13,28-Epoxy triterpenoid saponins from Ardisia japonica selectively inhibit proliferation of liver cancer cells without affecting normal liver cells

Twenty 13,28-epoxy and related triterpenoid saponins from Ardisia japonica were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity on human liver cancer cells and normal liver cells. Eight saponins selectively inhibited the growth of liver cancer Bel-7402 and HepG-2 cells without affecting the survival of normal liver HL-7702 cells. The structure-activity relationship analyses indicated that the 13,28-epoxy, 16α-hydroxy, and C-30 methyl moieties in the sapogenin parts and the glycosyl moiety consisting from tetra- to hepta-saccharide units are important for this activity. Among the active saponins, ardisianoside B (2) and 3β-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-13β,28-epoxy-16α-hydroxyoleanane (3) showed the most potent anti-proliferative activity against Bel-7402 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The selective anti-proliferative activity is attributed to the different cellular responses (CDKs and cyclins levels, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis) between tumor and normal liver cells. Exposure to 2 and 3 selectively led to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Bel-7402 cells together with the increased pro-apoptotic caspase-8 and the decreased anti-apoptotic Cdc25A levels.     

Specific accumulation and growth inhibitory effects of hybrid liposomes to hepatoma cells in vitro

Specific accumulation and growth inhibitory effects of hybrid liposomes composed of 90 mol% dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and 10 mol% polyoxyethylene(23)dodecyl ether were obtained in human hepatoma cells without affecting normal liver cells at all.     

28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene saponins from Camellia japonica and their inhibitory activity on LPS-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells

Four new 28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, camellenodiol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2), camellenodiol 3-O-4'-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (4), camellenodiol 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-6'-methoxy-β-D- glucuronopyranoside (5), and maragenin II 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-6'-methoxy-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (6), along with two known compounds, (1 and 3), were isolated from the stem bark of Camellia japonica. Their chemical structures were established mainly by 2D NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds showed inhibitory effects on NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages.     

Three new triterpene saponins from Actinostemma lobatum MAXIM and their cytotoxicity in vitro

Three new triterpene saponins, lobatoside O (1), actinostemmoside I (2) and actinostemmoside J (3), were isolated from the herb of Actinostemma lobatum MAXIM. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive chemical and spectroscopic methods. In addition, cytotoxic activities toward HCT-116, HT-29, MCF-7 and A549 cell lines were tested by the MTT method.     

In vitro growth inhibition of human cancer cells by novel honokiol analogs

Honokiol possesses many pharmacological activities including anti-cancer properties. Here in, we designed and synthesized honokiol analogs that block major honokiol metabolic pathway which may enhance their effectiveness. We studied their cytotoxicity in human cancer cells and evaluated possible mechanism of cell cycle arrest. Two analogs, namely 2 and 4, showed much higher growth inhibitory activity in A549 human lung cancer cells and significant increase of cell population in the G0-G1 phase. Further elucidation of the inhibition mechanism on cell cycle showed that analogs 2 and 4 inhibit both CDK1 and cyclin B1 protien levels in A549 cells.     

Selective inhibitory effects of hybrid liposomes on the growth of HIV type 1-infected cells in vitro

A good correlation between fifty-percent inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of hybrid liposomes (HL) composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and polyoxyethylene(n) dodecyl ether on the growth of MOLT-4/IIIB cells (MOLT-4 cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)) and the membrane fluidity of HL was obtained. Furthermore, the huge enhancement of virus production was observed in the latently HIV-infected (J(22)-HL-60) cells after the treatment with HL.     

Insulin-like growth factors modulate the growth inhibitory effects of retinoic acid on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Retinoids are currently being tested for the treatment and prevention of several human cancers, including breast cancer. However, the anti-cancer and growth inhibitory mechanisms of retinoids are not well understood. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) inhibits the growth of the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, in a reversible and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I,IGF-II) and insulin are potent stimulators of the proliferation of MCF-7 and several other breast cancer cell lines. Pharmacologic doses of RA (≤10^?6M) completely inhibit IGF-I-stimulated MCF-7 cell growth. Published data suggest that the growth inhibitory action of RA on IGF-stimulated cell growth is linear and dose-dependent, similar to RA inhibition of unstimulated or estradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cell growth. Surprisingly, we have found that IGF-I or insulin-stimulated cell growth is increased to a maximum of 132% and 127%, respectively, by cotreatment with 10^?7 M RA, and that 10^?9–10^?7 M RA increase cell proliferation compared to IGF-I or insulin alone. MCF-7 cells that stably overexpress IGF-II are also resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of 10^?9–10^?7 M RA. Treatment with the IGF-I receptor blocking antibody, αIR-3, restores RA-induced growth inhibition of IGF-I-treated or IGF-II-overexpressing MCF-7 cells, indicating that the IGF-I receptor is mediating these effects. IGFs cannot reverse all RA effects since the altered cell culture morphology of RA-treated cells is similar in growth-inhibited cultures and in IGF-II expressing clones that are resistant to RA-induced growth inhibition. These results indicate that RA action on MCF-7 cells is biphasic in the presence of IGF-I or insulin with 10^?9–10^?7 M RA enhancing cell proliferation and ≥ 10^?6M RA causing growth inhibition. As IGF-I and IGF-II ligands are frequently detectable in breast tumor tissues, their potential for modulation of RA effects should be considered when evaluating retinoids for use in in vivo experimental studies and for clinical purposes. Additionally, the therapeutic use of inhibitors of IGF action in combination with RA is suggested by these studies. © 1995 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

In vitro effects of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) in cancer cells

BACKGROUND: Bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) is a dialyzate of a heterogeneous mixture of low molecular weight substances released from disintegrated blood leukocytes or lymphoid tissue obtained from homogenized bovine spleen. The purpose of this study was to determine if bDLE had cytotoxic effects and modulated apoptosis gene expression in breast cancer cells. METHODS: The MCF-7, BT-474, MDA-MB-453, A-427, Calu-1, U937 and L5178Y cancer cell lines and PBMC human cells were treated with bDLE (0-0.66 U/mL) for 72 h. The bDLE effect on cell growth proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, and the MCF-7 was evaluated by ethidium bromide-acridine orange staining; total DNA was evaluated for DNA fragmentation, and total RNA was isolated for p53, bag-1, c-myc, bim, bax, bcl-2 and bad mRNA expression. RESULTS: The bDLE had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects and demonstrated an IC50 at a dosage of 0.06 U/mL (P<0.05). The bDLE did not affect the viability of normal human PBMC. The bDLE induced DNA fragmentation at doses of 0.06 and 0.13 U/mL in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The bDLE induced cytotoxic effects and suppressed the p53, bag-1, c-myc, bax, bcl-2, and bad mRNA expression that influences apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Bim mRNA expression was not detected. DISCUSSION: This may open up interesting prospects for the treatment of human breast cancer.     

Two new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from Korean red ginseng and their anti-inflammatory effects

Panax ginseng has been the subject of extensive research on potential medicinal materials. The goal of this study was search the chemical constituents and biological activities of processed Panax ginseng, Korean red ginseng. Our efforts led to the isolation eleven compounds (1–11) including two new compounds 1 and 2 from Korean red ginseng using various chromatographic techniques. Chemical structures of isolated compounds were demonstrated by spectroscopic methods (1D-, 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS). The anti-inflammatory effects of the compounds were investigated by inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, the effects of the compounds on the expression of COX-2 and iNOS were examined by Western blotting. Compound 1 significantly reduced the level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS inflammatory enzymes in the cells. These results suggested that compound 1, a new ginsenoside might useful in treatment of inflammation.     

Direct inhibitory effects of estrogens on rat Leydig cells in vitro.

In dispersed rat interstitial cells in vitro both natural and synthetic estrogens inhibited the action of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), as assessed by testosterone production. The estrogens also inhibited dibutyryl cyclic AMP induced steroidogenesis, suggesting that one point of inhibition could be distal to the formation of cyclic AMP in the cells. Diethyl stilbestrol and its clinically used sodium phosphate derivative (Honvol), also affected hormone-receptor interaction when tested with rat testicular homogenates. Among estradiol, estradiol benzoate, Honvol and diethyl stilbestrol only the latter at high concentration had toxic effects on Leydig cells as noted from loss of thier viability.     

In vitro growth characteristics of rat mesothelioma cells in culture

The study reports morphological growth characteristics and chromosome analysis of neoplastic rat pleural mesothelial cells (RPMC) isolated from a mesothelioma-bearing rat. The pleural mesothelioma was induced by intrapleural injection of chrysotile fibers. Neoplastic RPMC were cultured by the standard methods used for normal RPMC. Neoplastic RPMC cultures had a population doubling time of 19 hr versus 30 hr for the normal cells. Plating efficiency in liquid medium was almost 100%. Cultures of neoplastic RPMC were anchorage-independent since 70% of the seeded cells formed colonies after one week; after the second week, colony size was enhanced but colony recovery was not. The serum dependence of neoplastic cells was less than that of the normal cells. 79 out of 100 metaphase cells analyzed had 41 to 43 chromosomes, and the modal number was 42 (38%). A large metacentric chromosome was observed in 77 of the 100 neoplastic metaphase cells analyzed, but not in any normal metaphase cells. In nude mice, the neoplastic RPMC were tumorigenic.     

In vitro properties of various growth factors and in vivo effects

This article summarizes some of the data that have been accumulated on several growth factors. Biochemical and biological properties of the Epidermal, Fibroblast, Astrocytes and Tumor growth factors (EGF, FGF, AGF, TGF) and those of growth factors derived from Platelets (PDGF), Brain (BDGF, ECGF), Eye (EDGF) and Cartilage (CDGF) are reviewed, as well as the in vitro mechanism of action of EGF and PDGF. The in vivo effects of these growth factors, particularly the experiments achieved to understand the physiological or physiopathological significance are described. The potential interest of these molecules in pharmacology and their use as wound healing agents is discussed.     

In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases

The inhibition of two human carbonic anhydrase (HCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic HCA I and II, with heavy metal salts of Pb(II), Co(II) and Hg(II) has been investigated. Human erythrocyte CA-I isozyme was purified with a specific activity of 920 EUmg(-1) and a yield of 30% and CA-II isozyme was purified with a specific activity of 8000 EUmg(-1) and a yield of 40% using Sepharose-4B-L tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. The overall purification was approximately 104-fold for HCA-I and 900-fold for HCA-II. The inhibitory effects of different heavy metals (lead, cobalt and mercury) on CA activity were determined at low concentrations using the esterase method under in vitro conditions. Ki values for these metals were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk graphs as 1.0, 3.22 and 1.45 mM for HCA-I and 0.059, 1.382 and 0.32 mM for HCA-II respectively. Lead was a noncompetitive inhibitor for HCA-I and competitive for HCA-II, cobalt was competitive for HCA-I and noncompetitive for HCA-II and mercury was uncompetitive for both HCA-I and HCA-II. Lead was the best inhibitor for both HCA-I and HCA-II.     

In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases

The inhibition of two human carbonic anhydrase (HCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic HCA I and II, with heavy metal salts of Pb(II), Co(II) and Hg(II)has been investigated. Human erythrocyte CA-I isozyme was purified with a specific activity of 920 EUmg^{? 1} and a yield of 30% and CA-II isozyme was purified with a specific activity of 8000 EUmg^{? 1} and a yield of 40% using Sepharose-4B-L tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. The overall purification was approximately 104-fold for HCA-I and 900-fold for HCA-II. The inhibitory effects of different heavy metals (lead, cobalt and mercury) on CA activity were determined at low concentrations using the esterase method under in vitro conditions. K_i values for these metals were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk graphs as 1.0, 3.22 and 1.45 mM for HCA-I and 0.059, 1.382 and 0.32 mM for HCA-II respectively. Lead was a noncompetitive inhibitor for HCA-I and competitive for HCA-II, cobalt was competitive for HCA-I and noncompetitive for HCA-II and mercury was uncompetitive for both HCA-I and HCA-II. Lead was the best inhibitor for both HCA-I and HCA-II.     

Structure of two antiviral triterpene saponins from anagallis arvensis

From Anagallis arvensistwo novel saponins were isolated. On the basis of the spectral analysis, the structure proposed for one of the saponins was the 3-O-glucose (1 → 3 or 4)[arbinose 1 → 4 or 3]-glucose(1→2)-xyloside of 23-hydroxy protoprimulagenin A. The other saponin contained an additional glucose.     

Zinc levels in zinc-stabilized insulin are inhibitory to the growth of cells in vitro

Summary Adult human prostatic epithelium was cultured in a defined medium consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with transferrin, insulin, epidermal growth factor, dexamethasone, and vitamin A. In the presence of insulin, stabilized with zinc, maximum epithelial multiplication was obtained at an insulin concentration of 0.03 to 0.1 U/ml, corresponding to a zinc concentration of 1.4×10⁻⁷ M. At higher insulin concentrations, growth stimulation declined. Zinc-free insulin, on the other hand, stimulated cell multiplication with an optimum concentration of 0.3 to 1.0 U/ml. At this concentration the maximum growth was twice that obtained with zinc-stabilized insulin. Results demonstrate that growth inhibition caused by zinc limits the concentration of zinc-stabilized insulin, which can be used in serum-free, defined culture media. This work was supported by the Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, DHHS Grant No. CA-28279 to Webber.     

In vitro and In silico studies on inhibitory effects of curcumin on multi drug resistance associated protein (MRP1) in retinoblastoma cells

Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) is one of the major causes of chemotherapy failure in human malignancies. Curcumin, the active constituent of Curcuma longa is a proven anticancer agent potentially modulating the expression and function of these MDR proteins. In this study, we attempted to test curcumin for its potential to inhibit the expression and function of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) in retinoblastoma (RB) cell lines through western blot, RT-PCR and functional assays. In silico analysis were also performed to understand the molecular interactions conferred by curucmin on MRP1 in RB cells. Western blot and RTPCR analysis did not show any correlation of MRP1 expression with increase in concentration of curcumin. However, inhibitory effect of curcumin on MRP1 function was observed as a decrease in the efflux of fluorescent substrate. Moreover, Curcumin did not affect 8-azido-ATP-biotin binding to MRP1 and it also showed inhibition of ATP-hydrolysis stimulated by quercetin, which is indicative of curcumin's interaction with the substrate binding site of MRP1. Furthermore, homology modelling and docking simulation studies of MRP1 also provided deeper insights into the molecular interactions, thereby inferring the potential binding mode of curcumin into the substrate binding site of MRP1.     

Zinc levels in zinc-stabilized insulin are inhibitory to the growth of cells in vitro

Adult human prostatic epithelium was cultured in a defined medium consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with transferrin, insulin, epidermal growth factor, dexamethasone, and vitamin A. In the presence of insulin, stabilized with zinc, maximum epithelial multiplication was obtained at an insulin concentration of 0.03 to 0.1 U/ml, corresponding to a zinc concentration of 1.4 X 10(-7) M. At higher insulin concentrations, growth stimulation declined. Zinc-free insulin, on the other hand, stimulated cell multiplication with an optimum concentration of 0.3 to 1.0 U/ml. At this concentration, the maximum growth was twice that obtained with zinc-stabilized insulin. Results demonstrate that growth inhibition caused by zinc limits the concentration of zinc-stabilized insulin, which can be used in serum-free, defined culture media.     

In vitro inhibitory effect of interferon on colony formation of myeloma stem cells

Summary The inhibitory effect of interferon on colony formation of myeloma stem cells in two layer plasma clot-soft agar cultures was studied. Human lymphoblast interferon inhibited in therapeutically attainable concentrations myeloma stem cell proliferation in 50% and human fibroblast interferon in 23% of the 14 myeloma patients in whom in vitro colony formation could be achieved. In interferon-sensitive patients the numbers of myeloma stem cell clusters and colonies were decreased to 34.4%–54.9% of control cultures. In addition, maturation of myeloma stem cells in differentiated plasma cells was reduced by interferon in most of these cases.