Effect of geographical sources and biochemical traits on plant litter decomposition in a peatland

不同地理来源的泥炭地植物残体在同一环境中的分解速率一直缺乏比较研究。该研究沿纬度梯度, 选择大九湖、哈泥和满归3处泥炭地, 以三地的10种植物为分解材料, 使用分解袋包装, 埋藏于长白山哈泥泥炭地, 开展为期1年的分解实验, 研究地理来源及生物化学属性对泥炭地植物残体分解的影响。结果表明, 如不考虑物种差异, 从总体上看, 随着纬度增加, 3处泥炭地植物残体的初始氮(N)含量下降, 初始木质素含量、碳氮比(C/N)和木质素/N上升。经一年分解后残体分解速率因植物类群不同而不同, 桦木属(Betula)和薹草属(Carex)植物残体的干质量损失率均接近50%, 远大于泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物(约为10%)。3处来源地植物残体干质量损失率总体上无差异, 但比较同种植物残体发现, 来自中纬度泥炭地哈泥的中位泥炭藓(S. magellanicum)的干质量损失率(19%)远高于来自高纬度泥炭地满归的(9%)。制约残体分解的因素因植物类群不同而不同, 残体初始总酚/N是决定属间残体干质量损失率差异的重要指标。薹草属植物初始N含量和C/N与残体分解速率、泥炭藓属植物初始Klason木质素含量和总酚/N与残体分解速率均呈正相关关系。该研究一定程度上表明, 若以纬度降低指代气候变暖, 当前持续的气候变暖可能通过改变高纬度泥炭地的植物组成和植物的生物化学属性, 来改变植物残体分解速率, 进而影响泥炭地的碳汇功能。     

木质素和氮含量对植物残体分解的影响

 在25 ℃和水分含量为400 g·kg-1（以风干土计）条件下对19种植物残体进行培养实验,同时进行田间填埋试验,研究残体的木质素和N含量对其在土壤中分解的影响。相关分析表明,不同植物残体的分解速率与其初始全N含量呈正相关,与初始木质素含量、木质素与N含量之比呈负相关。逐步回归分析进一步表明,植物残体的C分解与全N及木质素含量的数学关系可表达成：Y=B0+B1N+B2L。式中,B0、B1和B2为回归系数,N和L分别表示植物残体的初始全N含量及木质素含量。Y可分别表示为植物残体C分解的一级动力学常数、培     

东北哈泥泥炭地不同泥炭藓属植物高光谱特征

泥炭藓是北方泥炭地的优势植物,其高光谱特征研究很少。本研究采用高光谱遥感技术,对不同水位埋深条件下(藓丘及丘间)生长的相同种类泥炭藓植物,及同一水位埋深条件下的不同种类泥炭藓植物的光谱特征进行研究。结果表明,不同种类泥炭藓属植物的光谱反射特征具有明显种间差异,主要反映在绿峰、红边的差异上。由于水分条件差异,生长在高丘和低丘的锈色泥炭藓、泥炭藓及中位泥炭藓在可见光和近红外波段的光谱反射率均具有显著差异,高丘的泥炭藓属植物的反射率均高于低丘的泥炭藓属植物。本研究所获得的东北地区哈泥泥炭地几种泥炭藓属植物的详细光谱信息,可以为高分辨率航空影像和卫片解译泥炭藓湿地提供地面基础。     

亚热带不同树种凋落叶分解对氮添加的响应

为探究不同质量凋落物对氮(N)沉降的响应, 该研究采用尼龙网袋分解法, 在亚热带福建三明格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林, 选取4种本区常见的具有不同初始化学性质的树种凋落叶进行模拟N沉降(N添加)分解实验(施N水平为对照0和50 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。研究结果表明: 在2年的分解期内, 对照处理的各树种凋落叶的分解速率依次为观光木(Michelia odora, 0.557 a ^-1)、米槠(0.440 a ^-1)、台湾相思(Acacia confusa, 0.357 a ^-1)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata, 0.354 a ^-1); N添加处理凋落叶分解速率依次为观光木(0.447 a ^-1)、米槠(0.354 a ^-1)、杉木(0.291 a ^-1)、台湾相思(0.230 a ^-1), 除杉木凋落叶外, N添加显著降低了其他3种凋落叶分解速率。N添加不仅使4种树木凋落叶分解过程中的N释放减慢, 同时还抑制凋落叶化学组成中木质素和纤维素的降解; N添加在凋落叶分解过程中总体上提高β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和酸性磷酸酶活性, 对纤维素水解酶的活性影响不一致, 而降低β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性和酚氧化酶活性。凋落叶分解速率与凋落叶中的碳获取酶(βG)活性以及其化学组分中的可萃取物含量极显著正相关, 与初始碳浓度、纤维素和木质素含量极显著负相关, 与初始N含量没有显著相关性。凋落物类型和N添加的交互作用虽未影响干质量损失速率, 但对木质素和纤维素的降解具有显著效应。综上所述, 化学组分比初始N含量能更好地预测凋落叶分解速率, 而N添加主要通过抑制分解木质素的氧化酶(如PHO)来降低凋落叶分解速率。     

模拟氮沉降对鄂西南贫营养泥炭地两种藓类植物生长与分解的影响

以泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物为优势种的贫营养泥炭地是陆地生态系统重要的碳汇,其优势植物的生长与分解动态关系着贫营养泥炭地碳汇潜力,但有关氮沉降对贫营养泥炭地优势藓类植物生长与分解的影响还存在很大争议,并且氮沉降对亚热带贫营养泥炭地优势藓类植物生长与分解的研究鲜有报道。该研究以鄂西南贫营养泥炭地为研究对象,通过原位喷洒不同浓度的NH4Cl溶液,采用生物量收割法和分解袋法,探讨模拟氮沉降对泥炭藓(S.palustre)与金发藓(Polytrichumcommune)生长及分解的影响。研究结果表明:(1)氮沉降对两种藓类植物生长高度与生物量均有明显的影响,且两种藓类植物生长存在一定的氮沉降阈值,约为3g·m^–2·a^–1;(2)氮沉降对两种藓类植物生长影响程度不同,金发藓对氮沉降的响应灵敏度要大于泥炭藓;(3)高浓度氮沉降(6和12g·m^–2·a^–1)抑制了泥炭藓分解,低浓度氮沉降(3g·m^–2·a^–1)对泥炭藓分解的影响取决于分解时间,而所有浓度氮沉降均抑...     

川西高山林线交错带凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系

对我国川西高山林线交错带14种代表性植物凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系进行研究.结果表明: 高山林线交错带植物凋落叶分解速率（k）为0.16～1.70,乔木和苔藓凋落叶分解较慢,灌木凋落叶次之,草本凋落叶分解最快.凋落叶分解速率与N、木质素、酚类物质、C/N、C/P、木质素/N均具有显著的线性回归关系.通径分析得出,木质素/N和半纤维素含量可以解释k变异的78.4%,其中木质素/N可以解释k变异的69.5%,木质素/N对k的直接通径系数为-0.913.主成分分析表明,第1排序轴k、分解时间（t）的贡献率达99.2%,木质素/N、木质素含量、C/N、C/P与第1排序轴呈显著正相关,其中木质素/N与第1排序轴的相关关系最强(r=0.923).木质素/N是影响川西高山林线交错带植物凋落叶分解速率的关键质量指标,且凋落叶初始木质素/N越高,分解速率越低.     

水淹条件下灰化薹草和虉草活体、枯落物分解过程的比较

为了揭示鄱阳湖湿地活体植物和自然枯落物在水淹条件下分解过程的差异,以鄱阳湖湿地优势植被物种灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)为研究对象,采用分解袋法开展室内模拟实验。植物样品设置新鲜和风干两种处理,分别模拟活体植物和自然枯落物在水下的分解过程。研究结果表明:(1)在180 d的淹水实验过程中,两种处理下的灰化薹草和虉草的分解过程都具有阶段性,前期分解速率较快,后期较慢。(2)两种植物枯落物的分解速率与植物C/N比有显著相关性,而活体植物的分解速率与植物C/N比相关性不强。(3)活体植物和自然枯落物的水下分解速率与物种有关,虉草活体比虉草枯落物分解速率快,而薹草活体比薹草枯落物分解速率慢。(4)模拟实验结束时活体植物仍有34%—43%未分解,推测鄱阳湖丰水期退水后大量洲滩植被消失的原因并非是植被在水淹下完全分解,而是一部分植被被水生动物啃噬或被水流冲走。     

几种水生植物腐解过程的比较研究

研究水生植物腐烂分解过程及其养分动态对认识水生态系统物质循环过程具有重要意义。通过室内植物分解模拟试验,对6种水生植物的腐解过程及腐解残余物成分的变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,在64 d的腐解过程中,浮叶植物的分解速率最快,沉水植物其次,挺水植物最慢;同种植物的分解速率及残余物成分变化在不同生物量密度组间存在一定差异,但总体趋势一致。分解过程中,植物残余物中P、纤维素、木质素含量的变化趋势种间差异较小,总体上P含量先迅速下降后缓慢上升,纤维素含量先下降后趋于稳定,木质素含量先上升后趋于稳定;植物残余物中C、N、半纤维素含量在分解初期种间的变化趋势不同,而分解后期则均为C含量上升,N、半纤维素含量趋于稳定。相关性分析结果表明,总体上,在整个分解周期中,初始N、P含量越大分解越快,初始纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量、C/N、C/P、木质素/N等越大分解越慢;植物腐解不同阶段的质量指标对分解速率的影响有所不同,在分解前期,残余物中N含量越高分解越快,半纤维素含量、C/N、木质素/N越高,分解越慢,而后期木质素含量越高分解越慢,其它因子影响较小。     

中国森林生态系统凋落叶分解速率的分布特征及其控制因子

凋落物分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。建立中国森林凋落叶分解速率数据库, 分析凋落叶分解速率与其主要影响因素之间的关系, 对精确地预测中国森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。该研究通过收集已报道的中国森林凋落叶分解常数(k)及其相关变量, 分析探讨地理因素(纬度、经度和海拔)、气候因素(年平均气温和年降水量)、凋落叶质量(氮、磷、钾、木质素、木质素:氮和碳氮比)和叶特性(常绿与落叶、阔叶与针叶)对中国森林凋落叶分解速率的影响。结果表明, 在国家尺度上, k随年平均气温、年降水量、氮、磷和钾的增加而增加, 随纬度、经度、海拔、碳氮比、木质素和木质素:氮的增大而减小, 叶特性对k的影响不显著。气候与地理因素(年平均气温、年降水量和纬度)能解释k值变异的34.1%, 凋落叶质量(氮、钾、木质素和木质素:氮)能解释k值变异的21.7%, 它们能共同解释k值变异的74.4%。了解森林凋落叶分解速率在国家尺度上的格局和主控因素可为中国森林生态系统碳循环相关模型提供基础参数。     

Spatial characteristics in decomposition rate of foliar litter and controlling factors in Chinese forest ecosystems

凋落物分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。建立中国森林凋落叶分解速率数据库, 分析凋落叶分解速率与其主要影响因素之间的关系, 对精确地预测中国森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。该研究通过收集已报道的中国森林凋落叶分解常数(k)及其相关变量, 分析探讨地理因素(纬度、经度和海拔)、气候因素(年平均气温和年降水量)、凋落叶质量(氮、磷、钾、木质素、木质素:氮和碳氮比)和叶特性(常绿与落叶、阔叶与针叶)对中国森林凋落叶分解速率的影响。结果表明, 在国家尺度上, k随年平均气温、年降水量、氮、磷和钾的增加而增加, 随纬度、经度、海拔、碳氮比、木质素和木质素:氮的增大而减小, 叶特性对k的影响不显著。气候与地理因素(年平均气温、年降水量和纬度)能解释k值变异的34.1%, 凋落叶质量(氮、钾、木质素和木质素:氮)能解释k值变异的21.7%, 它们能共同解释k值变异的74.4%。了解森林凋落叶分解速率在国家尺度上的格局和主控因素可为中国森林生态系统碳循环相关模型提供基础参数。     

Validation of botanical origins and geographical sources of some Saudi honeys using ultraviolet spectroscopy and chemometric analysis

This study aims at distinguishing honey based on botanical and geographical sources. Different floral honey samples were collected from diverse geographical locations of Saudi Arabia. UV spectroscopy in combination with chemometric analysis including Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) were used to classify honey samples. HCA and PCA presented the initial clustering pattern to differentiate between botanical as well as geographical sources. The SIMCA model clearly separated the Ziziphus sp. and other monofloral honey samples based on different locations and botanical sources. The results successfully discriminated the honey samples of different botanical and geographical sources validating the segregation observed using few physicochemical parameters that are regularly used for discrimination.     

A checklist of parasites in non‐native populations of rotan Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 (Odontobutidae)

This review presents data on diversity, prevalence, and distribution of protistan and metazoan parasites in non‐native populations of the rotan Perccottus glenii. The information was collected using peer reviewed journals, difficult to access grey literature, and original data of the authors. As a whole, 70 literature sources from 1971 to 2012 were analyzed. The data originate from five of the 17 countries already colonized by P. glenii. A total of 97 parasite species/taxa are listed, each with the location in/on the host, geographical localities, countries, and literature sources. Where available, the number of fish examined as well as the prevalence and range of infection intensity are cited from the respective sources. Attention is given to host‐specific parasites because the rotan is a vector of their new geographical distribution. The current state and perspectives for further research are discussed.     

Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review

Propolis is a natural substance collected by honey bees from various plants such as, poplar, palm, pine, conifer secretions, gums, resins, mucilage and leaf buds. It is collected and brought very painstakingly by honey bees to be used for sealing cracks and crevices occurring in their hives. Originally, it as an antiseptic meant for preventing bee-hive from microbial infections along with preventing decomposition of intruders. Additionally, propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. The biological characteristics of propolis depend upon its chemical composition, plant sources, geographical zone and seasons. More than 300 compounds have been identified in propolis such as, phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, essential oils, waxes and amino acids. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journals, and several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the chemical compounds and biological activity of propolis.     

Molecular phylogeography of Dryas integrifolia: glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization

Chloroplast DNA variation in the Arctic plant species Dryas integrifolia (Rosaceae) was analysed in relation to both the present-day geographical distribution of populations and to Pleistocene fossil records of this species. The phylogeographical structure was weak but the analysis of haplotype diversity revealed several groups of haplotypes having present-day geographical ranges that overlap locations postulated from geographical and fossil evidence to have been glacial refugia. Based on this information we infer that two important refugial sources of Arctic recolonization by this species were Beringia and the High Arctic. Two other putative refugia, located southeast of the ice sheet and along coastal regions of the eastern Arctic may have served as sources for recolonization of smaller portions of the Arctic. The genetic substructure in the species is mostly due to variation among populations regardless of the ecogeographical region in which they are found. Spatial autocorrelation at the regional scale was also detected. High levels of diversity both within populations and ecogeographical regions are probably indicative of population establishment from several sources possibly combined with recent gene flow.     

白皮松种子休眠特性的种源变异

对７个具有代表性种源的白皮松种子的休眠特性研究表明,白皮松种子种皮的透水性在种源间差异明显,表现出随地理纬度的增高而逐渐增大的趋势,分布越是偏北的种源透水性趋于加强。根据种皮的透水性,７个种源可被分为差异明显的２组,组间以秦岭为界。不同种源种子种皮的透气性以外种皮造成的差异为最大,内种皮次之。种子的透气性与透水性表现出的变化趋势相同。不同种源种子浸提液的抑制能力显著不同,而且这种差异随浸提液浓度的     

不同碳源和氮源对金针菇降解木质纤维素酶活性的影响

以3株栽培的金针菇Flammulina velutipes为材料,研究它们在玉米芯和棉子壳以及不同碳源、氮源培养条件下纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解酶活性的规律。结果表明,不同金针菇菌株的羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和漆酶活力显著不同（P<0.001）,同时,培养条件对羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和漆酶的活力都有显著影响（P<0.001）。在简单碳源存在的条件下,金针菇的羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活力远远低于复杂碳源培养基（P<0.05）。全营养培养基上生长的金针菇的羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活力低于缺乏碳源和氮源的培养基（P<0.05）。漆酶活力在无简单氮源培养基上低于全培养基（P<0.05）和无葡萄糖培养基（P<0.05）,即复杂碳源和氮源培养基上的漆酶活力低于简单碳源和氮源培养基（P<0.05）。     

陆地生态系统凋落物分解对全球气候变暖的响应

陆地生态系统凋落物分解是全球碳收支的一个重要组成部分, 主要受气候、凋落物质量和土壤生物群落的综合控制。科学家们普遍认为全球气候变化将对陆地生态系统凋落物分解产生复杂而深远的影响。该文结合凋落物分解试验的常用方法——缩微试验、原位模拟实验和自然环境梯度实验, 归纳现有研究结果, 意在揭示全球气候变化对陆地生态系统凋落物分解的直接影响(温度对凋落物分解速率的影响)和间接影响(温度对凋落物质量、土壤微生物群落及植被型的影响)的普遍规律。各种研究方法都表明: 在水分条件理想的情况下, 温度升高往往能加快凋落物的分解速率; 原位模拟实验中, 凋落物分解速率因物种、增温方法和地理方位而异; 全球气候变化能改变凋落物质量, 但可能不会在短期内影响凋落物的分解速率; 凋落物质量和可分解性的种间差异远大于增温所引发的表型响应差异, 那么, 气候变化所引发的植物群落结构和物种组成的变化将对陆地生态系统凋落物分解产生更强烈的影响; 土壤生物群落如何响应全球气候变化, 进而怎样影响凋落物分解过程, 这些都还存在着极大的不确定性。     

Sensitivity of macroecological patterns of South American parrots to differences in data sources

A criticism of macroecological studies has been their extensive use of secondary data sources. In this note we evaluate how different data sources affect macroecological patterns for the parrots of South America. We mapped extents of parrot occurrence based on four sources of range maps. We compared basic statistics for geographical range size distribution (mean, variance and skew) and calculated correlations between geographical range size estimates and grid cell species richness estimates. Finally, results from multiple regression analyses of species richness against six environmental variables were also compared. We found that patterns were very robust to the data source, with only relatively slight quantitative differences. Our results reinforce the notion that patterns emerging from macroecological analyses are robust to variations in data sources and cannot be merely artefacts resulting from low data quality, notably poorly defined mapping and conflicting taxonomy.     

Litter decomposition of woody species in shrublands of NW Patagonia: how much do functional groups and microsite conditions influence decomposition?

The study examined the effects of leaf traits, soil microsite, and microclimate characteristics on litter decomposition of the dominant species in two functional groups (FG), deciduous and evergreen, in shrublands in NW Patagonia, Argentina. Leaf traits considered were nutrient concentration (C, N, P, C/N, and N/P) and physical characteristics (area, strength, specific leaf area, and dry matter content). Soil microsite characteristics measured were pH, C, N, P, C/N and water retention capacity, while soil microclimate characteristics recorded were soil and air, temperature and moisture, and solar radiation. Five evergreen and five deciduous woody shrub species were selected. During 1 year, litter and microsite properties were measured below canopy: (i) senescent leaf chemical and physical properties, and the quantity as well as field decomposition of litter and (ii) soil chemistry, and soil and air physical properties. The factors controlling litter decomposition were different for each FG. In deciduous species, C/N ratio had a negative effect on decomposition. In evergreen species, decomposition was affected negatively by leaf carbon and dry matter content. Litter decomposition depended exclusively on the inherent senescent leaves traits. The common decomposition pattern between species of both FG could be attributed to similar leaf traits and the correlation between variables that control decomposition in both groups. Plant nutrient inputs associated with the litter decomposition process did not explain the soil nutrient content. These results suggest that other organic matter sources (roots, branches, and fruits) are more important than leaves on soil fertility.