219株阴沟肠杆菌对16种抗菌药物耐药性的研究

目的：了解阴沟肠杆菌的耐药状况;方法：测定近三年分离的２１９株阴沟肠杆菌对１６种抗生素的耐药率;结果：阴沟肠杆菌具有较高的耐药率及多重耐药性且有耐药率逐年上升趋势,其机制可能与细菌产生β内酰胺酶、外膜微孔蛋白改变及青霉素结合蛋白改变三方面有关     

229株阴沟肠杆菌的标本分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解阴沟肠杆菌在医院感染的标本分布和耐药情况,为临床合理选择和应用抗生素提供依据.方法 采用VITEK 60全自动微生物分析仪和配套的GNI、GNS-143、GNI-448,对229株阴沟肠杆菌进行分离鉴定和药敏试验,药敏结果使用WHONET 5.5软件进行分析.结果 从2007年1月至2011年9月共分离到阴沟肠杆菌229株,59.0％来自于呼吸道标本,其次是尿液占13.5％,再次为创面分泌物/脓液占12.7％.阴沟肠杆菌对美洛培南、亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为0.0％、0.4％和2.5％,对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢西丁的耐药率分别为98.7％、96.9％、97.5％.结论 阴沟肠杆菌耐药机制复杂,对抗生素具有多重耐药性,临床应合理使用抗菌药物,以减少阴沟肠杆菌耐药性的产生和在院内扩散.     

阴沟肠杆菌对β—内酰胺类抗生素耐药的机制

阴沟肠杆菌对β－内酰胺类抗生素日益严重的耐药引起人们的重视,其耐药机制主要有：外膜微孔蛋白的缺失或减少;细菌产生β－内酰胺酶（ｂｌａ）;细菌的青霉素结合蛋白（ＰＢＰｓ）改变导致其对β－内酰胺类抗生素亲和力下降,其中以细菌产生ｂｌａ为最主要的机制。近年来的研究在阴沟肠杆菌Ｉ型ｂｌａ（即可诱导的染色体介导的ｂｌａ）的基因调控方面取得了突破性进展。     

院内感染阴沟肠杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

随着抗生素的广泛使用,带来了严重的细菌耐药性问题。阴沟肠杆菌作为一种条件致病菌可致人体多部位感染,由于其感染率高和耐药率高,越来越引起人们的重视。我们从１９９４年６月～１９９７年６月院内感染的患者的各种标本中分离出３１０株阴沟肠杆菌,测定了对１７种抗...     

阴沟肠杆菌临床分离与耐药性的6年监测

目的了解2000年至2005年阴沟肠杆菌在临床标本中的分离情况及其耐药趋势,为临床感染的预防和治疗提供参考资料。方法回顾分析2000年至2005年间所有标本中阴沟肠杆菌的分离率,菌株在标本和病区的分布及对13种抗菌药物的耐药率。结果阴沟肠杆菌的分离率有逐年升高的趋势,从2000年的0.47%增至2005的0.69%;其在呼吸道标本的分离率最高(67.80%),其次是尿液(14.39%)、血液(9.28%);病区以重症监护室最高(29.92%),阴沟肠杆菌对13种抗菌药物的耐药率,2000年仅氨苄西林、妥布霉素、庆大霉素>50%,而到2005年13种抗菌药物除亚胺培南外的耐药率均>50%;其耐药率均呈递增的趋势,以2003年的耐药率最高。耐药率增幅列前3位分别为:头孢他啶33.8%~72.8%、氨曲南41.9%~80.2%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦48.4%~81.5%。结论阴沟肠杆菌的临床分离率在逐年增加,对多数抗菌药物有较高的耐药性,且耐药率呈整体上升趋势,尤其出现耐亚胺培南的耐药株,应引起重视,合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性已经非常重要。     

62株阴沟肠杆菌的生化特性和药敏结果

目的探讨临床分离阴沟肠杆菌的实用鉴定方法.方法对VITEK-32微生物分析仪鉴定所得的62株阴沟肠杆菌的生化反应和药敏结果作回顾性分析.结果 62株阴沟肠杆菌用鉴定卡鉴定的可信度在94%～99%,其中51株为99%、占82.3%,4株为95%、占6.5%,其他7株、占11.2%.阴沟肠杆菌对除外亚胺培南的20种抗生素均有不同程度的耐药.结论脲酶、侧金盏花醇、精氨酸水解和赖氨酸脱羧等试验对肠杆菌属中5个常见菌种(阴沟、坂崎、产气、聚团和格高菲肠杆菌)的鉴别有重要意义.     

亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因检测

为了解亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌碳青霉烯酶的主要基因型及其流行情况,收集哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院临床分离出的亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌24株,采用Vitek-2 Compact进行细菌鉴定、药敏试验,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增,DNA测序确定菌株产碳青霉烯酶基因型情况。结果显示,24株阴沟肠杆菌均表现为多重耐药,20株菌扩增出KPC-2条带,经测序证实为KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶基因。该院亚胺培南不敏感的阴沟肠杆菌产碳青霉烯酶的主要基因型别为KPC-2型,临床与实验室应加强监测和控制。     

阴沟肠杆菌（nifL—A^c）工程菌株的构建

采用基因定位突变的方法,在体外把来自ｐＢＲ３２２的四环素抗性基因片段插入由ｐＳＴ１１４２质粒所携带的阴沟肠杆菌ｎｉｆＬ基因３－端的ＳｍａⅠ位点、再经细胞体内同源基因片段的重组交换,选择获得了在染色体上ｎｉｆＬ突变的阴不直菌Ｅ１２和Ｅ１３,两者Ｔｃ＾ｒ基因插入ｎｉｆＬ的转录方向相反。经分析显示,Ｅ１３（ｎｉｆＬ）由于Ｔｃ＾ｒ基因插入后,在ｎｉｆＡ上 生具有启动子核苷酸序列（－ＴＴＴＣＡＴＡ－）,激活     

医院感染阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性及基因型分析

了解中南大学湘雅三医院重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染阴沟肠杆菌的耐药谱及分子流行病学特征,指导临床合理用药。基因分型采用优化反应体系的随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)法,耐药分析选用K-B法。RAPD分型将28株阴沟肠杆菌分为11种株型,耐药谱则将其分为12种不同的耐药型。基因分型和耐药分析显示ICU有多重耐药的阴沟肠杆菌株爆发流行现象,它为控制阴沟肠杆菌的医院内感染、追踪传染原、切断传播途径提供遗传学信息,指导临床医生选用敏感有效的抗生素。     

产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌的基因分析及其耐药性

探讨昆明地区阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性及与结构基因ampC和调节基因ampD的相关性。通过K-B法检测阴沟肠杆菌的药敏情况,头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC酶,PCR法扩增ampC和ampD基因。结果显示74株阴沟肠杆菌经头孢西丁三维试验检测,产AmpC酶的有17株,检出率为22.3%,而且产酶菌株抗生素敏感率低于非产酶菌株。ampC基因扩增阳性率为89.2%(66/74);64株ampD基因阳性率为86.5%(64/74)。实验证实昆明地区产酶阴沟肠杆菌耐药状况严重,与结构基因ampC和调节基因ampD密切相关。     

Restriction endonuclease EcaI from Enterobacter cloacae

Restriction endonuclease EcaI obtained from Enterobacter cloacae DSM30056 recognizes the group of heptanucleotide palindromes 5′-G[unk]G-T-N-A-C-C-3′, and on cleavage (arrow) produces fragments with 5′-terminal pentanucleotide extensions. It is identical in specificity with restriction endonuclease BstEII from Bacillus stearothermophilus ET.     

Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the nitroreductase gene from Enterobacter cloacae

The "classical" nitroreductases of enteric bacteria are flavoproteins which catalyze the reduction of a variety of nitroaromatic compounds to metabolites which are highly toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. The gene for the nitroreductase Enterobacter cloacae has now been cloned using an antibody specific to this protein. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and flanking regions are reported. Sequence analysis indicates that this gene belongs to a gene family of flavoproteins which have not been previously described. Analysis of the 5'-untranslated region reveals the presence of putative regulatory elements which may be involved in the modulation of the expression of this enzyme. The cloned gene was placed under the control of a T7 promoter for overexpression of the protein in Escherichia coli. The expressed recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity and exhibited physical, spectral, and catalytic properties identical to the protein isolated from E. cloacae.     

Composition of O-antigenic lipopolysaccharides from Enterobacter cloacae

Analyses have been carried out on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 14 strains of Enterobacter cloacae representing different O serotypes. All of the products appeared to have a composition and architecture typical of enterobacterial LPS, but points of interest include the absence of phosphate residues from the core oligosaccharide, the presence of both L-glycero-D-mannoheptose and D-glycero-D-mannoheptose (ratio usually about 4:1), and the presence in lipid A of small amounts of fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms (mainly C13) in addition to tetradecanoic acid and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid. Monosaccharides identified as components of polymeric fractions from the LPS were glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucosamine, and galacturonic acid. Most polymeric fractions also probably contained an O-acetyl substituent. Closely similar chemotypes found for the polymeric fractions from the LPS of cross-reacting serotypes support the view that these fractions contain the O-antigenic determinants and represent the side chains of the LPS.     

Properties of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Enterobacter cloacae

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Enterobacter cloacae KY3074 was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 4B. The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be about 87,000 by a gel filtration method on Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was found to be most active at pH 7.5 to 8.5 and 50°C, stable between pH 7.0 and 7.3, and the activity was nearly lost above 70°C. The enzyme split 2´-deoxyinosine and ribonucleosides. Lineweaver-Burk plots for phosphate were non-linear, showing substrate activation. The break-down of inosine approached an equilibrium when approximately 14% of inosine was phosphorylated.     

Plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (CTX-M-3 like) from India and gene association with insertion sequence ISEcp1

Six non-clonally related enterobacterial isolates producing a same extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-15 were isolated in 1999 from patients hospitalized in a New Delhi hospital. CTX-M-15 differed from CTX-M-3 by an asparagine to glycine substitution in position ABL238. Its gene was located on large plasmids varying in size. In each case, a same insertion sequence ISEcp1 was identified upstream of the 5' end of bla(CTX-M-15). Typical -35 and -10 promoter sequences of Enterobacteriaceae were identified in the 3' end of ISEcp1. The location of ISEcp1 upstream of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes may contribute to their spread or/and their expression.     

Purification and Properties of Uricase from Enterobacter cloacae

Uricase activity was found in Enterobacter cloacae KY3074 grown on guanine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, and xanthine media. The enzyme was purified from cells grown on uric acid as a source of nitrogen. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzyme had a molecular weight of about 105,000 and was specific for uric acid. The optimum pH was around 9.5, and the activity was inhibited by the presence of potassium cyanide, Ag⁺ or Cu²⁺. This uricase can be used for estimation of uric acid.     

市售畜禽肉产CTX-M酶大肠杆菌的流行病学调查

【目的】调查市售畜禽肉类中大肠杆菌的耐药状况和bla_CTX-M基因的流行病学特征。【方法】采集广州市不同区域零售市场和超市畜禽肉类样品进行大肠杆菌的分离,通过基因phoA扩增和测序进行大肠杆菌鉴定,采用琼脂扩散法和微量肉汤稀释法测定药物敏感性,通过PCR扩增检测bla_CTX-M基因,对bla_CTX-M阳性大肠杆菌进行全基因组测序。【结果】从323份市售畜禽肉样品中分离获得大肠杆菌241株;药物敏感性结果表明大肠杆菌对氨苄西林(63.07%)、多西环素(47.72%)和复方新诺明(43.15%)耐药率较高;bla_CTX-M基因检出率为3.32%(n=8),其中4株携带bla_CTX-M-14,3株携带bla_CTX-M-65,1株携带bla_CTX-M-55;8株产CTX-M大肠杆菌可分为4种不同的ST型,且携带多种耐药基因和毒力基因。【结论】市售畜禽肉中大肠杆菌污染严重。产CTX-M酶大肠杆菌均为多重耐药菌株,且bla_CTX-M<...     

Membrane-associated chromate reductase activity from Enterobacter cloacae.

Washed cells of Enterobacter cloacae HO1 reduced hexavalent chromium (chromate: CrO4(2-) anaerobically. Chromate reductase activity was preferentially associated with the membrane fraction of the cells. Right-side-out membrane vesicles prepared from E. cloacae cells showed high chromate reductase activities when ascorbate-reduced phenazine methosulfate was added as an electron donor.     

The active site of the P99 beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae.

Labelling the beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 with a poor substrate or a mechanism-based inactivator points to an active-site serine residue in a sequence closely resembling that of the ampC beta-lactamase. These results establish the P99 enzyme as a class-C beta-lactamase, and the concurrence of the two approaches helps to confirm the reliability of determining active-site sequences with the aid of mechanism-based inactivators.     

阴沟肠杆菌耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药机制研究进展

阴沟肠杆菌是肠杆菌科中常见的院内感染细菌,碳青霉烯类抗生素由于其抗菌谱广、抗菌力强,成为治疗产ESBLs和AmpC酶革兰阴性杆菌感染的有效抗菌药物.但随着碳青霉烯类抗生素的广泛应用,临床上出现很多耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的阴沟肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae,CREL),本研究就其耐药机制,从产碳青霉烯酶和非产碳青霉烯酶两方面做一综述.