菹草无性系季节生长速度和生物量分配特征

研究了菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)无性系在典型发育阶段的生长特征, 结果表明: 随着无性系的生长, 叶生物量比例增高, 茎生物量比例降低, 根状茎和根生物量占总生物量的比例较稳定, 成熟无性系各组分所占比例依次为叶＞茎＞根状茎和根。各发育阶段无性系小株生物量增长特征不同, 越冬期和繁殖期小株叶、茎生物量均与小株株高呈幂函数异速生长, 而指数生长期叶生物量与小株株高呈指数生长, 各发育阶段小株总生物量向叶茎组分的分配比例不同。无性系小株上部、中部、下部叶面积与小株株高之间在幼苗生长期和越冬期呈幂函数异速生长, 而在指数生长期和繁殖期呈线性同速生长, 尤其上部叶面积与高度间极显著正相关的水平最高。     

水深梯度对菹草生长的影响

用盆栽试验方法,将菹草石芽种植在水下30、60、90、120、150、180 cm的花盆内,研究了水深梯度对菹草生长的影响。结果表明：菹草株高与水深显著相关（P<0.01）,菹草生长的适宜水深范围为90～150 cm;5月7日前后,除水深180 cm组外,其他实验组虽然株高有所增加,但叶片数量反而减少,植株开始衰老腐烂;水深差异对菹草叶片光合色素含量影响不明显;水深30、60 cm组菹草的F_v/F_m、ETR值低于深水处其他处理组,表明在菹草生长的中后期,水面光照对水深浅于60 cm的菹草叶片光合电子传递效率有一定的阻碍作用;从快速光响应曲线可以看出,在菹草生长的中后期,水深<60 cm、>150 cm对菹草生长不利。     

Distinguishable root plaque on root surface of Potamogeton crispus grown in two sediments with different nutrient status

The properties of plaques were different on the root surface of Potamogeton crispus planted in sediments from two different shallow lakes. Lake Tangxunhu sediment, with low pH, contained low organic matter, whereas Lake Yuehu sediment, with high pH, had high calcium deposits mixed with high organic matter. The contents of mineral elements in sediment of Lake Tangxunhu was lower than that of Lake Yuehu, except for iron (Fe) content, but the contents of mineral elements extracted by sodium dithionite–sodium citrate–sodium bicarbonate (DCB) from root plaques were higher in Lake Tangxunhu than those in Lake Yuehu, except for Fe. These element distributions on P. crispus root plaques were characterized by scanning electron microscope combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and were consistent with the contents of mineral elements in sediment. The root plaque of P. crispus planted in Lake Tangxunhu sediment mainly contained silicon (Si) and Fe, and the content of Si was greater than Fe, which may be contributed to the formation of poly-silicic-ferric in the natural conditions. However, the root plaque of P. crispus planted in the sediment with higher calcium content of Lake Yuehu was rich in Fe, Si, phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca). Due to oxygen secretion by plant roots, the root plaque has more Fe₃(PO₄)₂ and a certain amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂. The ratio of magnesium (Mn) to Fe extracted by DCB from root plaque in Lake Tangxunhu sediment was 0.031 and 0.010 in Lake Yuehu sediment. In Lake Tangxunhu sediment, lower content of organic matter results in weak reducibility. Enhanced oxidation ability by oxygen secretion of P. crispus root could oxidize low-valent Fe and Mn into iron–manganese oxide, which leads to formation of iron–manganese plaque on the root surface. However, this case is different in Lake Yuehu sediment, where Fe and Mn can be reduced in high organic sediment and low-valent Mn can precipitate in the sediment in which pH is >8. Thus, low-valent Fe in Lake Yuehu sediment moves to the root surface of P. crispus, where it oxidizes into Fe oxide, i.e., Fe plaque.     

Effects of sediment anoxia and light on turion germination and early growth of Potamogeton crispus

Potamogeton crispus is a cosmopolitan aquatic species and is widely used as a pioneer species for vegetation restoration of eutrophic lakes. However, many restoration projects applying P. crispus turions have not been successful. Earlier studies focused on effects of light and temperature on turion germination. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sediment anoxia and light interactively affected the turion germination and early growth of P. crispus. Anoxic conditions in the experiment were produced by adding sucrose to the sediment. The germination rate of the turions was 68–73% lower in the highly anoxic condition treatment than in the control. Medium light intensity (10% of natural light at the water surface) was more favorable for germination under slightly anoxic conditions than either low or high light intensity. The growth of newly-formed sprouts was also significantly inhibited by sediment anoxia. Photosynthesis and shoot biomass were reduced under sediment anoxia, whereas total chlorophyll content, root biomass, and soluble protein content were highest in the low anoxic condition treatment. Medium light improved net photosynthesis and biomass production of the sprouts. We conclude that turion germination and sprout growth can be significantly inhibited by sediment anoxia. Medium light intensity may alleviate this inhibition by anoxia, but light has little effect when sediment anoxia is severe. For the purposes of vegetation restoration, more attention should be paid to the role of sediment anoxia, and it is necessary to improve sediment and light conditions for turion germination and early growth of P. crispus in eutrophic lakes. These results will contribute to a more complete understanding of turion germination dynamics of P. crispus and will be useful for future restoration programs. Handling editor: S. M. Thomaz     

疏叶骆驼刺根系对土壤异质性和种间竞争的响应

近年来, 植物根系对土壤异质性的响应和植物根系之间的相互作用一直是研究的热点。过去的研究主要是针对一年生短命植物进行的, 而且多是在人工控制的温室条件下进行的。而对于多年生植物根系对养分异质性和竞争的综合作用研究很少。该文对塔里木盆地南缘多年生植物疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)根系生长对养分异质性和竞争条件的响应途径与适应策略进行了研究, 结果表明: (1)在无竞争的条件下, 疏叶骆驼刺根系优先向空间大的地方生长, 即使另一侧有养分斑块存在, 其根系也向着空间大的一侧生长; (2)在有竞争的条件下, 疏叶骆驼刺根系生长依然是优先占领空间大的一侧, 但是竞争者的存在抑制了疏叶骆驼刺的生长, 导致其枝叶生物量和根系生物量都明显减少(p < 0.01), 而养分斑块的存在促进了疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长; (3)疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长不仅需要养分, 也需要足够的空间, 空间比养分更重要; (4)有竞争者存在的时候, 两株植物的根系都先长向靠近竞争者一侧的空间, 即先占据“共有空间”。研究结果对理解植物根系觅食行为和植物对环境的适应策略有重要意义。     

Differences between resource patches modify root herbivore effects on plants

While soil resource heterogeneity and root herbivory can have significant direct influences on plant growth, soil heterogeneity may also have indirect effects by influencing the foraging behavior of root herbivores. We used sand-filled greenhouse pots to assess root herbivore foraging behavior and potential interactions between patch quality, herbivore foraging, and plant biomass production (yield). Individual pots were divided into four quarters: one fertilized, and three unfertilized, two of which were planted with tree seedlings. Two treatments were used to create fertilized quarters: high-organic manure fertilizer, and slow-release mineral fertilizer. Seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana L.) were used to create two single-species and one mixed-species treatments. Root-feeding beetle larvae were added to the pots and allowed to forage freely for ∼8 weeks. At harvest, root herbivores in organic-fertilized pots were strongly attracted to fertilized quarters despite their relatively low-root biomass. Herbivore distribution was significantly different in mineral fertilized pots, where larvae were most abundant in planted quarters, which is also where most of the plant roots occurred. Whole pot plant yield was significantly reduced by larvae; this effect was stronger in the mineral fertilized pots than organic fertilized pots. While one of the plant species appeared more sensitive to herbivory, root herbivores had a greater influence on yield in mixed-species pots than in single-species pots. Overall, these results suggest that patch quality influences on herbivore foraging may indirectly alter yield and plant community composition. Responsible Editor: Angela Hodge.     

Ce3+对Cu2+胁迫下菹草叶片Cu毒害的缓解效应研究

在6种不同浓度的铈(C e3 )对0.1 m g.L-1的Cu2 毒害下,研究了菹草叶片中保护酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性,活性氧H2O2,膜脂过氧化产物M DA含量及叶绿素含量等的变化及影响.结果表明,在9~12 d之内,7.5 m g.L-1以下的C e3 可以增强SOD、CAT、POD活性,降低M DA的含量,提高叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,从而减轻Cu2 对菹草植物体的伤害.而随着C e3 作用时间的延长和浓度的增大,C e3 的缓解作用不断减弱,C e3 和Cu2 产生协同效应,加重毒害.本实验结果认为,5~7.5 m g.L-1的C e3 缓解菹草叶片Cu2 毒害效果最好.     

沉水植物菹草的人工种子技术

为满足水生态系统重建及水体景观对沉水植物种苗的需求,本文建立了菹草（Potamogeton crispus L.）人工种子的制作方法,并分析了菹草人工种子的萌发条件。结果表明,以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,在包埋剂中添加IBA 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L,制备的菹草人工种子在灭菌自来水中萌发率可达80％,且转株率达20％。在15－25℃之间,温度对菹草人工种子萌发和转株的影响不显著;氮磷水平对菹草人工种子萌发和转株的影响不显著;光强对菹草人工种子的萌发和转株有显著影响,较高的光强有较高的萌发率和转株率,光强为40μmol/ m2. s时,菹草人工种子萌发率、转株率可达67.8％、35.6％;底质对菹草人工种子的萌发和转株有显著影响,菹草人工种子在黄沙壤上的萌发率、转株率分别为60%和42.2%,黄沙壤比淤泥和砂石更适合菹草人工种子萌发和转株;菹草人工种子在野外湖水的试验中萌发率、转株率分别达到28%、15%。     

Response of root respiration and root exudation to alterations in root C supply and demand in wheat

Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations have highlighted the importance of being able to understand and predict C fluxes in plant-soil systems. We investigated the responses of the two fluxes contributing to below-ground efflux of plant root-dependent CO₂, root respiration and rhizomicrobial respiration of root exudates. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Consort) plants were grown in hydroponics at 20°C, pulse-labelled with ¹⁴CO₂ and subjected to two regimes of temperature and light (12 h photoperiod or darkness at either 15°C or 25°C), to alter plant C supply and demand. Root respiration was increased by temperature with a Q ₁₀ of 1.6. Root exudation was, in itself, unaltered by temperature, however, it was reduced when C supply to the roots was reduced and demand for C for respiration was increased by elevated temperature. The rate of exudation responded much more rapidly to the restriction of C input than did respiration and was approximately four times more sensitive to the decline in C supply than respiration. Although temporal responses of exudation and respiration were treatment dependent, at the end of the experimental period (2 days) the relative proportion of C lost by the two processes was conserved despite differences in the magnitude of total root C loss. Approximately 77% of total C and 67% of ¹⁴C lost from roots was accounted for by root respiration. The ratio of exudate specific activity to CO₂ specific activity converged to a common value for all treatments of 2, suggesting that exudates and respired CO₂were not composed of C of the same age. The results suggest that the contributions of root and rhizomicrobial respiration to root-dependent below-ground respiration are conserved and highlight the dangers in estimating short-term respiration and exudation only from measurements of labelled C. The differences in responses over time and in the age of C lost may ultimately prove useful in improving estimates of root and rhizomicrobial respiration.     

Response and tolerance of root border cells to aluminum toxicity in soybean seedlings

Root border cells (RBCs) and their secreted mucilage are suggested to participate in the resistance against toxic metal cations, including aluminum (Al), in the rhizosphere. However, the mechanisms by which the individual cell populations respond to Al and their role in Al resistance still remain unclear. In this research, the response and tolerance of RBCs to Al toxicity were investigated in the root tips of two soybean cultivars [Zhechun No. 2 (Al-tolerant cultivar) and Huachun No. 18 (Al-sensitive cultivar)]. Al inhibited root elongation and increased pectin methylesterase (PME) activity in the root tip. Removal of RBCs from the root tips resulted in a more severe inhibition of root elongation, especially in Huachun No. 18. Increasing Al levels and treatment time decreased the relative percent viability of RBCs in situ and in vitro in both soybean cultivars. Al application significantly increased mucilage layer thickness around the detached RBCs of both cultivars. Additionally, a significantly higher relative percent cell viability of attached and detached RBCs and thicker mucilage layers were observed in Zhechun No. 2. The higher viability of attached and detached RBCs, as well as the thickening of the mucilage layer in separated RBCs, suggest that RBCs play an important role in protecting root apices from Al toxicity.     

菹草对Hg2+胁迫的生理和结构应答反应

研究了不同处理浓度Hg2 对菹草叶片矿质营养吸收、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、谷胱甘肽含量以及细胞超微结构的毒害影响。结果表明,随着Hg2 浓度的增加,(1)菹草叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐下降,丙二醛含量和游离脯氨酸含量逐渐上升,谷胱甘肽含量则先升后降;(2)Hg2 对菹草的矿质营养吸收也产生了影响,主要是促进对Ca2 、Fe3 、Mg2 、Zn2 的吸收,降低对大量元素P、K 的吸收;(3)SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳图的条带随Hg2 浓度增加而逐渐减少,亮度也随之减弱,并且在5mg/L和7mg/LHg2 时导致了分子量为83.6kDa和51.3kDa多肽明显丢失;(4)电镜观察发现:随Hg2 浓度的增加,对细胞超微结构的损伤程度也加剧,表现为被膜断裂、消失和叶绿体膨大、解体。Hg2 破坏了菹草正常生理活动的结构基础和离子平衡,并造成功能紊乱。这些都是Hg2 对菹草产生毒害的重要原因。Hg2 对菹草的致死浓度范围应在1～3mg/L。     

Response of root and sediment phosphatase activity to increased nutrients and salinity

Wetlands of northern Belize, distributed along a salinity gradient, are strongly phosphorus limited and dominated largely by three species of emergent macrophytes: Eleocharis cellulosa, Cladium jamaicense, and Typha domingensis. We assessed changes in root and sediment phosphatase activities of each species to simultaneous changes of nutrients (N, P) and salinity in a mesocosm experiment. Phosphorus and nitrogen treatment effects on both root and sediment phosphatase were highly significant for all the species, while salinity significantly affected root phosphatase activity in Cladium only. All species showed a significant negative correlation between root phosphatase activity and increasing tissue P content until a threshold of 0.2% P, 0.15% P and 0.12% P in Eleocharis, Cladium and Typha, respectively. There was also a significant negative correlation between soil available P and root and sediment phosphatases in all species. Activity of root phosphatases of Eleocharis and Typha were positively correlated with root tissue N. Both root and sediment phosphatases of all three species were positively correlated with soil available N. The strongest (positive) correlation was found between phoshatase activites and N/P ratios. The results confirmed that these systems are P-limited and that extracellular phosphatases respond to P enrichment by decreasing their activities. Expression of root phosphatase activity by dry root weight, sediment volume, or whole plant biomass gave very different relative results across nutrient treatments and species, suggesting that root phosphatase activities need to be interpreted in a wider context that considers root density.     

间套种植复合群体根系时空分布特征

选择小麦／大豆和玉米／甘蓝2种典型间套种植模式,探讨了复合群体根系营养竞争与补偿的生态学机制．结果表明,小麦／大豆复合群体根系生长在年生长期内显示出双峰交错性,小麦总根重峰值出现在6月初,而大豆峰值出现在8月上、中旬．根重与根长密度的生长还表现出异步性,根重峰值的出现早于根长．复合群体各配对作物根系的垂直分布呈层次递减性,玉米拔节前根重的85％以上都分布于0～20cm土层,且垂直生长呈多波顾次递推特点．间套作物根系的分布呈明显的“偏态”不均衡分布,套作玉米根系偏甘蓝行20．4～40．7cm,而甘蓝根系偏玉米行仅8．5～12．6cm．施肥使套作玉米与甘蓝根系的交叉幅宽由40．2cm下降到20．1cm,2种作物根系的交叉点位置由20．5cm上升到12．4cm．     

透明度胁迫对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)生长的定量影响及其生长动力学模型

在实验室研究了不同水体透明度对沉水植物菹草生长的影响,结果表明,在实验条件下,当水体透明度低于12cm时,菹草由于水下光照不足而无法存活;透明度为15cm时菹草的生物量明显低于透明度为70cm(对照)、35cm和20cm 3种情况下的生物量,表明在透明度为15cm时,菹草的生长受到了明显的抑制.实验期间,菹草生物量变化的回归分析表明,不同透明度下菹草的生长均符合逻辑斯谛曲线.采用逻辑斯谛方程描述菹草的生长规律,结合实验结果,确定不同水体透明度下菹草的生长参数,结果显示:水体透明度对菹草生长的内禀增长率rm影响较大,而对菹草生长的环境容纳量k无明显影响.综合考虑水体透明度对菹草生长的影响,建立考虑水深和透明度因素的菹草生长动力学模型,该模型可预测出在外部水环境因素作用下菹草的动态生长过程.     

Growth and turion formation of Potamogeton crispus in response to different phosphorus concentrations in water

The vegetative growth and turion formation of Potamogeton crispus, a submersed aquatic macrophyte, was investigated under a range of phosphorus (P) concentrations (0.025, 0.25, 2.5 and 25 mg P L^?1) in the ambient water free of algae, aiming to identify the responses of submersed aquatic macrophytes to nutrient enrichment, a common eutrophication problem in China and worldwide. Plant growth was not affected by different P concentrations in terms of biomass accumulation of stems and leaves. However, the contents of chlorophyll a and starch in plants decreased with increasing water P levels, whereas chlorophyll b and carotenoids declined with P level ranging from 0.025 to 2.5 mg P L^?1. The soluble sugar content decreased when water P concentration increased up to 2.5 mg L^?1. The P content in plants increased with increasing water P levels, whereas plant N content decreased and soluble protein increased when water P concentration increased over 0.25 mg L^?1, implying that P. crispus may have modified its metabolism to adapt to water P availability. When P concentration increased to 25 mg L^?1, the number and dry matter production of turions per plant decreased significantly. Meanwhile, there was a significant reduction in turion weight and the accumulations of soluble sugar and starch in turion, when water P concentration was over 0.25 mg L^?1. The results suggest that turion formation in P. crispus is sensitive to P concentration in the ambient water, and high P levels may lead to decreases in P. crispus populations due to the decline in turion production.     

沉水植物菹草的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称菹草(PotamogetoncrispusL.)。2材料类别带节间的茎段。3培养条件(1)诱导腋芽萌动及不定芽分化的培养基:MS+6-BA1.0￣3.0mg·L-1(单位下同)+IBA0.5;(2)继代增殖培养基:MS+6-BA1.0;(3)生根培养基:MS+IBA1.0￣3.0+6-BA0.5。培养基(1)和(2)附加30g·L-1蔗糖和8g·L-1琼脂,(3)为不加蔗糖的固体或液体培养基。pH5.8￣6.0。培养温度为20℃,光强约40μmol·m-2·s-1,光照时间12h·d-1。4生长与分化情况4.1无菌材料的获得取菹草苗,用自来水冲洗1￣2h,切去植株的所有根及叶,取上端生长旺盛的茎段,用蒸馏水冲洗2￣3次,用5%H2O2浸…     

不同光照条件对菹草外部形态与内部结构的影响

通过受控试验,研究了4个光照处理(100%、50%、20%、10%的自然光)对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)外部形态与内部结构的影响.结果显示:(1)100%和50%自然光处理对菹草的总生物量影响不显著,20%和10%的自然光显著降低了菹草的总生物量.(2)在生物量分配方面,50%自然光处理的根冠比值显著低于其他3个处理组,表现出菹草对地上部分茎叶生物量的投资较多.(3)在50%自然光条件下,菹草的株高、植株叶片数、顶枝叶片数明显高于其他3个处理组的对应参数,说明适当的遮荫会促进菹草植株的生长;10%自然光下的各参数值均最小(除根/冠比值),表明已较严重地限制了菹草的正常生长.(4)20%和10%自然光的遮光处理增加了菹草的叶片厚度,100%、50%、20%和10%的自然光下分别为0.260、0.297、0.440、 0.306 mm.(5)100%自然光叶片的叶肉细胞没有形成发达通气组织,50%自然光的菹草叶肉细胞开始形成较发达的通气组织,通气组织中间隔分布有单层细胞组成的隔膜,20%和10%自然光的叶片中隔膜细胞破裂,形成了发达的通气组织;20%和10%自然光的叶片通气组织细胞面积显著大于100%和50%自然光处理组,均值分别为0.558 mm2、 0.284 mm2和0.108 mm2、 0.087 mm2.(6)20%自然光处理组根的表皮细胞中可以发现四端尖锐晶体存在,表明植物生长受到一定程度胁迫;50%自然光处理的根通气组织彼此相连,形成大的通气结构,而其它处理组皮层没有形成通气结构.综合上述研究结果表明,50%自然光处理较有利于菹草的生长发育.     

菹草对湖泊沉积物磷状态的影响

武昌野芷湖湾菹草(PotamogetoncrispusL.)生物量较高位置的沉积物显示明显较高的磷吸附指数,以及据Langmuir方程:C/X=C/Xm+K×1/Xm导出的最大吸附量与吸附强度,这一结果在不同时期与不同采样深度均有体现,故提高沉积物磷的吸附能力应为菹草维持水体较低营养水平的重要机制。铁结合态磷是沉积物磷的主要存在形式,吸附能力的提高可由有机质及其与铁的相互作用部分地得到解释。不同时期菹草生物量较高的沉积物表现明显较低的碱性磷酸酶活性与最大反应速度,降低沉积物有机磷的酶促分解速率应为菹草维持水体低营养水平的另一机制。     

Response in root morphology and nutrient contents of Myriophyllum spicatum to sediment type

Sediment may play an important role during the submerged macrophyte decline in the eutrophication progress. In order to investigate the response in root morphology and nutrient contents of submerged macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum to sediment, five sediment types were treated and used (five types of sediment were used in the experiment: treatment 1 was nature sediment + sand, a 50:50 (v/v) mixture, treatment 2 was the studied sediment only, treatment 3 was sediment + nitrogen (N, NH₄Cl 400 mg kg^?1), treatment 4 was sediment + phosphorus (P, NaH₂PO₄ 300 mg kg^?1); treatment 5 was sediment + phosphorus (P, NaH₂PO₄ 600 mg kg^?1)). The results show that the root N content was only significantly affected by adding N in sediments and P was elevated by adding N and P. The root mass and its percentage increased at first, the peak values were reached at 35 d, and then decreased. The root growth was restrained by adding sand and N in sediments, root senescence process was delayed at the later experimental time by adding P in sediments. The increase of root volume showed a similar trend to that of root growth, except for plant with P addition where root volume remained high after 35 d. The root volume decreased while the main root number increased significantly by adding sand in sediments. The mean root length and main root diameter were reduced by adding P in sediments. The compatible sediment nutrient condition is necessary to restore submerged macrophytes in a degraded shallow lake ecosystem, and the effect of sediment on the root morphology and nutrient content is one of the important aspects restricting the restoration of submerged macrophytes.     

Development of the root crown in some conifers

Summary Large and small stumps of 3 spruce species, a pine, a fir and hemlock were pulled up from 15 year plantations. Roots originating from the root crown were counted (<0.5 cm) or, if larger, their diameters were measured, taper, eccentricity, compass bearing, inclination, position on the rootstock and basal age (by annual rings). The sequence of events leading to the developed skeletal root system was reconstructed. Hypotheses to account for the distinct populations of roots were examined. In all species, major roots originated between 2 and 7 yrs after planting and grew thicker and more eccentric at their bases than minor roots of the same age. Positively geotropic roots were distinct from plagiogeotropic roots.