Proctolin-like immunoreactivity in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the locust, Locusta migratoria

Proctolin-like immunoreactivity (PLI) was widely distributed in the locust, Locusta migratoria, within the central, peripheral and stomatogastric nervous systems, as well as the digestive system and retrocerebral complex. Proctolin-like immunoreactivity was observed in cells and processes of the brain and all ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Of interest, PLI was found in the lateral neurosecretory cells, which send axons within the paired nervi corporis cardiaci II (NCC II) to the corpus cardiacum (CC). The CC contained extensive processes displaying PLI, which continued on within the paired nervi corporis allata (NCA) to the paired corpora allata (CA) where the axons entered and branched therein. The frontal and hypocerebral ganglia of the stomatogastric nervous system contained PLI within processes, resulting in a brightly staining neuropile. Each region of the gut contained PLI in axons and processes of varying patterns and densities. The paired ingluvial ganglia contained PLI, including an extensively stained neuropile and immunoreactive axons projecting through the nerves to the foregut. The hindgut contained PLI within longitudinal tracts, with lateral projections originating from the 8th abdominal ganglion via the proctodeal nerve. The midgut contained PLI in a regular latticework pattern with many varicosities and blebs. No difference in PLI in cells and processes of the central nervous system (CNS) was found between males and females.     

The anatomy and physiology of the stomatogastric nervous system ofSquilla

Summary The stomatogastric nervous system of a mantis shrimp,Squilla oratoria, is described. The motor nerves of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) and their innervation of muscles of the posterior cardiac plate (pcp) and pyloric systems are detailed.The STG contains more than 25 neurons. It sends out one pair of major output nerves. The pcp-pyloric cycle recorded from the motor axons in this nerve consists of rhythmic bursts of several units which fire with a characteristic phase relationship to each other. The rhythm is intrinsic to the STG itself, but it is modifiable.Recordings from the peripheral nerves reveal that identifiable cardiac plate, pyloric dilator and pyloric neurons control sequential contractions of the pcp and pyloric muscles to constrict or dilate a number of their attached ossicles.Several modulatory input fibres in the stomatogastric nerve, activated via stimulation of the superior or inferior oesophageal nerve (son, ion), prime or trigger the cyclic motor outputs. The son inputs induce distinct effects on the cardiac and pcp-pyloric pattern generators, while the ion inputs, via the oesophageal ganglion, excite only the pcp-pyloric generator.On the basis of anatomical and physiological observations, the possible functions of motor neurons involved in the pcp-pyloric cycle are described with reference to opening of the pcp and pyloric channels.This stomatogastric nervous system inSquilla is compared to that in decapods which has been well analyzed.Abbreviations CG commissural ganglion - ion inferior oesophageal nerve - lvn lateral ventricular nerve - OG oesophageal ganglion - pep posterior cardiac plate - son superior oesophageal nerve - STG stomatogastric ganglion - stn stomatogastric nerve - ivn inferior ventricular nerve     

Serotonin-immunoreactive neurones in the brain of Locusta migratoria innervating the corpus cardiacum

Summary The serotoninergic innervation of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria was investigated using two antisera against serotonin. A dense network of immunoreactive nerve fibres was present in the storage lobe of the CC. Immunopositive fibres only sporadically crossed the border between the storage lobe and the glandular lobe of the CC. Immunopositive fibres entered the storage lobe of the CC via the nervus corporis cardiaci I (NCCI); NCCII was immunonegative. Unilateral retrograde fillings of the NCCI with the fluorescent tracer Lucifer yellow, followed by antiserotonin immunocytochemistry, revealed about 20 double-labelled neurones in the anterior part of the pars intercerebralis. The double-labelled neurones were scattered between fluorescent non-immunoreactive neurones. Additionally, 5–7 neurones labelled only with Lucifer yellow were found at the ventrolateral side of the tritocerebrum. No immunopositive neurones were observed in the hypocerebral ganglion. Immunopositive fibres from neurones in the frontal ganglion ran via the recurrent nerve and the neuropile of the hypocerebral ganglion into the paired oesophageal nerve. At most, a few immunopositive nerve fibres occurred in the cardiostomatogastric nerves II, which connect the storage lobe of the CC with the paired oesophageal nerve at the caudal end of the hypocerebral ganglion.     

The innervation of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria: A neuroanatomical study with the use of Lucifer yellow

Summary Neural connections of the corpus cardiacum (CC) in the African locust, Locusta migratoria, were labelled with the fluorescent tracer Lucifer yellow. (1) Unilateral anterograde labelling of the nervus corporis cardiaci I revealed fluorescent fibres in the storage lobe of the CC (CCS). Some fluorescent fibres in the CCS closely approached the ipsilateral border of the glandular lobes of the CC (CCG). Fluorescent fibres also projected into the neuropile of the hypocerebral ganglion via the ipsilateral nervi cardiostomatogastrici I and II, and from there into the oesophageal nerves. (2) Unilateral anterograde labelling of the nervus corporis cardiaci II revealed fluorescent fibres in the CCS and in the ipsilateral CCG. Fluorescent fibres also projected via the ipsilateral nervus corporis allati I into the corpus allatum. (3) Unilateral retrograde labelling of the nervus corporis allati I revealed a distinct fluorescent nerve tract that runs through the CCS and into the nervus corporis cardiaci II. The tract arises from about eight cell bodies in the brain at the rostroventral side of the ipsilateral calyx of the mushroom body. (4) Labelling of the recurrent nerve revealed fluorescent fibres and some fluorescent cell bodies in the hypocerebral ganglion and, via the nervi cardiostomatogastrici I and II, also in the CCS. Fluorescent fibres were also present in the oesophageal nerves.     

Stomatogastric nervous system of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae): Changes during metamorphosis with special reference to FMRFamide neurons

Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for FMRFamide-like peptides revealed that the stomatogastric nervous system of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) includes 5 ganglia: the frontal ganglion with 4, the hypocerebral ganglion with 2, the ingluvial ganglion with 2–4, and each of the paired proventricular ganglia with 6–8 immunoreactive perikarya. Immunoreactivity was also found in axons to and within the corpora cardiaca, in the nerves connecting stomatogastric ganglia, as well as in 8 gastric nerves that extend along longitudinal midgut muscles. Adhesion of corpora cardiaca to the hypocerebral ganglion and partial merging and shortening of gastric nerves were the only conspicuous changes of the stomatogastric system that occurred during metamorphosis.     

The distribution of pancreatic polypeptide in the nervous system and gut of the blowfly,Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera)

Summary The distribution of a neuropeptide, previously shown to have the same or a very similar amino acid composition as vertebrate pancreatic polypeptide (PP), has been studied in the nervous system and gut of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria. Neurones immunoreactive to a bovine PP antiserum occur in the thoracic and abdominal ganglionic components of the central nervous system, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion. Pancreatic polypeptide appears to be relayed from its cells of origin to a neurohaemal organ in the dorsal sheath of the thoracic ganglion. PP immunoreactivity is also found in cells of the hypocerebral ganglion of the stomatogastric nervous system and in associated nerve fibres. The mid-gut contains PP-positive material in flask-shaped cells of its epithelial lining.     

The morphology of suboesophageal ganglion cells innervating the nervus corporis cardiaci III of the locust

Summary The nervus corporis cardiaci III (NCC III) of the locust Locust migratoria was investigated with intracellular and extracellular cobalt staining techniques in order to elucidate the morphology of neurons within the suboesophageal ganglion, which send axons into this nerve. Six neurons have many features in common with the dorsal, unpaired, median (DUM) neurons of thoracic and abdominal ganglia. Three other cells have cell bodies contralateral to their axons (contralateral neuron 1–3; CN 1–3). Two of these neurons (CN2 and CN3) appear to degenerate after imaginal ecdysis. CN3 innervates pharyngeal dilator muscles via its anterior axon in the NCC III, and a neck muscle via an additional posterior axon within the intersegmental nerve between the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia. A large cell with a ventral posterior cell body is located close to the sagittal plane of the ganglion (ventral, posterior, median neuron; VPMN). Staining of the NCC III towards the periphery reveals that the branching pattern of this nerve is extremely variable. It innervates the retrocerebral glandular complex, the antennal heart and pharyngeal dilator muscles, and has a connection to the frontal ganglion.Abbreviations AH antennal heart - AN antennal nerves - AO aorta - AV antennal vessel - CA corpus allatum - CC corpus cardiacum - CN1, CN2, CN3 contralateral neuron 1–3 - DIT dorsal intermediate tract - DMT dorsal median tract - DUM dorsal, unpaired, median - FC frontal connective - FG frontal ganglion - HG hypocerebral ganglion - LDT lateral dorsal tract - LMN, LSN labral motor and sensory nerves - LN+FC common root of labral nerves and frontal connective - LO lateral ocellus - MDT median dorsal tract - MDVR ventral root of mandibular nerve - MVT median ventral tract - NCA I, II nervus corporis allati I, II - NCC I, II, III nervus corporis cardiaci I, III - NR nervus recurrens - NTD nervus tegumentarius dorsalis - N8 nerve 8 of SOG - OE oesophagus - OEN oesophageal nerve - PH pharynx - SOG suboesophageal ganglion - T tentorium - TVN tritocerebral ventral nerve - VLT ventral lateral tract - VIT ventral intermediate tract - VMT ventral median tract - VPMN ventral, posterior, median neuron - 1–7 peripheral nerves of the SOG - 36, 37, 40–45 pharyngeal dilator muscles     

The neuronal connections of the frontal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana

Summary The frontal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied histologically and its neuronal pathways were mapped by use of axonal cobalt iontophoresis. Neurons and fiber tracts of the frontal ganglion are directly linked with different regions of the central nervous system (tritocerebrum, protocerebrum, subesophageal ganglion) and with the more caudal parts of the stomatogastric nervous system (hypocerebral ganglion, nervus oesophagei).Supported by the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Technik der DDR     

THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND STOMATOGASTRIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE ADULT TSETSE FLY GLOSSINA MORSITANS

The brain of Glossina morsitans Westwood contains four groups of neurosecretory cells which are stainable with chrome haematozylin and phloxin. The axons of these cells form a pair of nervi corporis cardiaci which pass posteriorly from the brain and innervate the corpora cardiaca and corpus allatum before uniting with a small ganglion posterior to the corpora cardiaca. This ganglion is considered to represent the fusion of the fusion of the hypocerebral and ventricular ganglia which remain separate in other insects.
There is no frontal ganglion in the adult Glossina and the recurrent nerve fuses with one of the nervi corporis cardiaci immediately behind the brain. The oesophageal nerves arising from the fused hypocerebral and ventricular ganglia innervate the oesophagus in the anterior part of the thorax, the proventriculus and the posterior extension of the oesophagus close to the crop. These nerves possess both sensory and motor nerve endings. The differences which exist between Glossina and other cyclorrhaphous Diptera with respect to their neuroendocrine/stomatogastric system are noted and considered in terms of the control of neuroendocrine function.     

The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. I. The anatomy of the system and the innervation of the gut

The distribution of the ganglia and nerves of the stomatogastric nervous system and the innervation of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles are described. Median unpaired frontal and hypocerebral ganglia and paired ingluvial ganglia are present. The anterior pharynx is innervated by branches of the frontal nerve and by the anterior and posterior pharyngeal nerves, originating from the frontal ganglion. The posterior pharyngeal nerves are linked to nerves innervating the posterior part of the pharynx which have their origin in the hypocerebral ganglion, the anterior portion of which has previously been regarded as part of the recurrent nerve. Paired esophageal nerves run the length of the esophagus and crop between the hypocerebral and and ingluvial ganglia, innervating the muscularis by serial side branches. From each ingluvial ganglion runs an ingluvial nerve which innervates the gizzard and a cecal nerve which innervates the midgut and its ceca. At the posterior end of the midgut there is a poorly developed nerve ring. Nerves running posteriorly from this nerve ring link the stomatogastric nervous system with the proctodeal innervation from the terminal abdominal ganglion. Multipolar peripheral neurons are present on the muscularis of the whole of the foregut, rather randomly distributed on the crop and gizzard but forming fairly definite groupings at some points on the pharynx. Though of varied appearance, these cells could not be divided into discrete morphological categories. Peripheral neurons on the midgut are of different and characteristic morphology, though a few cells of the same appearance as those of the foregut occur at the midgut-hindgut boundary. Nerve fibers on the gut almost invariably terminate on the fibers of the muscularis.     

The neurosecretory system of the adult Calliphora erythrocephala

Summary The histology of the corpus cardiacum (c. card.) and the hypocerebral ganglion of Calliphora has been described from sections mainly stained with paraldehyde-fuchsin (PAF) and counterstained with Halmi's mixture. Concurrently the nervous connections of these organs with the neurosecretory system and the stomatogastric nervous system were studied.Neurosecretory material from the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain (m.n.c.) could be traced through the cardiac-recurrent nerve, and passing through the c. card. it was seen to be abundantly present in the wall of the aorta and the two pairs of nerves leaving the c. card.-hypocerebral ganglion complex posteriorly, i.e. the aortic and the oesophageal nerves. However, in some old, fed flies a considerable amount of neurosecretory material was also observed in anastomosing branches of the cardiac-recurrent nerve inside the c. card. Thus storage of neurosecretory material originating in the m.n.c. may take place both in the aorta wall and in the c. card. This observation is relevant to the interpretation of previous experiments of E. Thomsen (1952).The c. card. cells proper (the c.n.c.) were not stained by the PAF, although they are known to be neurosecretory.This work was supported by grants from the Carlsberg Foundation. I am grateful to Professor C. Overgaard Nielsen for laboratory facilities.     

New features of the brain-retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex of the locust Schistocerca vaga (scudder)

Summary The techniques of axonal iontophoresis and cobalt sulfide precipitation were used to elucidate the relationships of the brain's neurosecretory cell groups and the retrocerebral complex of the locust Schistocerca vaga. The axons of the nervi corporis cardiaci I (NCC I) arise (1) from the medial neurosecretory cells of the protocerebrum, showing only limited branching, looping or spiraling; and (2) from a cell group previously undescribed for this species, located in the tritocerebrum. The axons project into the neurohemal and the glandular portions of the corpora cardiaca and into the hypocerebral ganglion, but not into the corpora allata. Axons of the NCC II arise from the lateral neurosecretory cells of the protocerebrum and project into the center of the corpora allata via the nervi corporis allati I (NCA I), as well as into the neurohemal and glandular portions of the corpora cardiaca. Axons of the NCC III arise from another newly described cell group in the tritocerebrum and end in both the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata. Axons of the NCA II arise from cells in the subesophageal ganglion and also end in the corpora allata.Supported by NIH Predoctoral Fellowship No. 5 F 01 GM 43816-03, NSF Grant GB-23033 and NIH Grant CA-05045 to H. A. Bern and USPHS Grant 1 R 01 NS09404 to C.H.F. Rowell.I wish to express my gratitude to Professors H.A. Bern and C.H.F. Rowell for unending encouragement and advice. I am indebted to Dr. Mick O'Shea for instruction in the cobalt/axonal iontophoresis method, and to Ms. Bea Bacher for excellent technical assistance.     

The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. II. Iontophoretic study of neuron anatomy

The anatomy of neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of Ascheta domesticus was studied using heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. Nineteen categories of neuron are described and compared with neurons known from the stomatogastric nervous system of other insects. Possible functions for the neurons are suggested. Motor neuron candidates are suggested for all parts of the gut served by the stomatogastric nervous system, and axons of sensory neurons of the anterior pharynx are located. There are four neuron types that cannot readily be assigned motor, sensory, or interneuron functions: large dorsal cells of the frontal ganglion; the two neurons of the nervus connectivus, and two categories of neurons in the median neurosecretory cell group of the pars intercerebralis, the axons of which are contained in the stomatogastric nerves.     

Neurons with histaminelike immunoreactivity in the segmental and stomatogastric nervous systems of the crayfishPacifastacus leniusculus and the lobsterHomarus americanus

Summary We used a polyclonal antiserum against histamine to map histaminelike immunoreactivity (HLI) in whole mounts of the segmental ganglia and stomatogastric ganglion of crayfish and lobster. Carbodiimide fixation permitted both HRP-conjugated and FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies to be used effectively to visualize HLI in these whole mounts. Two interneurons that send axons through the inferior ventricular nerve (ivn) and the stomatogastric nerve to the stomatogastric ganglion had strong HLI, both in crayfish and in lobster. These ivn interneurons were known from other evidence to be histaminergic. The neuropil of the stomatogastric ganglion in both crayfish and lobster contained brightly labeled terminals of axons that entered the ganglion from the stomatogastric nerve. No neuronal cell bodies in this ganglion had HLI. Each segmental ganglion contained at least one pair of neurons with HLI. Some neurons in the subesophageal ganglion and in each thoracic ganglion labeled very brightly. Axons of projection interneurons with strong HLI occurred in the dorsal lateral tracts of each segmental ganglion, and sent branches to the lateral neuropils and tract neuropils of each ganglion. All the labeled neurons were interneurons; no HLI was observed in peripheral nerves.     

The Morphology of the Stomodeal Nervous System in the Adult Dragon Flies Bradinopyga geminata and Orthetrum chrysis (Libellulidae)

The morphology of the stomodeal nervous system of the adult dragon flies Bradinopyga geminata and Orthetrum chrysis is described. No gastric ganglion or ganglion ingluviale has been found. Instead the oesophageal nerve forks near the junction of the proventriculus and the midgut. The two nerves run on either side of the midline as ingluvial nerves and enter the proventricular ganglionic masses. These ganglionic masses are connected by a transverse nerve, which has been called as the nervus transversus proventriculare. Both bipolar and multipolar types of sensory cells have been found over the surface of the crop. These cell bodies appear to be interconnected by connective tissue. Dendrites of these cells terminate on the longitudinal muscle fibres, surrounding the proventriculus and the midgut. The proximal processes of these cells enter the proventricular ganglionic mass. In methylene blue whole mounts they resemble the stretch receptors, hence it is quite probable that they play some role in the peristaltic movement of the gut. The corpora cardiaca lie dorsal to the pharynx and are connected to the brain by two pairs of nerves, the nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC I, NCC II). Unlike in other insects, the nerve connecting the corpora cardiaca with the corpora allata is slender and arises as a branch of the nerve, nervus corporis allati II. The corpora alata are spherical to ovoid in shape and lie ventral to the nerve cord. Anteriorly they are attached to the inner wall of the hypopharynx and posteriorly to the subesophageal ganglion by a pair of nerves, the nervi corporis allati II.     

Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of the crab Cancer borealis and the lobsters Panulirus interruptus and Homarus americanus

Summary The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of three decapod crustacean species, Cancer borealis, Homarus americanus, and Panulirus interruptus, was studied. The stomatogastric ganglion showed dense staining in the neuropil, but none in the somata. A single neuron stained in the esophageal ganglion. Lucifer yellow backfills and intracellular injections followed by incubation with the substance P antibody showed that the axons of this neuron project into the inferior esophageal nerves towards the paired commissural ganglia. The commissural ganglia showed a pronounced projection from a large bundle of fibers in the anterior medial portion of the circumesophageal connective. Additionally, less dense neuropil and stained somata were seen in the commissural ganglia. Staining was completely blocked by preabsorption with authentic substance P, physalaemin, eledoisin, and substance K. These data suggest that in the nervous system of crustacean species a molecule with C-terminal homology to substance P and other tachykinins is released as a neuroregulator in the stomatogastric ganglion.     

Motor pattern generation of the posterior cardiac plate-pyloric system in the stomatogastric ganglion of the mantis shrimp Squilla oratoria

Activity patterns of the constituent neurons of the posterior cardiac plate-pyloric system in the stomatogastric ganglion of the mantis shrimp Squilla oratoria were studied by recording spontaneous burst discharges intracellularly from neuronal somata. These neurons were identified electrophysiologically, and synaptic connections among them were qualitatively analysed. The posterior cardiac plate constrictor, pyloric constrictor, pyloric dilator and ventricular dilator motoneurons, and the pyloric interneuron were involved in the posterior cardiac plate-pyloric system. All the cell types could produce slow burst-forming potentials which led to repetitive spike discharges. These neurons generated sequentially patterned outputs. Most commonly, the posterior cardiac plate neuron activity was followed by the activity of pyloric constrictor neurons, and then by the activity of pyloric dilator/pyloric interneuron, and ventricular dilator neurons. The motoneurons and interneuron in the posterior cardiac plate-pyloric system were connected to each other either by electrical or by inhibitory chemical synapses, and thus constructed the neural circuit characterized by a wiring diagram which was structurally similar to the pyloric circuit of decapods. The circuitry in the stomatogastric ganglion was strongly conserved during evolution between stomatopods and decapods, despite significant changes in the peripheral structure of the foregut. There were more electrical synapses in stomatopods, and more reciprocal inhibitory synapses in decapods.Abbreviations EJP excitatory junctional potential - IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potential - CoG commissural ganglion - CPG central pattern generator - ion inferior oesophageal nerve - OG oesophageal ganglion - pcp posterior cardiac plate - son superior oesophageal nerve - STG stomatogastric ganglion - stn stomatogastric nerve - PY pyloric constrictor - PD pyloric dilator - VD ventricular dilator - AB pyloric interneuron - lvn lateral ventricular nerves - tcpm transverse cardiac plate muscle     

Cellular properties and modulation of the stomatogastric ganglion neurons of a stomatopod,Squilla oratoria

Cellular properties and modulation of the identified neurons of the posterior cardiac plate-pyloric system in the stomatogastric ganglion of a stomatopod, Squilla oratoria, were studied electrophysiologically. Each class of neurons involved in the cyclic bursting activity was able to trigger an endogenous, slow depolarizing potential (termed a driver potential) which sustained bursting. Endogenous oscillatory properties were demonstrated by the phase reset behavior in response to brief stimuli during ongoing rhythm. The driver potential was produced by membrane voltage-dependent activation and terminated by an active repolarization. Striking enhancement of bursting properties of all the cell types was induced by synaptic activation via extrinsic nerves, seen as increases in amplitude or duration of driver potentials, spiking rate during a burst, and bursting rate. The motor pattern produced under the influence of extrinsic modulatory inputs continued for a long time, relative to that in the absence of activation of modulatory inputs. Voltage-dependent conductance mechanisms underlying postinhibitory rebound and driver potential responses were modified by inputs. It is concluded that endogenous cellular properties, as well as synaptic circuitry and extrinsic inputs, contribute to generation of the rhythmic motor pattern, and that a motor system and its component neurons have been highly conserved during evolution between stomatopods and decapods.Abbreviations AB anterior burster neuron - CoG commissural ganglion - CPG central pattern generator - lvn lateral ventricular nerve - OG oesophageal ganglion - pcp posterior cardiac plate - PCP pcp constrictor neuron - PD pyloric dilator neuron - PY pyloric constrictor neuron - son superior oesophageal nerve - STG stomatogastric ganglion - stn stomatogastric nerve     

Characterization of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in the nervous system of the lobster,Panulirus interruptus

Nervous system tissue fromPanulirus interruptus has an enzyme activity that behaves like calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM KII). This activity phosphorylates known targets of CaM KII, such as synapsin I and autocamtide 3. It is inhibited by a CaM KII-specific autoinhibitory domain peptide. In addition, this lobster brain activity displays calcium-independent activity after autophosphorylation, another characteristic of CaM KII. A cDNA from the lobster nervous system was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. The fragment was cloned and found to be structurally similar to CaM KII. Serum from rabbits immunized with a fusion protein containing part of this sequence immunoprecipitated a CaM KII enzyme activity and a family of phosphoproteins of the appropriate size for CaM KII subunits. Lobster CaM KII activity is found in the brain and stomatogastric nervous system including the commissural ganglia, commissures, stomatogastric ganglion and stomatogastric nerve. Immunoblot analysis of these same regions also identifies bands at an apparent molecular weight characteristic of CaM KII.     

Localization of stomatogastric IV neuron cell bodies in lobster brain

Summary The cell bodies of the inferior ventricular nerve (IVN) through-fibers of the lobster stomatogastric nervous system were located using cobalt chloride backfills and intracellular recordings. Following backfills of the IVN, two cell bodies in the supraesophageal ganglion (or brain) were stained with cobalt. These cells, each approximately 30 m in diameter, were located at the base of the IVN, just inside the connective tissue sheath surrounding the brain, and were identifiable on the basis of their close proximity to the IVN.In order to record from the cells, an in vitro preparation was made which included the cell bodies, their axons in the IVN and the stomatogastric nervous system. Intracellular recordings showed that the axons projected to the stomatogastric ganglion and made synaptic connections onto identified neurons. The axon trajectories and synaptic connections correlated with those previously described for the IVN through-fibers using extracellular stimulation and recording techniques.Abbreviations IVN inferior ventricular nerve - SN stomatogastric nerve