Agronomic use of biotechnologically processed grape wastes

Grape waste was composted by biodegradation and subsequently used as an organic fertilizer for 20 day-corn. Combinations of recently compressed grape waste and hen droppings (10% w/w) were prepared to study the activating effect of hen droppings and the effect of aeration on the composting process. The final hydrogen potential (pH), %C, %N and C/N ratio, indicated an adequate development of the bioprocess. Satisfactory results were observed when the products were applied at several doses (1,000-4,000 kg/ ha) as a soil conditioner for corn seed germination in greenhouses. Only the addition of hen droppings had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on corn dry matter (14% increase). A dose of 3000 kg/ha was considered as optimal and was used supplemented with triple superphosphate (TSP) in agronomic trials. All the treatments produced greater corn dry matter (P < 0.05) than the chemical industrial fertilizer used as a control (0.52-0.71 g/pot for the organic fertilizers vs 0.45 g/pot for the control). Anaerobic conditions and hen droppings addition significantly produced (P < 0.05) higher corn dry matter.     

有机肥和解磷固氮菌配施对缺碳黄棕壤养分特性的协同效应

研究不同有机肥配比下解磷固氮细菌对土壤养分和相关酶活性的动态影响,可为筛选合适的菌肥类型、有机肥配比和施肥周期提供参考。试验设置0%、4%、8%、12%(质量比)4种有机肥配比,选择巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌2种解磷菌和褐球固氮菌、巴西固氮螺菌2种固氮菌,以亚热带贫瘠黄棕壤为研究对象,在控制条件下(28 ℃、避光)持续土壤培养60 d,以探讨不同有机肥水平和不同取样时间(培养第3、8、16、30、45、60天)4种细菌单独或混合接种对土壤有效态养分和相关酶活性的影响。结果表明: 随着有机肥含量的增加,菌肥处理土壤的有效氮和有效磷含量逐渐提高,表现为12%>8%>4%>0%。随着培养时间的延长,各处理土壤养分基本呈现先增加后降低的趋势。相对于单施有机肥,配施有机肥和菌肥能够显著提高和延长菌肥对土壤养分含量和酶活性的增益。菌肥对土壤养分特性的影响在不同有机肥配比下呈现不同的规律: 有机肥含量较低(0%～4%)时,虽然菌肥显著提高了土壤有效养分含量,但在初期各菌肥间差异并不显著;随着有机肥含量的提高和培养时间的延长,解磷菌(尤其是巨大芽孢杆菌)显著提高了有效磷含量,固氮菌(尤其是巴西固氮螺菌)显著提高了有效氮含量。4种细菌混合菌肥主要呈现解磷功能,比单施解磷菌具有更明显的优势,而固氮功能未得到显著提高。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量和酶活性大小呈显著正相关关系,而酶活性受土壤培养时间和碳氮比的影响。因此,针对该土壤类型,菌肥能够在短期内显著提高土壤养分含量,但菌肥特定功能的发挥依赖于有机碳的输入和土壤碳氮比的大小,配施合适比例的有机肥(8%～12%)能够提高并延长菌肥的改良效果;每45～60 d需进行菌肥复施,以保证其存活率和持续效果。     

The Effects of Periphyton, Fish and Fertilizer Dose on Biological Processes Affecting Water Quality in Earthen Fish Ponds

The potential of periphyton-based aquaculture in South Asia is under investigation in an extensive research program. This paper is a further analysis of data from four experiments carried out in that framework, to explore periphyton, fish and fertilizer dose effects on water quality. Factor analysis and ANOVA models applied to a data matrix of water quality parameters in ponds with and without artificial substrates (bamboo poles and kanchi sticks), with and without fish (filter feeders catla and rohu, with and without bottom feeder kalbaush), and with a standard or 50% increased fertilizer dose, allowed us to identify the underlying ecological processes governing this novel periphyton-based pond system, and construct conceptual graphic models of the periphyton–environment relationships observed. We clearly established that the phosphorus flow is mainly linked to phytoplankton activity in the water column and decomposition on the pond bottom, while nitrogen flow is mainly linked to autotrophic (photosynthesis) and heterotrophic (decomposition and nitrification) processes that take place in the periphyton in addition to the water column and pond bottom. Consequently, disruption of the pond bottom by bottom feeding fish primarily promoted phosphate cycling and phytoplankton, while periphyton development on the supplied substrates and fertilization mainly improved oxygen balance and nitrogen related processes developing in the water column. The use of bamboo poles led to better results than kanchi sticks, related to the greater autotrophic periphyton development on bamboo and to the larger surface of bamboo poles that facilitate fish grazing and periphyton dislodgment that in turn have a renewal effect on periphyton. Stocking bottom feeding fish produces a fertilizing effect through the food web that benefits the filter-feeding fish and that makes it unnecessary to increase the dose of inorganic and organic fertilizers applied to the ponds. Thus, the output of this analysis will help the fish farmers in resource constrained countries to improve their production in periphyton-based ponds just by choosing bamboo substrates, stocking a bottom feeder fish together with the filter feeders, and saving money on fertilizers.     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有机碳储量变化特

研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明： 施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量为21.02～21.24 g·kg^-1,增加速率为0.41～0.59 g·kg^-1·a^-1,单施化肥的土壤有机碳含量为15.48 g·kg^-1.各有机无机肥配施处理土壤的平均有机碳储量为43.61～48.43 t C·hm^-2,历年平均土壤有机碳储量显著大于单施化肥处理.土壤固碳速率与年均投入碳量呈显著指数正相关.本试验条件下,每年需要增加外源有机碳为0.12 t C·hm^-2才能维持土壤有机碳的平衡.     

Anaerobic fermentation of sheep droppings for biogas production

Production of biogas in batch digesters at 30°C from sheep droppings produced 93 l gas/kg dry matter whereas cattle dung yielded 234 l/kg dry matter. When the sheep droppings and cattle dung were used at 25:75 (w/w), gas production per kg dry matter was equal to that of cattle dung only. The methane content of the biogas obtained from sheep droppings was 70 to 72% as compared to 56 to 60% from cattle dung.     

陕南秦巴山区水稻施肥现状评价

为了解陕南秦巴山区水稻施肥现状及农户养分资源投入中存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策,对测土配方施肥项目2006-2009年的11个县2854户调查数据进行了分析和评价.结果表明: 陕南秦巴山区水稻平均产量为7822 kg·hm^-2,中等产量农户所占比例为509%.总氮(N)、磷(P₂O₅)、钾(K₂O)养分投入量分别为169、68、54 kg·hm^-2,其中化肥氮(N)、磷(P₂O₅)、钾(K₂O)养分投入量分别为159、62、45 kg·hm^-2,偏生产力分别为51.52、135.69和158.26 kg·kg^-1.根据养分分级等级,农户化肥氮、磷、钾投入合理比例分别为48.0%、42.4%和7.2%,过量比例分别为22.6%、11.2%和0.6%,不足比例分别为29.4%、46.5%和92.2%.如果化肥养分投入不足的农户将施肥量增加到合理水平,陕南秦巴山区水稻可增产7.70万t.该区域水稻施肥存在的问题主要包括:氮肥和磷肥投入过量和不足并存,钾肥和有机肥投入不足.今后该区域水稻施肥的重点是平衡氮肥和磷肥用量,增加钾肥和有机肥用量,增加追肥尤其是钾肥的施用.     

Carbon Sequestration Efficiency of Organic Amendments in a Long-Term Experiment on a Vertisol in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving soil fertility of cropland and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The efficiency of SOC sequestration depends on the quantity and quality of the organic matter, soil type, and climate. Little is known about the SOC sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in Vertisols. Thus, we conducted the research based on 29 years (1982–2011) of long-term fertilization experiment with a no fertilizer control and five fertilization regimes: CK (control, no fertilizer), NPK (mineral NPK fertilizers alone), NPK+1/2W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with half the amount of wheat straw), NPK+W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with full the amount of wheat straw), NPK+PM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with pig manure) and NPK+CM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined cattle manure). Total mean annual C inputs were 0.45, 1.55, 2.66, 3.71, 4.68 and 6.56 ton/ha/yr for CK, NPK, NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM and NPKCM, respectively. Mean SOC sequestration rate was 0.20 ton/ha/yr in the NPK treatment, and 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.97 ton/ha/yr in the NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM, and NPKCM treatments, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between annual C input and SOC sequestration rate (SOCsequestration rate  = 0.16 Cinput –0.10, R = 0.95, P<0.01), suggesting a C sequestration efficiency of 16%. The Vertisol required an annual C input of 0.63 ton/ha/yr to maintain the initial SOC level. Moreover, the C sequestration efficiencies of wheat straw, pig manure and cattle manure were 17%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The results indicate that the Vertisol has a large potential to sequester SOC with a high efficiency, and applying cattle manure or wheat straw is a recommendable SOC sequestration practice in Vertisols.     

Nutrient supply and fertilizer experiments in view of N saturation

New types of forest damage associated with Mg (and K) deficiency can be corrected by proper fertilization using fast release Mg (and K) fertilizers or Mg limestone. Sufficient Mg and K supply provided by former fertilizer applications inhibited the appearance of typical deficiency symptoms in areas where unfertilized control trees are now characterized by yellowing. In these areas N input rates vary appreciably. Addition of N fertilizers, particularly in the form of NH₄-N, can induce nutrient imbalances as was demonstrated for Mg and K. From these disorders relative growth reductions may result. However, sustained negative effects will probably only occur when large doses are applied or when atmospheric N input rates are high. Increased N uptake due to N fertilization indicated that the investigated sites were not saturated with N.Needle analysis is a very simple as well as valuable tool to characterize the nutritional status of forest tress and stands when it is carried out correctly. Nutrient ratios should receive the attention they deserve, rather than concentrate exclusively on the evaluation of absolute nutrient contents.     

不同有机肥对砂田西瓜产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

探讨不同有机肥对西北砂田西瓜生长、产量、品质和养分吸收利用的影响,为砂田西瓜合理施肥、优质高效生产提供理论依据.本试验以单施化肥为对照,在氮、磷、钾等养分条件下,设置了牛粪、鸡粪、羊粪、猪粪4个处理,测定了西瓜不同生育时期生长指标、产量、品质及养分吸收积累量.结果表明: 施用牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪有机肥较单施化肥可促进西瓜营养生长和氮、钾养分的运转,显著提高西瓜产量和养分的吸收积累量,其中西瓜产量较化肥处理分别显著提高了27.4%、31.6%和30.2%,氮素积累量分别提高了26.3%、39.8%和47.4%,磷素积累量分别提高了49.3%、48.3%和55.9%,钾素积累量分别提高了35.8%、41.6%和51.9%.猪粪处理的西瓜品质最优,中心、边缘可溶性固形物含量较化肥处理分别显著提高了5.5%和11.6%,Vc含量提高了19.9%.羊粪处理各指标与化肥处理间差异不显著,甚至略低于化肥处理.综上,砂田西瓜种植应优先选用猪粪和鸡粪有机肥,避免或减少施用羊粪有机肥.     

不同施肥对退化稻田土壤肥力恢复的影响

为了探明不同施肥修复措施对退化水稻土壤肥力的修复作用,自2005年起采用盆栽试验连续3年对长期缺肥退化水稻土进行了土壤肥力培肥试验研究。结果表明:6种施肥修复措施均可以显著地改善退化水稻土的肥力特征,土壤有机质含量最多提高了14.0%,土壤有效磷显著增加,最高增加量达到39.0mg.kg-1,土壤速效钾均恢复到中等水平(80mg.kg-1)以上,但土壤碱解氮除水稻专用复合肥(ZY)处理基本维持试验前水平外,其他施肥措施均有所下降;不同施肥修复措施均可明显地提高土壤微生物数量、微生物活性以及微生物生物量C、N、P含量,但以有机无机肥配合效果最佳;有机无机肥配合还可以促进稻谷产量和显著提高肥料农学效率;对于长期不施肥导致的退化稻田土壤肥力的修复以在施用水稻专用复合肥的基础上配施有机肥的效果最佳。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响

研究长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响,可为提高磷素转化利用率及合理利用肥料提供理论支持。本研究依托长武旱塬农田生态系统长期(1984—2016年)定位试验站,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(MN)、磷肥配施有机肥(MP)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(MNP)8个处理,研究其对土壤有机磷组分、小麦产量和土壤性质的影响。结果表明: 长期施肥后土壤有机磷含量为244.7～429.1 mg·kg^-1,除N处理外,其余各处理有机磷含量比CK均显著增加了15.4%～47.9%。长期施用磷肥改变了黄土旱塬农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)各有机磷组分含量,MP、MNP处理显著提高了活性有机磷及中活性有机磷含量;N、P和NP处理显著降低了中稳性有机磷含量;N、P、NP、MN、MP、MNP处理均显著提高了高稳性有机磷含量。各处理土壤有机磷组分与总有机磷含量比值为:中活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷。长期施肥后,与CK相比,氮、磷肥配施,尤其是与有机肥配施,显著增加了小麦生物产量和籽粒产量。土壤指标中,有机质、速效磷和无机磷与小麦产量呈显著正相关。MP、M处理可以显著提高黄土旱塬黑垆土中的速效磷、总磷、总无机磷、活性有机磷和中活性有机磷含量,表明有机肥与磷肥配施可以提高该地区更容易被作物吸收的磷组分。总之,氮磷肥配施并配施有机肥可以提高该地区磷供给,对小麦增产有促进作用,对提高黄土旱塬地区土壤质量有重要意义。     

Soluble and slow-release PK-fertilizers for seedlings and transplants ofPicea sitchensis andPicea abies in two English nurseries

Summary In a heathland nursery on an acid sandy podsol and in a nursery on moderately acid agricultural land, four PK fertilizers were compared with superphosphate alone, using seedlings and transplants of Sitka sprucePicea sitchensis and Norway sprucePicea abies as test crops. The four fertilizers were: 1) a compound prepared from KCl and superphosphate (KCl/superphosphate), 2) the same compound supplemented by three summer topdressings of potassium nitrate, 3) potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 4) potassium metaphosphate. Except for potassium nitrate all fertilizers were applied in the spring before sowing or transplanting.Mid-season analyses (confined to Sitka spruce seedlings) showed that the effectiveness of different fertilizers depended on the rainfall pattern during growth. Phosphorus and potassium were leached less and nutrients used more efficiently with potassium metaphosphate than with KCl/superphosphate. Potassium nitrate applied on three occasions during the summer to plots with KCl/superphosphate maintained the best growth and largest K-concentrations in the seedlings. Differences between fertilizers were small for transplants at the heathland nursery and for all crops at the nursery on an agricultural-type soil. Losses of P and K by leaching on the sandy podsol both decreased in the order KCl/superphosphate > or=potassium dihydrogen phosphate > potassium metaphosphate.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity in response to long-term fertilization: a field case from China

The influences of different fertilizer treatments on spore community structure and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) were investigated in a long-term fertilization experiment with seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N (1/2 OMN), fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). Fertilization generally increased the nutrient contained in the fertilizer and treatments with NPK and 1/2 OMN produced the highest crop yields. Thirty-five species of AMF within 6 genera, including 8 previously undescribed species, were recovered. Similarly in all seven treatments, the most abundant genus was Glomus, and followed by Acaulospora. All the fertilization treatments changed AM species composition, and NK treatment had the slightest influence. Fertilization with fertilizers NP, PK and NPK markedly increased AM fungal spore density, while 1/2 OMN, OM and NK treatments showed no significant influences. All the fertilizer treatments, especially OM, significantly decreased species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Weiner index). There were no significant correlations between AM fungal parameters (spore density, species richness and species diversity) and soil properties. The findings indicate that long-term fertilization all can change AM fungal community structure and decrease species diversity, while balanced fertilization with NPK or 1/2 OMN is the most suitable fertilization regime if taking both crop yields and AM species diversity into account.     

施肥对红豆树苗木生长、根系结瘤和矿质营养的影响

探讨几种市售肥料对红豆树(Ormosia hosiei)苗木各器官生长发育及养分含量的影响,为培育红豆树优质苗木选用肥料提供参考。以红豆树当年生大田苗为试材,采用3种常见肥料(复合肥、缓释肥和尿素)分3个施肥水平进行施肥试验,测定苗高、地径、根系指标、根系结瘤指标、各器官生物量及N、P、K含量,对不同施肥处理苗木质量进行综合评价。不同施肥处理对红豆树苗木生长、结瘤和矿质营养均有显著或极显著影响。施缓释肥和复合肥的处理表现为随施肥量的增加苗木的生长和生理指标均表现出先增后降趋势,施尿素则表现为随施肥量增加呈逐渐递减趋势。通过隶属函数对苗木质量进行综合评价,表明缓释肥30 g·m^-2为最佳施肥处理,其苗高增量、各根系质量指标、各生物量指标、结瘤数量以及根、茎、叶的N、P、K含量均为最大。红豆树当年生苗木密度为50 株·m-2时,施用缓释肥(N-P-K: 30-6-7) 30 g·m^-2可以有效提高红豆树的苗木质量。     

安徽省冬小麦施肥现状与肥料利用效率

冬小麦是安徽省重要的粮食作物。合理施肥是冬小麦获得高产的重要措施,明确当前安徽省冬小麦施肥现状和存在的问题对于指导冬小麦科学施肥具有重要意义。本研究以安徽省冬小麦为对象,于2018年对全省冬小麦主产区1591户农户进行调查,调查内容包括肥料品种、肥料用量、施肥方式、种植面积和产量水平。根据调查结果统计分析安徽省冬小麦种植过程中的施肥现状及存在问题,并以全省冬小麦平均产量和平均施肥量为基准,采用Cate-Nelson方法(十字交叉法)评估安徽省冬小麦产量与氮、磷和钾肥施用的关系,以探索安徽省冬小麦进一步增产增效的主要施肥途径。结果表明: 安徽省冬小麦平均产量为5185 kg·hm^-2,氮、磷和钾肥平均施用量分别为206、80和78 kg·hm^-2。其中旱茬麦氮、磷和钾肥平均施用水平比稻茬麦分别高14、16和3 kg·hm^-2。总体上,安徽省冬小麦种植中化肥平均用量趋于合理化,但是在施肥方式、养分运筹和肥料品种上还存在不合理现象。Cate-Nelson方法结果表明,全省冬小麦氮、磷、钾肥施用量中,仅有23.8%、21.2%和25.7%低于全省平均水平却获得较高的产量,此时氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力最高;有26.3%、19.3%和22.5%的施用量低于全省平均水平但没有实现高产;有26.2%、29.6%和25.0%的施用量虽然获得了高产,但施用量较高,氮磷钾肥偏生产力较低。这说明安徽省冬小麦增产增效还有很大的空间。全省冬小麦基肥和追肥机械化比例分别为62.7%和10.0%。虽然氮肥普遍实现了分次施用,但氮肥作基肥的比例仍然占到全生育期氮肥总量的69.0%,应适当降低。此外,在肥料品种选择上存在偏施化肥、不重视有机肥等问题。     

Coprophagous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Uruguayan Prairies: Abundance,Diversity and Seasonal Occurrence

Dung beetles have been studied for a two year period (January 1992–April 1994). Monthly samples were taken by directly examining 480 bovine and 330 ovine feces. A grand total of 1846 individuals of 12 different species was obtained. The most abundant species were Onthophagus hirculus Mannerheim, 1829 and Canthidium breve (Germar, 1824). However, density values were extremely low and seasonal activity was restricted to a short period. Maximum density in both bovine and ovine droppings was found in November 1993 (8.55 and 8.87 individuals/dung respectively), whereas mean density was 2.57 ind./dung in cattle dung and 1.53 ind./dung in sheep droppings. These density values suggest that populations of native dung beetles in these pastures cannot adequately remove the tons of livestock feces deposited daily throughout the country.     

长期定位施肥对保护地土壤腐殖质结合形态的影响

以长期定位施肥蔬菜保护地土壤为材料,研究了不同施肥处理土壤中结合态腐殖质含量及其相关性变化.结果表明,有机肥与无机肥配施松结态腐殖质含量高于单施无机肥的相应处理,但相对含量呈现相反趋势;稳结态腐殖质相对较稳定,没有明显变化;紧结态腐殖质绝对含量及百分含量都明显高于单施无机肥处理,其中以配施有机肥与氮磷钾肥最高,为11.53 g·kg^-1;长期定位施用有机肥后保护地土壤松/紧比值呈降低趋势, 其中有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施处理的松紧比值最低,为1.10.     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as P _N×LAI and SPAD×LAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.     

紫色土线虫对长期不同施肥措施的响应

土壤线虫在农田生态系统中数量丰富且对土壤环境变化敏感, 可用于评估不同田间管理条件下的土壤健康。本文探究了紫色土区长期不同施肥措施及土壤团聚体粒径对线虫群落的分布及其生态功能多样性的影响。试验设置了5个施肥处理: 不施肥(对照, CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、生物炭 + 化肥(BCNPK)、商品猪粪 + 化肥(OMNPK)和秸秆 + 化肥(RSDNPK)。团聚体粒径分为: 原状土(BS)、大团聚体(> 2 mm; LA)和小团聚体(0.25-2 mm; SA)。结果表明, 与对照相比, 施肥可促进线虫数量增长, 其中单施化肥处理下增幅最小(66%); 有机物料与化肥配施对线虫数量的提升更为显著, 秸秆 + 化肥处理下增幅达206%。不同施肥处理间线虫类群相对丰度差异显著, 大小均表现为: 食细菌线虫(BA) > 杂食/捕食线虫(OP) > 植食线虫(PP) > 食真菌线虫(FU)。小团聚体较其他土壤团聚体的杂食/捕食线虫丰度更低, 食细菌线虫丰度较高。秸秆与化肥配施处理下线虫群落结构指数和富集指数显著增加, 且各施肥处理下线虫功能足迹呈现明显差异。有机肥与化肥配施(尤其是秸秆 + 化肥)可提高土壤养分供应且有利于形成稳定健康的土壤生态系统, 助推区域农业的可持续发展。     

Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and composed organic fertilizers on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and tomato growth

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and composted organic fertilizers (cow dung, horse dung, goat dung and poultry manure) alone and in combination on the multiplication of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. P. fluorescens was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than A. chroococcum or A. brasilense. Among composted organic fertilizers, poultry manure resulted in less galling and nematode multiplication than occurred with goat dung. However, composted goat dung was better in reducing nematode multiplication and improving plant growth than horse dung. Cow dung was the composted organic fertilizer least effective in reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Poultry manure with P. fluorescens was the best combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato but improved management of M. incognita can also be obtained if goat dung is used with P. fluorescens or poultry manure with A. chroococcum.