因素和生境异质性的影响,水域隔离影响了真藓繁殖体在岛屿间的传播。     

Genetic diversity of natural populations of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Shanxi Province,China

Prince Rupprecht's Larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.) is one of dominant components of middle and high elevation forests in North China. Shanxi Province is well known as “the Hometown of Prince Rupprecht's Larch” in China. In this study, six natural populations of this species across Shanxi were selected to investigate the genetic variation of the species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Results showed that in comparison with some other species of Larix, higher genetic diversity was revealed at the species level for L. principis-rupprechtii (percentage of polymorphic loci PPL = 71.9%, Nei's gene diversity H_E = 0.225, Shannon information index I = 0.341). Most of genetic variation existed within populations (80.5%), while the genetic differentiation among populations was significant (p < 0.001) and higher (G_st = 0.194) than most other species of Larix. The differentiation can be attributed to the limited gene flow (N_m = 1.035) among populations, which could be due to the spatial isolation and habitat fragmentation. The six populations can be divided into three groups based on the Nei's genetic distances between populations (from 0.033 to 0.076). There was no significant correlation (r = 0.268, p > 0.05) between genetic distance and geographic distance among populations. The measures for in-situ or ex-situ conservation should be taken to preserve the genetic diversity of this species.