Microflora of the honeybee gastrointestinal tract

Microorganisms in the midgut and rectum of the honeybee were enumerated and characterized. Counts of aerobic microorganisms were distinctly lower than counts of anaerobes (10(5)-10(6) viable cells per g of intestinal content vs. 10(8)-10(9) per g). Total numbers of anaerobic microorganisms were almost identical with the count of anaerobic Gram-positive acid resistant rods. A higher number of coliform bacteria and Bacillus spp. was detected in the rectum (10(5) per g). Anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms, coliforms, enterococci, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and yeasts were found in all bees; lactobacilli, staphylococci and moulds were not found.     

Microecology of the gastrointestinal tract of chronic enteritis patients

The results obtained in the simultaneous study of the microbiology of different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (the oral cavity, the stomach, the large and small intestines) in chronic enteritis patients, as well as in the study of biopsy mucosa samples from the small intestine of such patients, are presented. This method has been shown to give a complete picture indicating both the severity of dysbiotic disturbances in the patient and the degree of their spread in the alimentary canal, which should be taken into account in clinical practice for the determination of the severity of the disease, the rational course of treatment and the time of the discharge of the patient from the hospital.     

Microflora in patients with complicated forms of acute cholecystitis treated by low-frequency ultrasonics and sulfacrylate glue

Investigation of microflora in patients with complicated acute cholecystitis treated with low frequency ultrasound in combination with sulfacrylate glue showed that Staphylococcus and Escherichia played the leading role in the complication etiology. Among the nonsporulating organisms bacteroides predominated. The combined use of low frequency ultrasound and sulfacrylate glue in treatment of complicated acute cholecystitis proved to be an efficient procedure providing more rapid sanation of the purulent inflammation foci.     

Endotoxin and cytokines in patients with gastrointestinal tract perforation

Plasma levels of endotoxin and various cytokines were assessed in 70 patients with gastrointestinal tract perforation. Sepsis developed in 29 of them, and eight of these (27.6%) had on admission endotoxin levels higher than 9.8 pg ml(-1). The clinical outcome correlated with the level of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), rather than with the endotoxin level. The high interleukin 6 (IL-6) level was shown in septic patients and no correlation was observed between the IL-6 level and the clinical outcome. Plasma TNFalpha levels tended to change independently from endotoxin levels, suggesting that TNFalpha may have been locally produced in inflammatory lesions.     

输卵管性不孕症孕妇女生殖道微生物群落研究

目的分析输卵管性不孕症妇女阴道微生物群落,研究阴道微生物菌落在输卵管性不孕症中的作用。方法选择2016年4月-2018年4月在本院就诊的女性246例,其中符合输卵管性不孕症诊断标准女性126例,设为不孕组;其余120例患者,设为对照组。对患者阴道微生物菌群分布,菌群密集度,菌群多样性,优势菌和炎症情况检测。结果两组间患者的年龄分组(P=0.916,0.564,0.734,0.423)、文化程度分布(P=0.937,0.488,0.522)、月经周期(P=0.839)、月经周期是否规律(P=0.943)、Nugent评分(P=0.614,0.089,0.108)等差异无统计学意义。对照组和不孕组患者阴道微生态各指标相比差异无统计学意义。不孕组患者解脲支原体阳性率明显高于对照组(P=0.000),沙眼衣原体阳性率明显高于对照组(P=0.005),阴道毛滴虫、线索细胞、假丝酵母菌等阳性率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(Ps0.05)。结论阴道解脲支原体、沙眼衣原体感染与女性输卵管性不孕症有关,可能是引起女性不孕的主要因素之一。     

Microflora of nasopharynx in patients with urticaria

Microflora of nasopharynx in 117 patients with urticaria was studied. 589 cultures of gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were isolated. Gram-positive bacteria represented the overwhelming majority of isolates from which streptococci dominated with high level of constancy (C=91.4%) and prevalence on mucosa. Several patients had signs of chronic streptococcal infection that support the possible role of streptococci in development of urticaria.     

Prostaglandins in chronic cholecystitis

Prostaglandin-like material was extracted from the mucosa and muscle wall of chronically inflamed human gallbladders. Bioassay showed that “synthesised” levels were 3–5 times corresponding “basal” levels, indicating that both mucosa and muscle wall can synthesise PG-like substances, and that indomethacin (10μg/ml) inhibited this synthesis. Mucosal PG levels were higher in gallbladders with multiple gallstones than with a solitary stone, and overall the mean PG level in mucosa was 12–13 times higher than in the muscle wall. Chromatography of mucosal extracts showed substances indistinguishable from primary PGE and F compounds together with a PGD₂-like component. An attempt has been made to relate these findings to the degree of chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and to radiological visualisation at pre-operative cholecystography.     

Lysozyme as a local defense factor in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with chronic diseases of the digestive organs]

No microbial growth in platings of the gastric juice of patients with gastric ulcer and chronic anacidic gastritis was observed. It means that the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice does not deprive it of any antimicrobial action. The possible role of lysozyme in providing sterility of the proximal part of the gastro-intestinal tract was studied. Eighty patients with chronic diseases of the digestive organs were observed. It was noted that the levels of lysozyme in the gastric juice was high and markedly exceeded the maximum concentrations required for lysis of organisms most resistant to it. The maximum concentration was determined at pH of the gastric juice equal to 7.0-7.5 (265 gamma/ml+/-28). No lysozyme in the content of the duodenum and jejunal juice was found in most cases. Its presence in the above parts of the gastro-intestinal tract was mainly associated with microbial growth. The maximum concentration of lysozyme (40 gamma/ml) in the jejunal juice was observed in a female patient with chronic enterocolitis and significant microbial proliferation in the thin colon (more than 10(4) microbial bodies per 1 ml of the juice). Such parallelism between the presence of lysozyme in the gastric juice and microbial proliferation in it may be considered as a protective-adoptive reaction of the host.     

Microflora of nasal mucosa in patients with maxillar sinusitis

Quantitative and qualitative composition of microflora of nasal mucosa as well as carriage of staphylococci was assessed in patients with chronic and acute forms of maxillary sinusitis. Changes in microflora of nasal mucosa and presence of pathogenic and persistence-associated characteristics of staphylococci in both forms of maxillary sinusitis were revealed. Increase of resistance staphylococci to antibiotics in patients with chronic form of maxillary sinusitis was shown.     

Sensation in the gastrointestinal tract

There are similarities between sensation in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and somatic sensation. This review concentrates on parasympathetic (vagal) components of GI sensation rather than the sympathetic (splanchnic) elements. A wide range of enteroceptors have been described over the whole length of the gut which subserve several different sensory modalities. Fibres from these enteroceptors project to the medulla, primarily to the nucleus of the solitary tract. In the medulla there is considerable integration of afferent information from different parts of the GI tract. Regulatory peptides are present both in the brain and in the GI tract. It is likely that these peptides may play a role in the modulation of sensory information in the medulla. Parallels may be drawn at a receptor level between somatic sensation and sensation in the GI tract. More centrally, sensory mechanisms relating to the gut seem less highly organized than in somatic sensation. This reduced influence of the central nervous system in GI tract sensation may be explained by the presence in the gut of a highly sophisticated intrinsic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, which pre-programmes many of the functions of the GI tract.