长穗偃麦草基因组中与耐低磷营养胁迫有关的基因的染色体定位

以中国春－长穗偃麦草二体异附加系和二体异代换系为材料，对其耐低磷营养胁迫特性进行鉴定和遗传分析，结果表明（１）长穗偃麦草的４Ｅ一＾ 色体携有耐低营养胁迫的基因，且其效应远远超过背景亲本中国春。     

利用生化及分子标记确定长穗偃麦草（Elytrigia elongatum,EE.2n=14） …

利用限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）及等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）技术确定普通小麦中国春－二倍体长穗偃麦草７个异附加系所附加的外源染以体与小麦染色体的部分同源性,共有８个生化标记,１３个ＲＦＬＰ标记在亲本间揭示了多态性,结果表明：长穗偃麦草的１Ｅ,２Ｅ,３Ｅ,４Ｅ,５Ｅ,６Ｅ,７Ｅ７条染色体分别与小麦染色体的１、２、３、４、５、６、７７个部分同源群具有部分同源关系,偃麦草的１Ｅ与７Ｅ、５Ｅ与７Ｅ染色体间可能     

长穗偃麦草酸性磷酸酶与碱性磷酸酶编码基因的染色体定位

以一套中国春-长穗偃麦草二体异附加系与二体异代换系为材料,用等电聚焦(IEF)研究长穗偃麦草基因组中酸性磷酸酶(AcPh)与碱性磷酸酶(APH)编码基因的染色体定位。结果表明,AcPh大多聚焦于pH5～7范围内,其编码基因位于3E染色体,而APH编码基因则位于4E染色体。由于5E染色体的附加,AcPh活性带强度显著减弱。     

小偃麦部分双二部体及其异附加系异源染色体的GISH分析

应用ＧＩＳＨ对小偃麦部分双二本ＴＡＦ４６及其衍生的６个二体异附加系的中间偃麦草染色体组种类进行了分析,鉴定,以拟鹅冠草ＤＮＡ为探针的分析结果表明,ＴＡＦ４６所含有的中间偃麦草洒色体组为合成染色体组,即６条Ａ１组染色体和８条Ｅ组染色体。在其衍生的二体异附加系中,Ｌ４和Ｌ含有Ｓｔ组染色体,Ｌ１、Ｌ２、Ｌ３、Ｌ５含有Ｅ组染色体。ＴＡＦ４６所含有的中间偃麦草染色体的部分同源群依次为ＩＥ（Ｌ３）、２Ｓｔ（Ｌ     

利用生化及分子标记确定长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongatum, EE. 2n=14)染色体与小麦染色体的部分同源性

利用限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）及等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）技术确定普通小麦中国春－二倍体长穗僵麦草７个异附加系所附加的外源染色体与小麦染色体的部分同源性,共有８个生化标记,１３个ＲＦＬＰ标记在亲本间揭示了多态性。结果表明：长穗堰麦草的ＩＥ、２Ｅ、３Ｅ、４Ｅ、 ５Ｅ、６Ｅ、７Ｅ ７条染色体分别与小麦染色体的 １、２、３、４、５、６、７ ７个部分同源群具有部分同源关系,堰麦草的ＩＥ与７Ｅ、５Ｅ与７Ｅ染色体间可能发生过重排。同时,研究还分别将Ｅｓｔ－Ｅ５、Ｅｓｔ－Ｅ８位点定位于３ＥＬ,Ｐｅｒ－Ｅ１定位于７Ｅ, Ｐｅｒ－Ｅ４定位于５Ｅ,β－Ａｍｙ－Ｅ１定位于４ＥＬ染色体,并进一步将α－Ａｍｙ－Ｅ１位点定位于６Ｅ染色体长臂上。     

黑麦基因组中不同染色体在缺磷胁迫下对普通小麦根系分泌酸性磷酸酯酶(Acph)遗传效应的研究

以一整套中国春－帝国黑麦二体附加系为材料,通过在低磷胁迫下对其根系分泌Ａｃｐｈ 能力测定及同工酶等电聚焦分析证明：缺磷胁迫是Ａｃｐｈ基因表达的诱导因子,帝国黑麦不同染色体在中国春小麦背景中对其根系在低磷胁迫下 Ａｃｐｈ的分泌具不同的正效应,其中以 １Ｒ 染色体的效应最为强烈, Ａｃｐｈ等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）的酶谱清楚地表明黑麦的１Ｒ染色体上携有在缺磷胁迫下诱导表达的Ａｃｐｈ基因。     

黑麦基因组中不同染色体在缺磷胁迫下对普通小麦根系分泌酸性磷酸 …

以一整套中国春－帝国黑麦二体附加系为材料，通过在低磷胁迫下对其根系分泌Ａｃｐｈ能力测定及同工酶等电聚焦分析证明：缺磷胁迫是Ａｃｐｈ基因表达的诱导因子，帝国黑麦不同染色体的中国春小麦背景中对其根系在低磷胁迫下Ａｃｐｈ的分泌具不同的正效应，其中以１Ｒ染色体的效应最为强烈，Ａｃｐｈ等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）的酶谱清楚地表明黑麦的１Ｒ染色体上携有在缺磷胁迫下诱导表达的Ａｃｐｈ基因。     

小麦亲缘种属添加系耐低磷胁迫性状鉴定与基因染色体定位

采用苗期缺磷和全营养对照处理,以70个中国春—野生亲缘种属二体添加系及中国春为材料,根据苗期表观遗传性状、磷吸收率和利用率相对生物量对其进行耐低磷胁迫能力筛选鉴定和基因染色体定位。结果表明:大麦4H和长穗偃麦草7E染色体上携带有耐低磷胁迫的优异基因;长穗偃麦草6E、黑麦1R和6R、卵穗山羊草4Ug和6Mg、易变山羊草4Sv染色体携带促进小麦根系生长发育的基因;拟斯比尔托山羊草5S和簇毛麦4V染色体分别携带高磷吸收率和磷利用率的基因。通过染色体工程技术,可以将携带耐低磷胁迫基因的外源染色体片段导入普通小麦,为小麦耐低磷胁迫育种和了解植物耐低磷胁迫的分子机理奠定基础。     

普通小麦与长穗偃麦草的杂交育种及其遗传分析——小麦与偃麦草杂交的研究(三)

本文是普通小麦与长穗偃麦草杂交育种二十年的经验总结。内容介绍了长穗偃麦草的特性和染色体组型,克服杂交不育和杂种不育的方法,杂交育种的程序及其遗传分析和选出的小偃麦八倍体种、异附加系、异代换系与丰产抗病的小偃麦新品种。     

小麦与彭梯卡偃麦草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究──Ⅱ．来自小麦和彭梯卡（长穗）偃麦草及中间偃麦草杂种后代11个八倍体小偃麦的比较研究

利用染色体配对分析和酯酶及种子醇溶蛋白电泳分析研究了我国育成的１１个八倍体小偃麦,结果表明：（ａ）来源于小麦和中间偃麦草杂交后代的６个部分双二倍体中,中１和中２的偃麦草染色体组不同于中３、中４、中５和小偃７８８２９的偃麦草染色体组;（ｂ）来源于小麦和长穗偃麦草杂交后代的５个部分双二倍体中,小偃７８４的偃麦草染色体组不同于小偃６９３和小偃７６３１中的偃麦草染色体组,表明在长穗偃麦草中有两个互不相同又不同于小麦的染色体组Ｅ和Ｆ,而小偃７４３０和小偃６８中的偃麦草染色体组很可能是Ｅ和Ｆ染色体组的重组体;（ｃ）小偃７８４中的长穗偃麦草染色体组和中５及小偃７８８２９中的中间偃麦草染色体组基本相同,而中２的中间偃麦草染色体组不同于小偃６９３和小偃７６３１中的长穗偃麦草染色体组Ｆ,这意味着在长穗偃麦草和中间偃麦草中可能只有一个共同的染色体组Ｅ。部分双二倍体中酯酶及醇溶蛋白偃麦草染色体特征带的存在和发现,为这些染色体或其片段导入小麦后的鉴定提供了方便。     

缺磷对烟草悬浮细胞交替呼吸途径的影响及其与活性氧积累的关系

用两个耐低磷能力差异显著的烟草悬浮细胞系,研究了缺磷胁迫对交替呼吸途径的影响及其与活性氧积累的关系.牛津细胞耐缺磷胁迫能力明显高于K326.缺磷降低了K326交替途径的容量及实际运行量,但对牛津的影响不大.无论在缺磷还是正常磷水平下,牛津细胞交替途径容量和实际运行量都比K326高.用分离的线粒体进一步证实了上述结果.缺磷胁迫可以提高AOX的蛋白表达量,但品种间差异不明显.缺磷胁迫下K326细胞中的超氧阴离子积累量远高于牛津细胞.由此认为交替途径可能在细胞耐低磷中起作用.     

低磷胁迫对水稻苗期侧根生长及养分吸收的影响

用蛭石与石英砂作为混合培养介质研究了低磷胁迫对水稻（Oryza sativa L.)苗期侧根发生发育的影响及其与磷吸收的相关关系。结果表明：低磷对水稻的侧根发生发育具有明显的诱导作用及基因型差异。相关性分析表明：单位侧根长度的增加与单位根表面积的增大极显相关,而单位侧根数量的增多与单位根表面积的增大无显的相关性。表明单位根表面积的增加主要来自于单位侧根的伸长。侧根参数与磷含量的相关性分析表明：低磷条件下,侧根总长度和侧根数量都与植株磷含量存在显的正相关,根系总表面积与磷含量存在极显的正相关。表明在低磷条件下,侧根的发生发育对水稻的磷吸收具有重要的作用。根系和地上部的可溶性糖含量分析表明;低磷胁迫改变了同化物在地上部和根系的分配。生物量测定表明：低磷胁迫显增大了植株的根冠比。     

Effect of Phosphorus Deficiency Stress on Rice Lateral Root Growth and Nutrient Absorption

Six rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with different performances under phosphorus (P) deficiency stress were tested in mixed growth medium of vermiculite and sand under different conditions of P supply to evaluate the effects of P deficiency stress on lateral root growth and the relations between lateral root growth induced by P deficiency and P absorption. The results showed that elongation and development of lateral root were induced by P deficiency. There was significant genotypic variation in lateral root growth in response to P deficiency. A significant positive correlation was observed between the increase of lateral root length per cm of nodal root and the increase of root surface area per cm of nodal root (RSAP), while no significant correlation was observed between the increase of lateral root number per cm of nodal root and the increase of RSAP. The result suggested that the increase of root surface area under P deficiency condition could be mainly attributable to the increase of lateral root length induced. P uptake was significantly positively correlated with the total root surface area and positively correlated with the total lateral root length and the total lateral root number under P deficiency, which implied that elongation and development of lateral root were important to the ability of P uptake from growth medium where P supply was poor. Analysis of soluble sugar content indicated that P deficiency stress changed the distribution of carbohydrate between roots and shoots.     

甘蔗幼苗对难溶性磷的吸收及其根系对低磷胁迫的响应

为明确甘蔗适应低磷胁迫的生理生化机制,挖掘甘蔗对磷素的利用潜力,揭示甘蔗对低磷胁迫适应的可能机制,该研究以ROC22和ROC10两个甘蔗品种为材料,采用水培和土培的方法研究了甘蔗幼苗对难溶性磷的吸收及其在低磷胁迫下根构型和根系的生理反应。结果表明:(1)培养在以难溶性磷(Ca-P和Al-P)为磷源的培养液中的甘蔗的叶片数、地上部干重、生物量较缺磷(-P)处理显著增加,与对照(+P)的相当,甘蔗总磷积累量也显著提高,达到对照(+P)处理磷积累量的30%～77%。(2)在低磷条件下,甘蔗幼苗的根系有向土壤深层分布的趋势,根的总体积增大、最长根长变长、浅根系分布增多。(3)甘蔗幼苗在低磷环境下,根际环境明显酸化,且根系分泌物能溶解难溶性的铝磷,植株体内酸性磷酸酶的活性也明显增强。以上表明甘蔗幼苗有较强的吸收利用难溶性磷的能力,而低磷条件下根系数量增加、主根的向地性、浅根系分布增多、根际酸化以及植株体内酸性磷酸酶活性的增强可能是甘蔗幼苗适应缺磷环境的重要机制。     

蔗糖添加对杉木低磷胁迫响应和蔗糖代谢的影响

为了揭示低磷胁迫下蔗糖对杉木低磷胁迫响应和蔗糖代谢的影响,选用两种不同磷效率杉木家系M32和M28进行低磷胁迫下的蔗糖添加试验,分析蔗糖添加对低磷胁迫下杉木形态特征、生理特性和低磷诱导相关基因表达的影响。结果表明：蔗糖添加促进了低磷胁迫下杉木苗高、根长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积、根叶组织蔗糖含量和根叶组织无机磷含量的增加,但仍明显低于正常供磷处理下添加蔗糖处理的杉木增量。低磷促进杉木叶中花青素的积累,而正常供磷和低磷胁迫下的蔗糖添加处理都显著促进了叶片花青素含量的增加。随着胁迫时间的延长,M28与M32在根、叶组织的蔗糖含量存在显著差异,且M28根叶组织中的蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性都高于M32。蔗糖合成酶ClSuSy在M28和M32根系中受低磷胁迫诱导下调表达,但蔗糖添加处理明显诱导ClSuSy表达量升高,M28在正常供磷并添加蔗糖处理下的ClSuSy表达量显著高于其它处理。蔗糖转运蛋白SUT4、磷转运蛋白ClPht1;4、紫色酸性磷酸酶PAP1和PAP11在M28和M32根系中总体上受低磷胁迫诱导上调表达,且受蔗糖添加处理诱导下调表达。低磷胁迫下,添加或不添加蔗糖处理的M32根系SUT4的表达量均在15d时显著升高,并在45d时回落到正常水平。ClPht1;4和PAP1在低磷胁迫15d的表达量显著高于45d时的表达量,且ClPht1;4在M32根系中的表达量远高于M28。本研究表明,蔗糖对杉木低磷胁迫响应和糖代谢有重要的影响作用,低磷胁迫下添加蔗糖处理能够在一定程度上缓解杉木低磷胁迫响应。     

有机磷杀虫剂——灭克磷对丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae生长的效应

采用多室隔网培养法,在宿主植物生长状况相同的条件下研究了土壤中不同浓度灭克磷对AM真菌生长的直接效应。与对照相比,0.5、1.5和3.5mg/kg灭克磷使Glomusmosseae菌丝生长量和具有琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的菌丝生长量明显地增加;随着灭克磷剂量的增加,菌丝总量的相对生长速率呈降低趋势,但在数值上仍然高于对照的;与此同时,高剂量(1.5和3.5mg/kg)灭克磷使Glomusmosseae活性菌丝量的相对增长速率明显低于对照,达到几乎停止的水平。上述结果说明,低剂量灭克磷(0.5mg/kg)对AM真菌生长和代谢活性都有一定刺激作用,但是在高剂量灭克磷(1.5和3.5mg/kg)下菌丝生物量的增加和周转速度的加快只是AM真菌对毒物的应激反应。     

Interactive effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth, water relations, nutritional status and photosynthetic activity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The interactive effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth, water relations, nutritional status and photosynthetic activity were investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Manel). Seedlings were grown hydroponically under low or sufficient phosphorus (P) supply (5 or 180 μmol KH(2) PO(4) plant(-1) week(-1) , respectively), with or without 100 mm NaCl. Phosphorus deficiency or salinity significantly decreased whole plant growth, leaf water content, leaf osmotic potential and gas exchange parameters, with a more marked impact of P stress. The effect of both stresses was not additive since the response of plants to combined salinity and P deficiency was similar to that of plants grown under P deficiency alone. In addition, salt-treated plants exposed to P deficiency showed higher salt tolerance compared to plants grown with sufficient P supply. This was related to plant ability to significantly increase root:shoot DW ratio, root length, K(+)/Na(+) ratio, leaf proline and soluble sugar concentrations and total non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, together with restricting Na(+) accumulation in the upper leaves. As a whole, our results indicate that under concomitant exposure to both salt and P deficiency, the impact of the latter constraint is pre-dominant.     

Analysis of the contribution of acid phosphatase to P efficiency in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> under low phosphorus conditions

To understand whether genotypic variation in acid phosphatase (APase) activity in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) induced by phosphorus (P) deficiency has impact on P efficiency, soil APase activity in the rhizosphere for rapeseed P-efficient genotype 102 and P-inefficient genotype 105 was measured against organic and inorganic P sources in the pot experiment, and the activities of root-secreted APase and leaf intracellular APase were investigated in different P-starvation periods in the nutrient solution. Higher activity of root-secreted APase in B. napus was induced under low P conditions. However, P nutrition and P uptake efficiency of the plants supplied with organic P were not directly related to the activity of root-secreted APase due to several confounding factors affecting APase availability. The higher activity of leaf APase improved P remobilization in plants and played important roles in enhancing P use efficiency, shown by the significant correlation between leaf APase activity and P use efficiency in a rapeseed recombinant inbred population of 135 lines.     

Effect of phosphorus deficiency on acid phosphatase and phytase activities in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Changes in growth, symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), acid phosphatase (ACP), and phytase activities to phosphorus availability (15 and 60 μmol KH₂PO₄ plant⁻¹ week⁻¹) were compared in two recombinant lines (115 and 147) of common bean. Plant growth, nodulation and SNF were genotype and P level-dependent. 147 was more affected by P shortage (15 μmol P) than 115. Four ACP types were revealed in the nodules of both lines, ACP1 exhibiting a higher specific activity under P shortage as compared to the 60 μmol P treatment, especially in 115. A single phytase was revealed for the nodules of both lines and was significantly enhanced by P deficiency. Three ACP types were found in roots and leaves, showing increasing activity under P deficiency, especially in 115. Regardless of P supply, leaf ACP specific activity was higher than that of nodules and roots in the both lines. Interestingly, phosphorus use efficiency for N₂ fixation significantly correlated to nodule ACP activity under P shortage in the both lines. The relatively better performance of 115 as compared to 147 under P deficiency could be partly ascribed to the ability of 115 to maintain higher ACP activity. This enzyme might be involved in the remobilization of the plant Pi and its utilization for SNF.