病毒逃逸宿主免疫反应机制的研究进展

先天性免疫反应是宿主抵御病毒感染的第一道防线,也是激活适应性免疫的基础,其在宿主清除病毒的免疫反应中发挥关键作用,成为当前免疫学研究的热点。在先天性免疫反应中,病毒感染细胞后主要通过模式识别受体识别病毒入侵,进而产生干扰素和一系列细胞因子来抵抗病毒入侵或清除病毒;而在适应性免疫中,机体主要通过T细胞和B细胞特异性识别入侵的病毒并将其清除。与此同时,病毒为了能够更好地在宿主细胞中获得生存,进化了多种可逃逸宿主免疫系统的机制。现将主要针对于病毒逃逸宿主免疫反应的一系列机制进行阐述。     

泛素化修饰调控固有免疫信号通路的研究进展

宿主细胞依赖固有免疫系统识别入侵的病原微生物,经相关细胞信号转导通路,激活促炎症及抗感染的基因表达。泛素化修饰是细胞内广泛存在的蛋白质翻译后修饰机制,全方位调控宿主细胞防御病原微生物的动态过程:一方面,作为多功能的信号调节分子,在时空上精细调节免疫反应的进程,有效地清除入侵的病原体;另一方面,通过降解关键信号转导分子,限制过度免疫反应,避免造成宿主自体损伤。本文总结了泛素化修饰在Toll样受体信号通路(TLR)、RIG-I样受体信号通路(RLR)和STING介导的信号通路中的新功能,以及相关分子调控机制,并对前沿方向进行展望。     

应答流感病毒感染的宿主信号途径研究进展

一系列广泛的宿主细胞信号转导通路可以被流感病毒感染激活. 一些信号转导通路引起宿主细胞的先天免疫应答来抵抗流感病毒, 而一些其他的信号转导通路却是流感病毒实现高效复制所必需的. 本文综述了宿主细胞中由流感病毒感染引起的胞内信号转导, 包括宿主模式识别受体(PRRs)相关信号, PKC, Raf/MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号, 同时对上述信号通路的下游具体效应进行了总结. 这些效应包括宿主细胞对流感病毒的识别, 流感病毒的吸附及入侵, 流感病毒核蛋白的输出, 病毒蛋白的翻译控制, 流感病毒引起的宿主细胞凋亡. 对流感病毒引起的细胞信号转导的研究有助于更加清晰地认识病毒与宿主的相互作用, 也是寻找新的抗病毒靶点和新的抗病毒策略的基础.     

病毒感染引起的炎症反应：宿主对抗病毒的“双刃剑”

先天性免疫系统作为宿主抵抗外来病原入侵的第一道防线,也是最迅速的防御系统。宿主先天性免疫系统中的模式识别受体识别入侵信号并激活炎症信号通路,诱导产生大量促炎性细胞因子,引起炎症反应。病毒感染是激活炎症反应的条件之一,诱导机体产生强烈的免疫应答,强大的炎症反应调控网络在宿主抗病毒过程中发挥关键作用,以维持机体的平衡。本文综述了病毒感染引起的炎症反应,重点介绍了宿主对炎症反应的调控网络,以及DNA和RNA病毒对炎症反应的调节机制,为病毒感染引起的免疫性疾病的治疗提供参考。     

抗病毒天然免疫研究

病毒是一种极具感染性和传染性的病原微生物．当病毒感染机体以后,机体会通过激活免疫系统来进行防御．高等哺乳动物的免疫系统分为两大类：适应性免疫系统和天然免疫系统．适应性免疫系统主要通过T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞特异性地识别入侵的病毒并将其清除．而天然免疫系统主要通过模式识别受体识别病毒的入侵,进而产生一系列的细胞因子抵抗病毒的入侵．其中,天然免疫系统作为抵御病毒入侵的第一道防线和激活后续适应性免疫的先决条件在整个抗病毒免疫反应中发挥着十分重要的作用．     

泛素化调控抗病毒天然免疫的研究进展

天然免疫是宿主防御病原微生物入侵的第一道防线,其活化主要通过天然免疫细胞上的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors, PRRs)识别病原微生物上相对保守的相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs).病毒相关的核酸成分可以被机体Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)、维甲酸诱导基因Ⅰ受体(RIG-I-like receptors, RLRs)以及胞浆DNA受体(cytoplasmic DNA sensors)等识别,通过一系列复杂的细胞信号通路诱导Ⅰ型干扰素(typeⅠinterferon)及炎症因子的表达,从而激发机体抗病毒反应.泛素化修饰是细胞内广泛存在的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,在宿主防御病原微生物感染的动态调控过程中发挥着重要的作用.已有大量文献报道,天然免疫抗病毒信号通路中的多个关键接头分子可发生泛素化修饰,进而调控机体抗病毒免疫应答反应.本文综述了泛素化修饰在抗病毒天然免疫中的作用及其调控机制.     

人巨细胞病毒调控免疫逃逸相关基因的功能及其机制研究

人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）是一个广泛传播的机会致病原,也是不断利用和操控机体免疫系统致慢性持续性病毒感染的典型代表。在病毒与宿主共同漫长进化过程中,HCMV产生了许多逃避宿主免疫系统识别的机制,其基因组编码了大量产物,通过抑制自然杀伤细胞和树突细胞功能,下调被感染细胞表面主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类分子表达以减少病毒抗原呈递,损伤IgG介导的体液免疫,调节多种趋化因子和细胞因子的作用,从而控制宿主天然免疫应答和适应性免疫应答的核心功能。本文就HCMV的免疫逃避机制进行综述,探讨病毒与宿主相互作用的发生、发展与结局。     

DNA识别受体PYHIN家族及相关病毒免疫逃逸机制的研究

宿主细胞内的DNA识别受体可识别病毒核酸分子并激活细胞天然免疫反应,从而产生抗病毒效应;同时,病毒也进化出相应机制来逃避或抑制这种免疫反应。本文总结了宿主细胞内DNA识别受体PYHIN家族识别病毒核酸并激活细胞天然免疫反应的特点和分子机制,并讨论了病毒逃避宿主天然免疫应答的方式。     

痘病毒介导的NF-κB信号通路的调控

痘病毒是人和多种动物痘病的病原体,作为嗜上皮型的DNA病毒,在进化过程中,痘病毒特定的基因产物作用于机体免疫调控系统,调节免疫反应的进程和作用方式,进而完成其感染细胞、复制和繁殖的生物学过程。NF-κB信号通路是机体免疫系统重要的信号转导调节系统,各种痘病毒采用自身特殊的策略作用于这一免疫调节的重要靶系统,应对机体对其免疫清除和免疫反应。对痘病毒介导的宿主免疫调节的深入研究有助于研发新型疫苗和治疗性制剂。本文对近十年来各种痘病毒编码的多种目标蛋白参与宿主NF-κB信号通路调控的分子机制进行综述。     

长链非编码RNANRAV在抗病毒应答中对干扰素刺激基因(ISG)转录的调控作用

<正>天然免疫是宿主抵抗病毒的第一道防线。病毒侵染宿主后,宿主的病原识别受体(PRR)鉴别出病毒的核酸或蛋白质组分,激活抗病毒天然免疫应答。一系列天然免疫信号通路被PRR激活,通路下游的转录因子随之活化并进入细胞核,核内各种免疫相关基因依次开始转录调控。首先,干扰素大量表达并被分泌至细胞外,随后上百种干扰素刺激基因(ISG)转录表达。这些ISG蛋白分布至细胞内外,通过多种机制抵御病毒的感染复制,以清除机体内的病毒。长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)是一类长度大于200nt、不具有蛋白编码特性的RNA分子。近年来大量实验证据表明,长链非编码RNA在细胞     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.