中国块菌属多样性

在中国特别是西南地区块菌属Tuber资源调查的基础上,本文综合形态特征、生态特征以及分子系统学分析,对比研究了欧洲和北美的部分块菌属标本,对中国块菌属已知种类进行了分类订正和系统的总结.研究确认我国分布有17种块菌,其中3/4的种类分布于西南地区.尚有6种因未观察到可靠的标本而存疑,3种排除在我国分布.文中对该属在我国...     

中国块菌属一新种

本文描述了块菌属(Tuber)的一个新种,巨孢块菌(Tuber gigantosporum)。这一新种1989年采于四川省会东县。它的子囊孢子特殊大,一般105—115×75μm,最大可达120×80μm,小者亦可达80×55μm。而块菌属已知种的子囊孢子的大小一般在21—52×15—38μm范围内,最大也不超过90×60μm。仅此一点已使其明显区别于该属任何已知种。此外,该种孢子壁异常厚,可达14μm,有三层,也是别于其它块菌已知种的重要特征。该块菌生于地下,与云南松有共生关系。模式标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态所植物标本室(IFS)。     

中国地下子囊菌新记录属——史蒂芬块菌属

文中首次报道了史蒂芬块菌属Stephensia在中国的分布.史蒂芬块菌发现于滇中地区呈贡县,生于l株栽培的天麻旁边,附近长有云南松和榛属植物.标本的特征与文献中对于该种的描述一致,即子囊果表面具褐色绒毛,产孢组织有曲折的脉沟,脉沟向中心辐聚,中心有时形成空腔,孢子球形,直径18～25 μm,无油滴,包被(外囊盘被)角胞组织.中国标本的ITS序列与北美和欧洲样品有99％的相似性,其LSU序列仅有3个碱基与北美样品不同.史蒂芬块菌在分子系统上与腔囊块菌属Hydnocystis和地杯菌属Geopxyis近缘.     

原块菌属的分类界线及其地理分布

报道了原鬼笔科Ｐｒｏｔｏｐｈａｌｌａｃｅａｅ我国的一个新记录种──日本原块菌ｐｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａＫｏｂａｙ．,原记载其分布于日本,近来在我国云南南部发现,属于东亚特有分布种。并讨论了原块菌属ＰｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａＭｏｌｌｅｒ的分类界线,同意前人把ＰｒｏｔｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓＭｕｒｒｉｌｌ、ＰｒｏｔｕｂｅｒｅｌｌａＩｍａｉｅｔＫａｗａｍｕｒａ和ＫｏｂａｖａｓｉａＩｍａｉｅｔＫａｗａｍｕｒａ作为原块菌属的异名;亦根据现代地理分布格局推断原块菌属原是一个热带、亚热带分布属。     

块菌属分子系统学及菌根共生机制研究进展

块菌属Tuber是一类珍贵的地下生外生菌根食药用真菌,具有重要的经济和生态价值。分子生物学技术的快速发展尤其是高通量测序技术在块菌属研究领域的应用,极大地推动了块菌属分类、系统学、生态、生化、菌根共生机制及人工种植等研究。本文重点从块菌的分子系统学、群体遗传学及菌根共生机制3个方面对近5年的研究成果进行综述,并对其研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

西藏块菌属的分类研究

首次报实于西藏的块菌属３种,包括２个新种和１个新记录种。新种是刘氏块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒ ｌｉｕｉＡ．ＳＸｕ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ和西藏块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒ ｘｉｚａｎｇｅｎｓｅ Ａ．ＳＸｕ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,新记录种是少孢块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒ ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ（Ｔｕｌ．＆ Ｃ．Ｔｕｌ）Ｔｒａｐｐｅ。标本全部保存于西藏庙的生态研究所标本室（ＪＸＡＥ）     

中国地下菌物种多样性与系统发育研究进展

中国地下菌物种多样性丰富,是一类重要的生物资源,在森林形成、生长发育以及生态平衡维护等方面有着不可或缺的作用。自20世纪早期欧美学者在中国的零星采集,到80年代后中国本土科学家们陆续地系统研究,目前中国地下真菌种类涉及到球囊菌门、毛霉菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门共4门5纲10目26科51属275种,其中子囊菌7科16属135种,担子菌19科35属138种,球囊菌门、毛霉菌门各1种。块菌属Tuber是中国子囊菌门中物种多样性最丰富、分布最广的地下生菌物类群,其他常见的地下子囊菌类有大团囊菌属Elaphomyces、腔块菌属Hydnotrya、粒块菌属Hydnobolites、猪块菌属Choiromyces、疣被块菌属Pachyphlodes、胶纵块菌属Balsamia等类群。层腹菌属Hymenogaster是中国担子菌类最常见的地下菌类群,其他中国常见的地下生担子菌有须腹菌属Rhizopogon、黑腹菌属Melanogaster、红菇属Russula地下类群、高腹菌属Gautieria、块腹菌属Protubera、片腹菌属Hysterangium等。我国研究地下菌的科研人员严重缺乏,断代、后...     

适宜印度块菌生长的地形和土壤因子

在云南、四川和西藏印度块菌产区的9个地点进行调查和采样,选择地形因子和土壤因子为评价指标,采用主成分分析法对印度块菌生长适宜性进行综合评价,以确定印度块菌的生长与地形因子和土壤因子的关系.结果表明:1)地形因子和土壤因子15个指标中提取出的5个主成分,累计贡献率达到87.5％.地形因子中坡位对块菌生长的影响最大,坡位越高越不适宜块菌生长,以中坡和中下坡最佳.2)土壤因子中容重、粉粒含量、pH值、全氮含量、交换性钙镁含量是块菌生长的限制因子.容重为0.65～0.82 g· cm-3适宜块菌生长,而容重过高(＞1 g·cm-3)不利于块菌的生长;粉粒含量为30.0％、砂粒含量为55.0％左右适宜块菌的生长,而粘粒含量过高不利于块菌的生长.在土壤化学因子中,pH值在6.40左右、全氮为2.29 ～3.70 g·kg-1、交换性钙为22.91～37.17 cmol·kg-1、交换性镁含量为1.85～2.59 cmol·kg-1的环境条件适宜块菌生长.3)综合评价表明,在9个采集地点,云南省昆明市哨上村和西藏自治区林芝地区江色岗得分较高,其地形和土壤条件最适合块菌生长;而四川省攀枝花市二十九梁子和云南省楚雄州五顶山得分较低,其地形和土壤条件不太适宜印度块菌生长.     

国产夏块菌(块菌科、子囊菌门)的比较研究

对在四川省会东县发现的夏块菌(TuberaestivumVittad.)标本进行了鉴别研究,并与产自欧洲的标本进行了宏微观比较,同时还讨论了该种与相近种类的主要区别。     

中国靴耳属分类研究概况

对已报道的我国Crepidotus属种类进行了全面汇总,并概述了其分类研究现状。文献调查结果表明:国内已报道的该属种类名称共31个,包括30个种和1个变种,分布于全国26个省区。已报道的全部记录中,28个分类单元引证了标本,其余3个记录缺乏标本引证;7个记录的描述与国外权威描述存在差异,另有4个记录的报道未提供形态描述。淡紫靴耳不是Crepidotus属的成员,已被组合到其他属中。笔者接受"靴耳属"为Crepidotus属的汉语学名,并以此为属主名对属下的分类单元进行了全面修订。     

Selection of a set of specific primers for the identification of Tuber rufum: a truffle species with high genetic variability

Tuber rufum is a truffle widely distributed throughout Europe, which forms mycorrhizal associations with numerous species of broadleaf and coniferous trees. The possibility of T. rufum contamination in commercial truffle-infected plants makes its detection important. To facilitate the identification of T. rufum from mycorrhiza and fruitbodies, species-specific primers were designed and tested. To overcome the high intraspecific genetic variability within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of T. rufum, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis, two forward primers, Ru1f and Ru2f, located on the ITS1 region were designed to be used in concert with the reverse primer ITS4. Only T. rufum was amplified with this primer combination, while DNA of Tuber magnatum, Tuber brumale, Tuber maculatum, Tuber borchii, Tuber excavatum and Tuber melanosporum was not. These primers give a specific amplicon ranging between 566 and 572 bp and are able to discriminate between T. rufum, T. borchii and T. magnatum in multiplex PCR. In addition, T. rufum-specific amplicons were obtained from both spore suspensions and mycorrhiza by direct PCR. Tuber rufum mycorrhiza obtained in the greenhouse using mycelial inoculation techniques had morphological features similar to those of other species of Tuber, stressing the importance of molecular tools for their identification.     

Molecular identification of Tuber magnatum ectomycorrhizae in the field

Tuber ectomycorrhizae in a Tuber magnatum "truffière", located in Central Italy, were studied using molecular methods. Specifically, RFLP-ITS analyses, ITS sequencing and specific probes hybridization were used to identify 335 Tuber-like ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. Molecular identification was possible even when distinct morphological characteristics were lacking. For the first time, T. magnatum ectomycorrhizae and other coexisting Tuber species collected in the field were analysed using molecular tools for unambiguous identification. Although the "truffière" under investigation yields good harvests of T. magnatum fruiting bodies, the percentage of T. magnatum ectomycorrhizae found was very low (less than 4.4% of the 335 root tips analysed), whereas the percentages of Tuber maculatum and Tuber rufum were considerably higher (48.9% and 19.0%, respectively).     

New data on ectomycorrhizae and soils of the Chinese truffles Tuber pseudoexcavatum and Tuber indicum, and their impact on truffle cultivation

Chinese truffles serve as a good complement to the market for Tuber melanosporum (Périgord black truffle). However, Chinese truffles could be introduced accidentally or fraudulently into the plantations of Mediterranean truffles, and they could have a negative effect on truffle production and natural ecosystems. The study of Tuber species from China which are commercialized in Europe began 14 years ago. Tuber pseudoexcavatum was proposed as a new species, and this has been validated by some authors based on molecular and phylogenetic studies. We synthesize their ectomycorrhizae using samples from the type collection, and we compare T. pseudoexcavatum and Tuber indicum ectomycorrhizae. The ectomycorrhizae of these species have a morphology which is related to the ectomycorrhizae of T. melanosporum. We provide useful information for the rapid screening of the above-mentioned Chinese truffles ectomycorrhizae, for the quality control of commercial plants mycorrhized with Tuber. Moreover, we analyze the soil tolerance and the host plant affinity of T. pseudoexcavatum and T. indicum, in order to assess the capacity of both Chinese truffles to penetrate T. melanosporum plantations and habitats.     

Biochemical, electrophoretic and immunohistochemical aspects of malate dehydrogenase in truffles (Ascomycotina)

The malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37; L-malate-NAD(+)-oxidoreductase) activities of truffles of the genus Tuber (Tuber melanosporum Vittad., Tuber brumale Vittad., Tuber aestivum Vittad., Tuber magnatum Pico, Tuber rufum Pico) have been characterized with regard to the K(m) and V(max) values in the direct and reverse reactions. The isoelectrofocusing has revealed bands showing pI values ranging from pH 5.85 to 7.8. The MDH of T. melanosporum has been partially purified by hydroxyapatite treatment, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns. With the partially purified T. melanosporum MDH activity polyclonal anti-T. melanosporum MDH antibodies have been prepared and used to localize MDH in the mycorrhizae and ascocarps of T. melanosporum. These antibodies inhibit T. melanosporum MDH activity as well as that of T. magnatum but not that of rabbit liver; this supports the specificity of the MDH antibodies used to localize MDH in truffle tissues.     

Phylogenetic study of two truffles, Tuber formosanum and Tuber furfuraceum, identified from Taiwan

Truffles are one of the most valuable edible fungi and have drawn extensive research interests worldwide. In Taiwan, two species of truffle, Tuber formosanum and Tuber furfuraceum , have been identified and reported. Although the morphological features of these two truffles have been described, lack of molecular identification has led to difficulties with firmly establishing their relatedness to other truffles. In this study, we utilized the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin gene sequences to generate the phylogenetic relationship of T. formosanum and T. furfuraceum with other taxonomic relatives. Our analysis revealed five/three major phylogenetic clades according to the 5.8S-ITS2/β-tubulin gene sequences and corroborated with their morphological characterization. Tuber formosanum highly resembles the Tuber indicum B complex, while T. furfuraceum is most similar to Tuber huidongense . Based on a molecular clock, we estimated that T. furfuraceum and T. formosanum would have diverged from their close relatives in mainland China between 10.2 and 4.1 Ma, respectively. Based on the results, we propose that these two Tuber species found in Taiwan might originate from the common ancestors with some truffle species in China. However, due to a long divergence time and geographical separation, they have evolved into indigenous species of Taiwan.     

中国口蘑属种类名录

通过系统的文献收集 ,汇总了口蘑属 (Tricholoma)在中国的 91个名称记录 ,并对其研究现状和分布进行了简述。文献调查结果表明 ,口蘑属种类广泛分布于中国的 2 7个省区 ,其中以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、贵州、四川、云南、西藏 ,青海、甘肃、河北、山西和陕西等地的报道较多 ,其他地区如台湾、香港、安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、河南、湖南、湖北、江苏、山东、新疆 ,浙江也有一些报道。根据《国际植物命名法规》和《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》 ,作者订正了中文文献中的一些拉丁和汉语学名 ,同时对形态描述和鉴定等方面的问题也进行了简要的讨论。在已报道的口蘑属名称记录中 ,能够得到承认的本属名称有 43个种和 3个变种 ,属内其他种类名称的异名有 8个 ,而已经转移到其他属的有 3 0个 ,在命名法上模糊不清名称有 3个 ,错拼名称有 2个 ,另有未定名种 2个。目前能够承认的名称是酸涩口蘑 (T .acerbum)、白棕口蘑 (T .albobrunneum)、白口蘑(T .album)、银盖口蘑 (T .argyraceum)、黑鳞口蘑 (T .atrosquamosum)、橙柄口蘑 (T.aurantiipes)、金黄褶口蘑 (T .auratum)、傻松口蘑 (T .bakamatsutake)、欧洲口蘑 (T .caligatum)、灰环口蘑 (T.cingulatum)、银白口蘑 (T .colum betta)、油口蘑 (T .     

中国块菌要览及其保护策略

截至目前报道的中国块菌有28种,其中黑块菌4种,白块菌24种.具有重要经济价值和生态价值的黑块菌类有印度块菌复合种和中国夏块菌,其中印度块菌复合种与欧洲法国黑孢块菌属于姊妹类群,中国夏块菌与欧洲夏块菌也是姊妹类群.虽然欧洲意大利白块菌在中国尚未找到、波氏块菌在中国的存在尚待最终确认,但是,最近的更多白块菌新种的发现,说...     

中国地下真菌新种和新记录(一)

本文报道了我国地下真菌3个新种和2个新记录,它们是:太原块菌Tuber taiyuanense Liu sp.nov.,苍岩山层腹菌Hymenogaster cangyan-shanensis Liu sp.nov.,山西须腹菌Rhizopogon shanxiensis Liu sp.nov.,棱孢层腹菌Hymenogaster fusisporus(Massee et Rodway)G.H.Cunningham以及小硬皮腹菌Sclerogaster minor Coker et Coudl。     

Rotifera Recorded from China, 1893–1997, with Remarks on Their Composition and Distribution

A search of the literature on rotifers recorded from China, includes today 477 valid species names and 42 subspecies or infrasubspecific variants in 84 genera and 28 families recorded since 1893. Chinese rotifera research is reviewed, and all recorded species are listed with current taxonomic status and their first localities in China. Most of the named taxa are widely distributed or cosmopolitan, with only a small number (about 3%) possibly restricted to China. This fauna exhibits 15 endemic taxa. The composition and distribution of Chinese Rotifera are briefly analyzed. It is likely that considerably more rotifers remain to be described from China as further study to be carried on and taxonomic resolution improves.