胃多导电刺激及胃液体排空犬动物模型的建立

目的建立胃浆膜多导联电刺激和胃排空动物模型。方法在12条英国比格犬的胃大弯浆膜层包埋四对心内起搏电极,距幽门40cm空肠近端行一造瘘口。结果①造瘘管收集食糜的方法简单易行,通过其排空量,能了解不同的电刺激和不同的电刺激参数对胃动力的作用。②胃浆膜多导联电极记录的胃体、胃窦慢波电信号清晰、稳定,能准确地记录不同时间和不同实验的胃慢波变化。③单导联和多导长脉冲电刺激均能控制胃慢波。结论胃浆膜多导联电极是研究胃电生理、胃电起搏及胃电起搏对胃排空的影响较理想的方法。英国比格犬是此模型的理想材料。     

从250克到17克心脏起搏器的发展史

心脏起搏器是治疗心率徐缓和严重心律失常的主要手段之一，疗效显著，目前世界各国已广泛使用，受到普遍重视。1958年第一个心脏起搏器入人体。心脏起搏技术是工程技术和心脏电生理相结合、生物医学工程在临床应用中最成功、但又在进一步发展的技术。特别是近20年来，从工程技术方面讲，由于微电子和微处理技术的进一步应用。软件代替某些软件传感某些生理参数异构成闭环电路，以及新能源、新材料、电极等应用，使心脏起搏技术更合乎生理要求，心脏起搏的适应症更扩大，除治疗心脏传导系统障碍引起的心动过缓外，还有心动过速、埋杆式自动除颤等更多类型起搏器应用于临床。     

128道心外膜电位标测系统的设计

心外膜电位标测是一种重要的心脏电生理研究方法,特别适用于房颤等复杂心律失常电生理机制的研究。128道心外膜电位标测系统由柔性电极、放大器、数据采集卡以及相应的软件组成,可用于心外膜实时标测。通过对标测结果的分析可以确定心律失常的起源部位和传导路径,为临床诊断、治疗提供重要依据。     

培养新生大鼠心肌细胞的电信号传导：多电极记录研究

利用多电极阵列同步记录技术对培养的新生大鼠单层心肌细胞的电活动进行胞外记录,观察心肌细胞在自发搏动和电刺激情况下信号在细胞间的传导模式。通过对记录信号的处理和分析,能获得诸如起搏细胞的数量和位置、动作电位的传导速度和途径以及不同起搏细胞间的相互影响等信息。研究还发现,心肌细胞阈下刺激会影响细胞的搏动和信号传导。     

心脏起搏与电生理专业委员会召开学术会

在瑞金医院举办——2008上海心脏节律论坛之际，上海市生物医学工程学会心脏起搏与电生理专业委员会于2008年于12月7日上午在瑞金医院科技楼召开学术会。来自全国及上海的电生理同行，包括上海起搏与电生理界的老前辈约200人出席本次学术会。     

心脏起搏与电生理学技术和方法的回顾与展望

回顾了心脏电生理方法学和器械进步的早期基石,并阐述了以导管和起搏技术为特点的心内电生理学若干标志性新方法、新领域、新进展。进而展望了心脏电生理方法学的若干发展方向。     

犬心房-希氏束顺序起搏的心电生理学和血液动力学研究

目的：探讨心房氏束顺序起搏时心脏电生理和血液动力学效应,为临床开展生理性心脏起搏提供理论依据。方法：健康犬20只,全麻机械通气下,开胸暴露心脏,将特制希氏束（His Bundle,His B)标测／起搏电极进行His束电图标测,选择最佳His束起搏位点,并与右心房（right atria,RA)、右室尖部（right ventricular apex,RVA）心外膜起搏位点组合成不同的心脏起搏模式,比较RA－AAI、Sis B-VVI、RVA－VVI单腔按需型心脏起搏和RA－His BDDI、RA－RVADDI双腔按需型心脏起搏时的心脏电生理学和血液动力学参数变化特点。结果：His B起搏阈值接近于RVA起搏;RAAAI、His B-VVI和RA－His BDDI起搏时心输出量（CO）较起搏前均有不同程度提高,RA－His BDDI起搏CO提高最显著约29．64％（P＜0．01）,RA－RVADDI起搏提高约0．25％（P＞0．05）、单RVA－VVI起搏则降低约5．41％（P＞0．05）,每搏量（SV）、左室每搏功（LVSW）和右室每搏功（RVSW）等参数明显优于RVAVVI和RA－RVADDI起搏。结论：His B-VVI和RA－His BDDI起搏由于将起搏位点从传统的右室尖改为His束,从而保持了近于正常生理性房激动顺序和心室收缩同步性,故可维持整个心脏协调有序的收缩和舒张,产生优于RVA－VVI、RA－RVADDI起搏的血液动力学效果,值得临床应用。     

心房起搏电极的临床应用

在植入４８条心房起搏电极的实践中体会：在起搏电极定位中起搏电压阈值和心腔内电压振幅两者中应先满足心腔内电压振幅标准以保证感知功能良好。术中Ｐ－Ｒ段抬高的形态与术中即刻起博电压阈值和心腔内电压振幅及远期电极脱位均无关。     

频率响应心脏起搏系统

一、频率响应心脏起搏系统在起搏治疗中的地位临床研究表明,就改善心功能、增加心排血量而言,适时地增加起搏频率较保持房室顺序收缩更为重要,特别是在运动负荷条件下更是如此。根据机体代谢情况而改变起搏频率即频率响应心脏起搏系统,是近年发展起来,并受到普遍重视的一种单腔(或双腔)生理型起搏方式。它应用不同的生理、生化指标,经过相应地传感器,从而对起搏频率进行自动控制。     

模拟野战条件，自主研制介入方舱内临时起搏实验

目的:研究模拟野战条件下在自主创新研制介入方舱内行临时起搏实验的可行性和时效性。方法:对5例正常狗在微创介入方舱内使用普通电极导管进行急诊心脏临时起搏模拟操作,观察该过程的时间,和操作效果,以及舱内人员的配合。结果:应用普通电极导管急诊心脏超速起搏5例全部成功,股静脉穿刺,无穿刺部位血肿、感染,血栓栓塞,心脏穿孔等并发症发生。时间在10分钟以内。结论:依托微创介入方舱,在野外恶劣条件下进行临时起搏的急救过程安全,实用,快捷。可用于战时以及非战争卫勤急救任务中,发挥重要作用。     

Ventricular pacing – Electromechanical consequences and valvular function

Although great strides have been made in the areas of ventricular pacing, it is still appreciated that dyssynchrony can be malignant, and that appropriately placed pacing leads may ameliorate mechanical dyssynchrony. However, the unknowns at present include:1. The mechanisms by which ventricular pacing itself can induce dyssynchrony;2. Whether or not various pacing locations can decrease the deleterious effects caused by ventricular pacing;3. The impact of novel methods of pacing, such as atrioventricular septal, lead-less, and far-field surface stimulation;4. The utility of ECG and echocardiography in predicting response to therapy and/or development of dyssynchrony in the setting of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) lead placement;5. The impact of ventricular pacing-induced dyssynchrony on valvular function, and how lead position correlates to potential improvement.This review examines the existing literature to put these issues into context, to provide a basis for understanding how electrical, mechanical, and functional aspects of the heart can be distorted with ventricular pacing. We highlight the central role of the mitral valve and its function as it relates to pacing strategies, especially in the setting of CRT. We also provide future directions for improved pacing modalities via alternative pacing sites and speculate over mechanisms on how lead position may affect the critical function of the mitral valve and thus overall efficacy of CRT.     

Endocardial transvenous pacing in patients with surgically palliated univentricular hearts: A review on different techniques,problems and management

Fontan surgery and its modifications have improved survival in various forms of univentricular hearts. A regular atrial rhythm with atrioventricular synchrony is one of the most important prerequisite for the long-term effective functioning of this preload dependent circulation. A significant proportion of these survivors need various forms of pacing for bradyarrhythmias, often due to sinus nodal dysfunction and sometimes due to atrioventricular nodal block. The diversion of the venous flows away from the cardiac chambers following this surgery takes away the simpler endocardial pacing options through the superior vena cava. The added risks of thromboembolism associated with endocardial leads in systemic ventricles have made epicardial pacing as the procedure of choice. However challenges in epicardial pacing include surgical adhesions, increased pacing thresholds leading to early battery depletion and frequent lead fractures. When epicardial pacing fails, endocardial lead placement is equally challenging due to lack of access to the cardiac chambers in Fontan circulation. This review discusses the univentricular heart morphologies that may warrant pacing, issues about epicardial pacing, different techniques for endocardial pacing in patients with disconnected superior vena cava, pacing in different modifications of Fontan surgeries, issues of systemic thromboembolism with endocardial leads, atrioventricular valve regurgitation attributed to pacing leads and device infections. In a vast majority of patients following Glenn shunt and Senning surgery, an epicardial pacing and lead replacement is always feasible though technically very difficult. This article highlights the different options of transatrial and transventricular endocardial pacing.     

Selective left bundle branch pacing for pediatric complete heart block

Traditionally Right Ventricle has been the preferred site of pacing for the management of symptomatic brady-arrhythmias. The deleterious effect of chronic RV pacing has been shown by several studies. This has generated interest into a novel pacing strategy called physiological pacing wherein the His bundle or the left bundle is paced directly with 4.1 F pacing lead. Herewith we are reporting a case of congenital complete heart block in a 13-year-old child for whom selective left bundle branch pacing was done. This physiological pacing will ensure a synchronized contraction of the ventricles thereby avoiding the deleterious effect of RV pacing.     

Close Proximity of Left Anterior Descending Artery to the Right Ventricular Lead Apparently Implanted into the Mid-septum

Right ventricular (RV) mid-septal pacing should have fewer negative effects on left ventricular function compared to apical pacing. However, targeting the mid-septum may be technically challenging since it is usually done with two-dimensional fluoroscopy. The rotation of the heart and various shapes of the RV make it difficult to assess, whether the lead is really anchored in the septum. Many leads, apparently anchored in the septum, are in fact anchored in the anterior wall or anteroseptal groove, and some can get anchored in close proximity to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). We report three cases from our series of 51 patients, in whom the RV lead thought to be implanted in the mid-septum was in fact anchored in close proximity of LAD when assessed using computed tomography.     

A Novel pacing option in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis: A case series

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is characterized by fibrous tissue deposition on the endocardial surface leading to impaired filling of one or both ventricles, resulting in either right or left heart failure or both. Although Sinus node dysfunction and tachyarrhythmia - atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, have been commonly reported, complete heart block (CHB) necessitating a pacemaker is rare in EMF. Transvenous pacing is technically limited by fibrotic obliteration of the affected ventricle that results in poor lead parameters, and alternative pacing strategy like epicardial pacing may be required in many. We report three cases of EMF, who were treated with an alternative pacing strategy.     

Novel Technique of Dual Chamber Pacing Through Minithoracotomy and Transatrial Endocardial Active Fixation Lead Insertion for Epicardial Pacing Lead Malfunction

Epicardial pacing lead fixation is employed in patients with cavopulmonary anastamosis (Glenn shunts) when they need permanent pacing. Epicardial pacing in these patients may malfunction due to high pacing thresholds or diaphragmatic pacing. A novel technique of transatrial insertion of two endocardial screw-in pacing leads through right anterolateral minithoracotomy could achieve synchronous atrioventricular pacing in a patient with Ebsteins anomaly with symptomatic sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal disease.     

Selective His-bundle pacing in an adult with atrioventricular canal defect via retrograde His localization

Adult congenital heart disease patients may undergo numerous fluoroscopically guided procedures including pacemaker implantation during their lifetime. One alternative to traditional pacemaker setup which may improve long-term pacing outcomes is His bundle pacing. Given the altered His-bundle location, and given increased radiation exposure over a lifetime, we used 3-dimensional mapping to locate the His and to minimize fluoroscopy for placement of a His-bundle pacemaker system in a 31-year old patient with atrioventricular canal defect and complete heart block with 100% RV pacing and epicardial lead fracture.MethodsAn Octapolar Livewire catheter (Abbott, Minneapolis, USA) was used for mapping and location of the His bundle from a right femoral venous access on the EnSite Precision system 3-dimensional mapping system (Abbott Medical, Abbott Park, IL). The same map was used to guide 3830 lead placement into the posterior-inferior His-bundle position.ResultsSuccessful placement of a His-bundle pacing system with thresholds of 1Volt@0.4ms for both the atrial and ventricular leads with selective His-bundle pacing noted. Ten-month follow-up demonstrated His-bundle capture at 0.75V@0.4ms with stable impedance, sensing and with 100% right ventricular pacing a projected longevity of 12 years total.ConclusionsSuccessful placement of selective His-bundle pacing can be achieved in an adult patient with atrioventricular canal defect using 3-dimensional mapping.     

Clinical profile and outcomes of semi-permanent pacing in a tertiary care institute in southern India

BackgroundSemi-permanent pacing (SPP) includes the placement of a permanent lead through the internal jugular vein and connection to a pulse generator on the skin outside the venous access site.AimTo evaluate the clinical profile and outcomes of semi-permanent pacing in a tertiary care institute in Southern India.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study. All patients admitted and requiring management with semi-permanent pacing from January 2017 to June 2020 were included.ResultsFrom January 2017 to June 2020, 20 patients underwent semi-permanent pacing (SPP) with a median age of 54 (21–74) years. Males comprised a majority of the patients (55%). Hypertension was noted in 50% of patients and 30% were diabetic. The right internal jugular vein was the most common access in 95% of patients. The most common indication for semi-permanent pacing was pocket site infection in 30% of patients. There were no procedural complications. The median duration on SPP was 7 (5–14) days and the median duration of hospital stay was 13 (8–21) days. Permanent pacemaker implantation was done in 55% of patients. Mortality in our study group was 15% with 10% dying due to cardiogenic shock (post resuscitated cardiac arrest) and 5% dying due to non-cardiac cause (Epidural hematoma).ConclusionIn our study, semi-permanent pacing was noted to be a safe procedure and was more commonly indicated in emergent conditions with complete heart block secondary to underlying reversible causes and in the management of pocket site infection.     

The downside of right ventricular apical pacing

The right ventricular (RV) apex has been the standard pacing site since the development of implantable pacemaker technology. Although RV pacing was initially only utilized for the treatment of severe bradyarrhythmias usually due to complete heart block, today the indications for and implantation of RV pacing devices is dramatically larger. Recently, the adverse effects of chronic RV apical pacing have been described including an increased risk of heart failure and death. This review details the detrimental effects of RV apical pacing and their shared hemodynamic pathophysiology. In particular, the role of RV apical pacing induced ventricular dyssynchrony is highlighted with a specific focus on differential outcome based upon QRS morphology at implant.     

Electrocardiographic patterns in biventricular pacing delivered by second-generation cardiac resynchronization devices

Background

With increasing use of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), treating physicians should be familiar with different electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns of left ventricular (LV) lead and biventricular (BiV) pacing. However, there are a few publications on ECG patterns during BiV pacing.