普通小麦1BL—1RS K,V型雄性不育体系育性恢复的研究

对１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ Ｋ,Ｖ型雄性不育系及其保持素与中国春及其第一部分同源群染色体全部６个缺－四体杂种Ｆ１的育性恢复进行了研究。结果表明：Ｋ型杂种的育笥恢复主要受１ＢＳ上Ｒｆｖ１基因的控制;而Ｖ杂种则受Ｒｆｖ１的１Ｄ染色上育性恢复基因的共同控制;在保持１Ｄ正常剂量的情况下,使恢复系中载有Ｒｆｖ１的１Ｂ染色体（片段）加倍,如１Ａ缺体－１Ｂ四体能使Ｋ,Ｖ型杂种1Ｆ的育性完全恢复。     

普通小麦与钩刺山羊草杂交F1的农艺性状及细胞遗传学的观察

为有效地利用钩刺山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｔｒｉｕｎｃｉａｌｉｓ Ｌ．）的抗白粉病基因对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）进行遗传改良,了解两者杂交后杂种Ｆ１的遗传机制是十分必要的。对Ｆ１杂种的研究表明,二价体频率高于理论值,是分别存在于钩刺山羊草Ｃ和Ｕ基因组中的小麦５Ｂ染色体上Ｐｈ基因抑制因子联合作用的结果。以尾状山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｃａｕｄａｔａ Ｌ．）Ｃ基因组特异重复序列     

节节麦细胞不同分裂时期和阶段的G—带核型及其变动性分析

采用改良的ASG法获得了中期和3个染色体凝缩程度不同的早中期阶段（分别称为早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）染色体的G-带,并进行了G-带核型和变动性分析。所分析的分裂时期和阶段,每条染色体的全长显示出了密切邻近的多重的带纹,带纹细窄、大小较相近,带间区小,带纹分布较密集而均匀。随着有丝分裂进程推进,染色体的带纹数目减少,早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ于中期单倍染色体组的G-带带纹总数分别减少41%、36%、28%,而染色体组的绝对长度分别缩短43%、37%、27%,带数减少幅度与染色体长度缩短的幅度几乎相等。早中期Ⅰ至早中期Ⅱ、Ⅲ和早中期Ⅱ至早中期Ⅲ的带纹减少幅度与染色体长度缩短幅度也基本一致。染色体组中各染色体之间带纹减少和染色体缩短的比例不尽相同,有一定的变幅。早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和中期染色体组中每单位绝对长度的带数（带/μm）分别为2.19、2.22、2.32和2.29,差异不大。对节节麦G-带的特性等问题进行了讨论。     

六倍体山羊草与普通小麦杂种F1细胞学研究

粗厚山羊草［Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｃｒａｓｓａ Ｂｏｉｓｓ．（２ｎ＝ ６ｘ＝ ４２,ＤＤＤ２ Ｄ２ＭＣｒＭＣｒ）］、叙利亚山羊草［Ａｅ．ｖａｖｉｌｏｖｉｉ （Ｚｈｕｋ．）Ｃｈｅｎｎ．（２ｎ＝ ６ｘ＝ ４２, ＤＤ ＭＣｒＭＣｒＳＰ ＳＰ）］与普通小麦［Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．（２ｎ＝ ６ｘ＝ ４２, ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）］杂种Ｆ１ 植株形态大多偏向山羊草亲本。４ 个叙利亚山羊草×普通小麦和１ 个粗厚山羊草×普通小麦杂种Ｆ１ 自交结实,结实率在０．１％ —６．５％ 之间。这些种子胚乳很少,生活力较弱,播种后,只有少数种子出苗。杂种Ｆ１ ＰＭＣ减数分裂染色体配对水平较低,出现大量的单价体,二价体低于理论值,并且大多为棒形,说明两种山羊草的Ｄ组染色体已经过很大的修饰。在各杂种Ｆ１ 中还观察到少量的三价体,有些杂种还可见频率很低的四价体和五价体。以山羊草为母本的杂种Ｆ１ 染色体交叉频率优于反交。Ｆ１ 染色体分离极不正常,产生大量的多分孢子和微核。在叙利亚山羊草×冀麦３０ 号中还发现１ 株体细胞染色体为２１ 条的植株,其原因尚需进一步研究确定     

根据叶表皮微形态特征探讨山羊草属基因在小麦属中的渗入：Ⅰ.组间途径

解剖观察了小麦属３个组、山羊草属６个组的叶片远轴面表皮,并根据表皮上长细胞、短细胞、气孔器细胞、刺毛和大毛在各个类群中形态、数量和分布式样的差异,从组群角度对山羊草属基因在小麦属中的渗入进行了分析。结果表明：小麦属中除线穗组无山羊草属基因侵入外,其余扁穗组和柱穗组皆为山羊草属基因可能的受体类群;山羊草属中除无芒山羊草组、顶芒山羊草组和小伞山羊草组无基因输出外,拟斯卑尔脱组和节节麦组均有基因进入小麦     

Agronomic Characteristics and Cytogenetic Observation of the Hybrid F1 from Triticum aestivum and Aegilops triuncialis

In order to efficiently introduce the genes of Aegilops triuncialisL. for resistance to powdery mildew into Triticum aestivum L., it is of importance to understand the genetic mechanism of their F 1 hybrid. It was shown that the bivalent frequency was higher than that of the theoretical value. It resulted from the combination of the wheat inhibitors of 5B Ph gene which located respectively on C and U genome of Aegilops triuncialis L. The results of chromosome in situ hybridization with the C genome-specific repetitive sequence, pAeca212, as the probe further indicated that some chromosomes of the C genome of Ae. caudata L. paired with the chromosomes of the other genomes.     

Stress-induced accumulation and tissue-specific localization of dehydrins in Arabidopsis thaliana

Stress-induced accumulation of five (COR47, LTI29, ERD14, LTI30 and RAB18) and tissue localization of four (LTI29, ERD14, LTI30 and RAB18) dehydrins in Arabidopsis were characterized immunologically with protein-specific antibodies. The five dehydrins exhibited clear differences in their accumulation patterns in response to low temperature, ABA and salinity. ERD14 accumulated in unstressed plants, although the protein level was up-regulated by ABA, salinity and low temperature. LTI29 mainly accumulated in response to low temperature, but was also found in ABA- and salt-treated plants. LTI30 and COR47 accumulated primarily in response to low temperature, whereas RAB18 was only found in ABA-treated plants and was the only dehydrin in this study that accumulated in dry seeds.Immunohistochemical localization of LTI29, ERD14 and RAB18 demonstrated tissue and cell type specificity in unstressed plants. ERD14 was present in the vascular tissue and bordering parenchymal cells, LTI29 and ERD14 accumulated in the root tip, and RAB18 was localized to stomatal guard cells. LTI30 was not detected in unstressed plants. The localization of LTI29, ERD14 and RAB18 in stress-treated plants was not restricted to certain tissues or cell types. Instead these proteins accumulated in most cells, although cells within and surrounding the vascular tissue showed more intense staining. LTI30 accumulated primarily in vascular tissue and anthers of cold-treated plants.This study supports a physiological function for dehydrins in certain plant cells during optimal growth conditions and in most cell types during ABA or cold treatment. The differences in stress specificity and spatial distribution of dehydrins in Arabidopsis suggest a functional specialization for the members of this protein family.     

尾状山羊草与硬粒小麦,普通小麦的杂交及外源染色质检测

尾状山羊草（AegilopscaudataL．）具有丰富的抗病虫和高赖氨酸、高蛋白优良性状,是进行小麦（TriticumaestivumL．）遗传改良的重要遗传资源。合成了硬粒小麦（TriticumdurumDesf．）-尾状山羊草双二倍体、进行了普通小麦与双二倍体的杂交。并以作者克隆的尾状山羊草C基因组特异重复序列PAeca212为探针,对上述杂交后代的花粉母细胞进行了染色体原位杂交检测。证实了新合成的双二倍体中有7对C基因组染色体;在F2中检测到C基因组染色体的自发纯合易位,显示出从C基因组向小麦转移外源基因的光明前景。     

小麦新型细胞质雄性不育类型的研究

从普通小麦中国春细胞核置换到小麦属和山羊草属不同细胞质的同核异质稳定系中,筛选出１０个全不育的细胞质雄性不育类型,对它们一些主要特性的研究结果表明：（１）各不育类型在小孢子败育埋藏和特点上无显著差异;但雄蕊心皮化频率因细胞质不同差异显著;（２）各不育类型的生长特性、抗病性、光合特性主要农艺性状等因细胞质不同具有不同的表现;（３）在供试的各不育类型中,拟斯卑尔脱山羊草、阿拉拉特小麦,野生二粒小麦和菇     

Independent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops progenitor haplotypes

The origin of modern wheats involved alloploidization among related genomes. To determine if Aegilops speltoides was the donor of the B and G genomes in AABB and AAGG tetraploids, we used a 3-tiered approach. Using 70 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, we sampled molecular diversity among 480 wheat lines from their natural habitats encompassing all S genome Aegilops, the putative progenitors of wheat B and G genomes. Fifty-nine Aegilops representatives for S genome diversity were compared at 375 AFLP loci with diploid, tetraploid, and 11 nulli-tetrasomic Triticum aestivum wheat lines. B genome-specific markers allowed pinning the origin of the B genome to S chromosomes of A. speltoides, while excluding other lineages. The outbreeding nature of A. speltoides influences its molecular diversity and bears upon inferences of B and G genome origins. Haplotypes at nuclear and chloroplast loci ACC1, G6PDH, GPT, PGK1, Q, VRN1, and ndhF for approximately 70 Aegilops and Triticum lines (0.73 Mb sequenced) reveal both B and G genomes of polyploid wheats as unique samples of A. speltoides haplotype diversity. These have been sequestered by the AABB Triticum dicoccoides and AAGG Triticum araraticum lineages during their independent origins.     

东方山羊草、尾状山羊草中染色体配对控制机制的存在和作用

直接杂交与幼胚培养方法结合获得了小麦与东方山羊草、尾状山羊草属间杂种。Ｆ１杂种细胞遗传学研究发现,东方山羊草的染色体组显著促进部分同源染色体配对,完全掩盖了小麦ｐｈ１ｂ基因的作用,尾状山羊草的染色体组一定程度抑制部分同源染色体配对,尤其强烈抑制小麦ｐｈ１ｂ基因的作用。表明东方山羊草的Ｓ染色体组上存在类似于小麦的ｐｈ１ｂ基因,尾状山羊草的Ｃ染色体组上存在类似于小麦的Ｐｈ１基因     

普通小麦祖先种类TaNAC2a基因的生物信息和表达分析

采用生物信息学方法,利用核酸、蛋白数据库对普通小麦祖先种乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu L.)和粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii L.)NAC转录因子基因家族进行分析,分别鉴定出107、126个NAC蛋白家族成员。根据拟南芥、水稻NAC基因家族分类系统,将其分为15个亚族。通过与抗逆相关基因TaNAC2a进行同源进化树分析,发现5个TuNAC、6个AetNAC基因与其高度同源,对这些基因的蛋白结构域、基因结构、启动子顺式作用元件及组织表达特性进行分析。结果表明,11个NAC蛋白具有典型的NAC结构域。进化关系较近的基因具有相似基因结构;启动子区域预测发现其均含有逆境胁迫响应作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,TuNAC、AetNAC基因分别在乌拉尔图小麦和粗山羊草根、胚芽鞘、叶组织中均有表达,并呈现出明显的组织表达特异性。通过芯片表达数据和逆境胁迫基因表达试验,推测AetNAC2c基因可能参与植物干旱胁迫响应,AetNAC2b可能参与调控植物的耐旱、耐低温胁迫反应。上述分析结果为普通小麦祖先种基因家族的系统研究,优异候选功能基因的预测、筛选提供了试验依据。     

Retroelement insertional polymorphisms, diversity and phylogeography within diploid, D-genome Aegilops tauschii (Triticeae, Poaceae) sub-taxa in Iran

Background and Aims: The diploid goat grass Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14) is nativeto the Middle East and is the D-genome donor to hexaploid breadwheat. The aim of this study was to measure the diversity ofdifferent subspecies and varieties of wild Ae. tauschii collectedacross the major areas where it grows in Iran and to examinepatterns of diversity related to the taxa and geography. Methods: Inter-retroelement amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers wereused to analyse the biodiversity of DNA from 57 accessions ofAe. tauschii from northern and central Iran, and two hexaploidwheats. Key Results: Eight IRAP primer combinations amplified a total of 171 distinctDNA fragments between 180 and 3200 bp long from the accessions,of which 169 were polymorphic. On average, about eight fragmentswere amplified with each primer combination, with more bandsbeing amplified from accessions from the north-west of the countrythan from other accessions. Conclusions: The IRAP markers showed high levels of genetic diversity. Analysisof all accessions together did not allow the allocation of individualsto taxa based on morphology, but showed a tendency to put accessionsfrom the north-west apart from others regions. It is speculatedthat this could be due to different activity of retroelementsin the different regions. Within the two taxa with most accessions,there was a range of IRAP genotypes that could be correlatedclosely with geographical origin. This supports suggestionsthat the centre of origin of the species is towards the south-eastof the Caspian Sea. IRAP is an appropriate marker system toevaluate genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships withinthe taxa, but it is too variable to define the taxa themselves,where more slowly evolving morphological, DNA sequence or chromosomalmakers may be more appropriate.